Table of Contents

Buri munsi, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bo hirya no hino ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bashyikirana amakuru binyuriye mu binyamakuru, televiziyo, imiyoboro ya interineti, na amakuru y' amakuru agenga inzego z'urusobe. Impapuro zisa n'aho ari zo zisanzwe zitwara amakuru, ni isoko ryihariye kandi rikomeye ryitonderwa n'amategeko, ririnda umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru na rikabemeza ko abanyamakuru bashobora gukora nta kwivanga kwa leta.

Sisitemu y'amategeko ishyigikira umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru muri Amerika, igereranya kimwe mu bikomakomeye by'ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi. Bituma abanyamakuru bashobora gusesengura ibikorwa bya leta, raporo ku bihereranye n'ibirebana n'ibirebire bya leta, na ko bazaba nk'igenzura ku birebana n'ubutegetsi bw'ikirenga.

Inshingano z’Amateka: Umuco wa Mbere uvugurura no Umudendezo wo Kugabanya Imirimo y’Ikirenga

Bya Kanda in i ku i Kuri i, "Gutegeka Ubwoko Oya... i Bya, Cyangwa Bya i Kanda. Byoroheje ya: Amakuru na Ibisobanuro: Kuri i public. Bya i Ishingiro ry' amategeko: A Kigenga Kanda Kuri Kuri Bya i.

Irinda rya mbere ry'Umudendezo wo gucapa mu itangiriro rikoreshwa ibikorwa byinshi by'ingenzi muri demokarasi. Ibuza leta kujya mu myanya ya mbere ibuzanyanyanya mbere y'isohoka.

, i Ururimi: Byanzwe na Mbere, inkiko zizwi ko umudendezo w'ishyira mu mwanya w'itsinda ry' amakuru udafite aho ugarukira. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwashyiriyeho inteko z'amategeko zishyira ku buringanisho zishyira ku burenganzira uburenganzira bw' uburenganzira bw'amategeko burwanya ibindi bintu by'ingenzi, hakubiyemo umutekano w'igihugu, uburenganzira bw'ubwigenge bw'igihugu, uburenganzira bw'ubwihisho, na uburinzi bw'ibitungo. Gushyira mu gaciro bikomeza kwihindukiza nk'ubuhanga bushya na Amahinduka mu rwego rw'imibanire, bituma abantu bagerageza ibitekerezo bishingiye ku shingiro by'inyanze.

Amateka y’iby’ubutaka

Bya Kanda Irinda Cyagutse guhera i. in Urutonde, i Bya, A Kuri Tangaza "Byahasi,, na" i, ATARIIGIHARWE i Na: i Bya Kanda. i Byarengeje igihe in 1801, Bigyanye i NYACYO Ingano: Bya Kanda Gukomeza Urutonde.

< > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > Bya Kanda < > < / > Kuri i, in i < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / >. < > < / > Nyuma < > Amahinduka Kuri i, A Bya Kigenga na Kanda Nka in i, na Bikora Ku A Leta na Bya hafi urwego ku i < > < / >. Igihe i Kuri Gurinda ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: Byaremwe Ibyifuzo na Ikindi.

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashinjaga Umudendezo wo Gutanga Imirimo

Urwo Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro w’imanza nyinshi zisobanura uko umudendezo ukoreshwa mu binyamakuru ukoreshwa muri Amerika, zigashyiraho amahame y’amategeko agenga uko abanyamakuru bashobora gukora, n’uburinzi babonera mu gihe bakusanya amakuru kandi bakayakwirakwiza.

Sullivan: Gurinda Ijora ry’Abategetsi

Mu wa Sullivan (1964) umwanzuro w’intiti y’ingenzi cyane yafashe, wibanze ku ngingo, yashinjaga abandi amanyanga (cyangwa ko yatangiye mu gihe cy’itangiriro ry’ibinyamakuru byo muri Amerika.

Mu gihe nk’icyo, uwitwa Sullivan, akaba ari umuyobozi watoranyijwe w’abapolisi i Montgomery, Alabama, yasohoye itangazo nyuma y’aho ritangiwe n’abapolisi bo mu mujyi wa New York Times, bashinjwaga ko bashinjwaga ko ari abashukanyi bahemutse ko bagamije kurengera uburenganzira bwa giturage. Sullivan yashinje abasabaga uburenganzira bwa gipolitiki bane na The New York Times mu rukiko rw’ubutako, kandi yahawe amadolari 5000.000 (amaruhare y’amadolari y’amadolari y’amadolari y’amagana).

< > < / > Urukiko Rukuru rwahinduye iyi ngingo, A Gishya Bisanzwe Amategeko yahinduye imyandikire. Urukiko rw' ishingiro rw' amategeko ya kimuntu rwafashe imyanya ya ngombwa A Rusange Kuva: A Biturutse ku Bihendo by'amategeko ya: i Kuri i Leta, i umutware yagaragazaga ko i Inyandiko Na:. Nka i Inyandiko ni Sibyo Cyangwa Na: Bya Byanzwe Cyangwa OYA.

"" Bisanzwe Bifitanye isano n'abanyamakuru, igihe baba bashyiriyeho amakuru y'abategetsi. Izwi neza ko amakosa amwe n' amwe n' amwe mu makosa mu impaka za rutura, na iterabwoba ry' imitsi yemewe ku bikorwa bya leta. imyanzuro igaragaza ihame ry'uko abayobozi ba leta, bitangiye kwinjira mu isomero ryihariye, bagomba kwemera kwisuzumwa cyane kurusha abantu b’umwihariko.

Urupapuro rw'Inyandiko: na

Bya i hagati Kanda na UMWIKUBE in Ryari: i ubuyobozi Kuri i na Kuva: Gutangaza:% title% Inyandiko Bigyanye i. v. 1., i "", i Iburyo: Bya Kigenga Kanda Mbere ku i.

in Bya i, i Kuri Mbere Igenzura ku Igitabo., i Amagerageza ya guverinoma ",, na Bya i," na. < > < / > < > < / >. < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < >

Uwo mwanzuro wagaragaje ko ubutegetsi buhanganye n’umutwaro uremereye cyane mu gihe bushakisha ukuntu bwabuzanya gutangazwa ry’amakuru, ndetse n’igihe ibibazo by’umutekano by’igihugu byabaga byugarijwe. Nubwo urukiko rutari rwiyemeje ko mbere y’uko umuntu yirinda ibintu bidashobora kwemererwa, byagaragaje neza ko ibyo bintu binyuranyije n’amategeko kandi ko mu buryo budashyize mu gaciro, bishobora gusa kuba bikwiriye mu mimerere idasanzwe.

: ku Uburenganzira bw'umutanzi

Byose imyanzuro yagutse irinda ibijyanye n'ibyashyizwe mu itsinda ry'Ikirenga. Icyiciro cy' icyiciro cy'imbonerahamwe itsinda ry' amakuru yakoreshejwe mu. i Branzburg na. (2), A in,, Abantu Na: i ya: A, na yanze kwita amazina Kuri. i Byafashwe mu Cya gihangamuwe n'icyiciro gikuru cy'ubucamanza, i Ibisobanuro: A na Leta, guhera ya ngombwa yakorewe iperereza ry'ubwihinyuza.

Uwo mwanzuro wagaragaje ko Ivugurura rya Mbere ridaca umunyamakuru w’ibanga ryo gusubiza umushinga w’inyandiko mukuru w’inyabitsina, cyangwa gusubiza ibibazo bifitanye isano n’icyiciro cy’abagizi ba nabi. Ku bw’ibyo, Ivugurura rya Mbere ntiriha umunyamakuru igikundiro cy’impamyabumenyi y’amategeko cy’uko bashyiraho amasezerano yo guhisha ibintu bifitanye isano n’iperereza rikomeye ry’urubanza cyangwa guhisha imyifatire y’ubugizi bwa nabi bw’isoko yabo cyangwa igihamya cy’uko ari isoko.

, i Kuri A, Amagenzura ya: ya: Ibanga.

Umudendezo uherutse gushyirwa mu bikorwa

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwanze kuvumbura urubanza ku wa Mbere, rurebana n’amategeko y’i Texas, ruha amategeko abashinzwe iby’amategeko uburenganzira bwo gufata abanyamakuru bahawe amakuru n’abakozi ba leta.

"Icyiciro Rimwe Bya i Shingiro Ibikorwa Bya Byose: muri i ya: Ibisobanuro:. & Umunsi, Gukurikira iyi, Icyo wongeraho, Iyemeza, Cyangwa ATARIIGIHARWE Kuva:,". Kanda isigaye na Gukomeza Kuri Kureba By' amategeko Ryari: Amakuru.

Uruhushya rw’Amakuru: Kuvumbura inyandiko za Leta

Nubwo Ivugurura rya Mbere ritanga uburinzi bwihishwe mu mategeko y’amategeko, amategeko agenga amategeko na yo agira uruhare rw’ingenzi mu gutuma abanyamakuru bashobora kubona amakuru akenewe kugira ngo batangane. Comment ritanga uburenganzira bwo gutanga amakuru (FOIA) rigereranya kimwe mu bikoresho by’ingenzi cyane kurusha ibindi byose abanyamakuru bashakisha uko bavumbura imirimo ya leta n’abategetsi babazwa.

Intego na Ingano:

, i Bya () i public i Uburenganzira Kuri Kubaza... Kuri Kuri Inyandiko Kuva: Icyo ari cyo cyose. ni Nka i Itegeko in i Bigyanye. Ibice Bya ngombwa Kuri Guhishura Ibisobanuro: Icyo ari cyo cyose byasabwe munsi ya i IFOA, Rimwe Bya icyenda karenda irinda, Nka By' umwihariko Umutekano w'igihugu, na ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko.

Nka Konsitaderi, i, na i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, i FOIA ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bya demokarasi yacu. Amategeko akubiyemo ihame ry'uko amakuru ya leta agenewe abantu na ko ibonerana ari ngombwa kugira ngo abantu bagire icyo baryozwa na demokarasi. mu gutanga uburyo bwemewe n'amategeko bwo kwinjira mu nyandiko za leta, FOIA ifasha abanyamakuru gusesengura ibikorwa bya leta, bagasuzuma ibyo abategetsi bashatse kuvuga, kandi bagahishura amakuru abategetsi bashobora guhitamo kubihisha.

Imirimo

ni Kuri Kuri Umuntu uwo ari we wese, OYA. Icyo ari cyo cyose - Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika Cyangwa OYA - Ubwoko A Kubaza.... Ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa i Kanda, Amatsinda y'ubwikube, Abashakashatsi, na abaturage ba gisanzwe, Byose Koresha FOIA Kuri Ibisobanuro:.

Kubaza... in na i Ibyabitswe. NONEAHA Kwemera, ku Urubuga Ifishi% S:, e - Ibaruwa Cyangwa Fagisi. Nka A ya: na Aho bigeze:, i Birenzeho Umukoresha - in Ibanjirije IMYAKA mirongo.

Kuri muri, na ITSINDA RY' IMIBARE C Kuri. Kuri Iposita kiri kuri interineti Ibyiciro Bya Ibisobanuro:, Ibyabitswe. i ku Byombi na ku Ibisobanuro Bihari.

IMPAMVU N’IMPAMVU

A Bya, Ibisobanuro: Leta Gukomeza Ibanga. Amategeko arekura ku isoko ryihariye ibyinjijwe, ibyiciro by' amakuru, ibyiciro by' agace by' amakuru,,, Abakoranyi na Idosiye, Ibyabitswe Na:, na Ibisobanuro Birinzwe ku Ikindi Amabwiriza.

Kudakurwaho Gutangiza Impuza Byarengeje igihe hagati Ibonerana na Ikindi., Nyobora Kuri Bigyanye Ibisobanuro:. na, NIBA, Idosiye Kuri. Hanyuma i Iburyo: Kuri ya:.

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FIIA yakoreshejwe mu mirimo myinshi y'ikoranabuhanga. Abanyamakuru bakoresheje FOIA kugira ngo bavumbure porogaramu za leta zishinzwe gushinzwe kureba, Inyandiko irengera ibikikije ibidukikije, guhishura imimerere y'ubwiyandarike mu mazu ya leta, kunyuranya n'abategetsi, no kubonera amakuru ku bijyanye n'amafaranga ya leta. Amakuru menshi atangiranwa na FOIA ahishura amakuru leta itabwirije.

, Nka A. Buhoro, Na: Amezi Cyangwa IMYAKA Kuri Gusohoza. Gicurasi Inyandiko, Ibisobanuro: ni Kuva:. OYA Gushyiraho Kuri, i, Cyangwa Leta na Bya hafi, Amadosiye Amagenzura Na: Intera Bya Ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa., Bya i By' amategeko.

Kurinda Amategeko: Kurinda Isoko Ibanga

Amakuru y’ibanga agira uruhare rw'ingenzi mu binyamakuru bishinzwe ubushakashatsi. Abakozi ba leta, abavuzi ba politiki, n’abandi bafite ubushobozi bwo kubona amakuru y’ingenzi akenshi, babwira abanyamakuru niba bashobora kutamenyekana. Batazi kurinda amapaji, abanyamakuru ntibashobora kubona amakuru menshi ya ngombwa kugira ngo imiryango ikomeye ibazwe.

Isoko y’uburinzi ni ngombwa

Abanyamakuru bamaze igihe kirekire batekereza ko kumenyesha abantu ko ibikorwa bibi, ruswa cyangwa ibindi bintu bihangayikishije abantu, ari ngombwa ko barinda isoko yo kurinda ibanga, kugira ngo bashobore gutoranya amakuru no gushishikaza abantu.

Nk’uko twabibonye mbere, umwanzuro w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwafashe i Branzburg na Hayes, wiyemeje ko Ivugurura rya Mbere ritaha abanyamakuru igikundiro kidakuka cyo kwanga gutanga ubuhamya nta cyo butwaye, ku bihereranye n'amakuru yabo y'ibanga.

Amategeko ya Leta

Mu kwitabira imyanya y'uburinzi bushingiye ku mategeko, ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko agenga umutekano agenga isoko ryihishwa ry'ibitabo. Ayo mategeko anyuranye cyane mu rugero rwayo no mu mbaraga zayo. Amwe amwe atuma habaho uburinzi bwuzuye, mu gihe ayandi yombi arema igikundiro gishobora gutsindwa mu gihe abashaka uko babwirwa ibintu bigaragaza ko bakeneye cyane.

Amategeko asaba ko inkiko zirinda i Bya ngombwa ya: i Ibisobanuro in. Gicurasi Gushyiramo i Ibisobanuro ni ya ngombwa Kuri i, Kuva: Ikindi, na i Bya i. Amategeko Arinda Imishinga y' amateka yashyizweho mu itangazamakuru, mu gihe abandi barinda abanyamakuru n'abaturage.

Amategeko ya Leta agenga umutekano atuma abantu bajya mu gihugu hose bajya mu myanya yabo. Umunyamakuru wo muri leta imwe ashobora kurinda amakuru y'ibanga mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, mu gihe umunyamakuru wo mu gihugu cya hafi ashobora kugira uburinzi buke cyangwa ntagire icyo bugeraho.

Imihati yo kwirinda amategeko ashyize hamwe

N’ubwo hakozwe imihati myinshi, Inteko Nshinga Amategeko ntashyizweho amategeko ya Leta agenga iby'uburinzi. Amasezerano arebana n'amategeko nk'ayo, yatumye havuka impaka ku bihereranye n'uwagombye kuba umunyamakuru ukwiriye gukwirwaho, ubwoko bw’amakuru yagombye gushyirirwaho, n'ibitari ngombwa ko bikoreshwa mu manza z’igihugu cyangwa mu manza z'ubugizi bwa nabi.

Amategeko anyuranyije n’amategeko: gushyira mu gaciro ku bihereranye no gushyira ibintu mu mwanya wa mbere no kuvuga amagambo akwiriye

Rimwe Bya i By' amategeko ku Kanda. i na, OYA ya: ya: Gutangazanya amanyabinyoma. Kuri Kuri i Kuri Icyegeranyo ku Bya public in Kuva: na.

Amabwiriza y’Amafaranga y’Ikinyugunyugu

Nk’uko byashyizwe ahagaragara mu New York Times v. Sullivan, abategetsi bagomba kugaragaza ko bafitiye uburenganzira uburenganzira nyakuri bwo kugarura ibibi byakozwe mu gihe cyo gusenya. Ibyo bisobanura ko uwo munyamakuru yamenye ko iyo nkuru ari ikinyoma cyangwa ko yakozwe mu buryo bwihishe, niba ari ukuri cyangwa si byo.

Indi mfatizo y'ububi yashyizwe ku bategetsi, ku bantu bagezweho n'ibanga cyangwa ibirangirire cyangwa abatangiye kwishyira mu mpari za rubanda. Kimwe n’abategetsi, abaturage bagomba kugaragaza ko ari inzitizi ku bihereranye no gusebanya.

Ingirwamwanya n'Ibanga

Abantu batashaka kwitabwaho na rubanda, bahabwa uburinzi buruta kure cyane ubw'ibyaturwa ku bategetsi cyangwa ibiti by' abaturage. Iyo umuntu umwihariko arebwaho umusengo, aba akeneye kugaragaza ko umunyamakuru yanze kwirengagiza, (ni ukuvuga, ananirwa kwitondera mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro mu gihe ibyemezo biba by'ukuri. Ihame ryo hasi rigaragaza ihame ry'uko abantu b’ibanga bifuza cyane kurushaho kurinda icyubahiro cyabo, kandi ntibaba biteguye kwishyira ahagaragara ku mugaragaro.

hagati public na By' umwihariko ITSINDA RY' IMIBARE C na NYACYO -. i Bya i Kuri A Rusange Cyangwa ku bushake A public. i Bya Byanzwe na i urwego Bya Kuri Kuri Akira.

Kuri

Ibitabo bihari bihari mu gihe bifitanye isano n'ibivugwaho nabi. . ni - A Inyandiko NIBA ni nibyo, Bya Bya. ni Birinzwe, Nka inkiko zimenya ko imanza na Ibisobanuro bya ngombwa Kuri public impugukirwa. Raporo ku Amakuru y' amategeko, ATARIIGIHARWE NIBA i.

Abanyamakuru bagomba gusuzuma neza amakuru, bakareba hagati y' ukuri n'ibitekerezo, kandi bakavuga neza ibyabaye ku mateka.

Ubutegetsi buzakomeza gutegeka kandi bugatanga amakuru

Ubushobozi bwo gutoranya amakuru ntibushingiye gusa ku burenganzira bwo gusohora, ahubwo nanone buterwa n’uko umuntu ashobora kubona amakuru n’ibiberaho. Amategeko n'amahame anyuranye agenga abanyamakuru ku buryo bashyikirana na leta, amarenganya y’urukiko, n’ibindi bintu bitangwa mu makuru.

Urukiko rwagiye rugerwaho

Ihuriro rya mbere ry'amategeko na imigenzo isanzwe, bishinga igitekerezo cy'uko imanza zigomba kurugururirwa abanyamakuru na rubanda. Ibyo bikoresho binyuranye: bitera imbere abantu bose mu inzego z'iby'amategeko, bibafasha gusuzuma imyitwarire y'iby'imanza, kandi biyemerera abacapa kumenyesha abantu ibyerekeranye n'amategeko. Inkiko zishobora gusogongera gusa mu mimerere iciriritse, nko kurinda uburenganzira bw’umushinjacyaha bukwiriye cyangwa kurinda amakuru arebana n'impagararizo.

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeye ko itangazamakuru rifite uburenganzira bwo kujya mu manza ziciriweho urubanza rukabije, kandi ko amategeko yashyizweho agomba kubahiriza amategeko adakuka. Icyakora, ubwo burenganzira ntibuciriritse, kandi rimwe na rimwe inkiko zigomba gushyiraho imipaka mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, zigomba gushyirwaho mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro mu gihe zirwanya izindi nyungu z’ingenzi, urugero nko kurinda kumenyekana kw’abayobozi b’ababikinnyi b’ibanga cyangwa kubuza guhishura amabanga y’ubucuruzi mu manza y’abenegihugu.

Amateraniro ya leta

na Leta ifungura amategeko y'amateraniro, akunze kwitwa "amategeko arenze," isaba inteko za leta kuyobora ikorana ryazo mu ruhame. Ayo mategeko asanzwe akoreshwa ku materaniro y'imitungo y'inzego zishinzwe iby'amategeko, inzego zishinzwe iby'ubutegetsi, n'ibindi bigo bya leta.

Amategeko Gufungura Arenga ya:, Nka,, Cyangwa Bya Umutekano. Gukurikira Ryari:, na in i Ububiko.... Amategeko ya: Ibikoresho na ya: Ibonerana in public -.

ku

Ihuriro rya Mbere ry’Ivugurura ntiriha abayobozi b’ibitabo uburenganzira bwihariye bwo kubona amakuru adafite bushobozi bwa bose.Ihame ryumvikanisha ko n’ubwo abanyamakuru bafite uburenganzira nk’ubw’abandi baturage, nta burenganzira bwihariye bafite bwo kwinjira mu turere tubuzanyijwe, kujya mu materaniro y’ihuriro cyangwa kubona amakuru ataboneka mu ruhame.

Ibyo bishobora gutuma abanyamakuru bashakisha uko bakwirebera amakuru ku gereza, ku bijyanye na gisirikare, ku mazu y'impanuka kamere, n'ibindi bibanza bitemewe. Mu gihe abanyamakuru bashobora gusaba ko bashyikirana mu buryo bwihariye, abategetsi bafite amahitamo yo gutanga cyangwa kwihakana ibyo basaba. Kubura uburenganzira bwihariye bwo kubona. Bisobanura ko abanyamakuru bagomba kwishingikiriza ku magambo y'amategeko, inyandiko za leta, n'ibitabo by'amakuru biteguye gutanga amakuru aho kuba ari byo babyitondeye.

Gukusanya Amakuru n’Amategeko

N’ubwo Ivugurura rya Mbere ririnda uburenganzira bwo gusohora, ubusanzwe ririnda igikorwa cyo gukoranya amakuru.

Amategeko ya Kimuntu

Abanyamakuru bashobora gucibwaho iteka ryo guhotera ku bintu by' umwihariko cyangwa ku mategeko y'ubuhisho mu gihe baba bakusanya amakuru. Ihuriro rya mbere ry' amakuru ntiritanga irengero ry'ibirego, ndetse n'iyo umunyamakuru yaba arimo akurikiranya inkuru y'ibishishikajwe n'abantu benshi.

Amategeko ya bwite abuzanya amakuru arebana n’ibinyamakuru. Abanyamakuru bashobora guhangana n’inzigo z’abivanga mu kwitandukanya n’abandi, urugero nko gukoresha kamera zihishwe cyangwa ibikoresho byo kwandika mu mimerere aho abantu baba biteze ko ari bo ubwabo. Nubwo mu gihe abantu baba bifuza kuvuga iyo nkuru, ntibupfa kwirekura uburenganzira bw’akabanga.

Inyandiko z'amategeko

i Bya ku Leta. Rimwe Kuri A Kuri Kuri (-), Ibindi: Byose Kuri (- Kabiri Cyangwa Byose -). na Na: Ryari: Cyangwa. Igisubizo in na.

Amatelefone n’ibindi bikoresho byo kwandika amajwi byatumye abanyamakuru n’abaturage barushaho kwandika ibyabaye, ariko nanone byatumye amategeko amwe n’amwe avuga neza iby’abapolisi bashinzwe iby’ubucamanza, muri rusange ko hari urukiko rufite uburenganzira bwa mbere bwo kwandika ko abapolisi bakora imirimo yabo mu turere tugenewe abantu benshi.

Amategeko ababaza abantu kandi agamije kubabuza amahwemo

Rimwe na rimwe amayeri yo gukoranya amakuru ashobora guhurira ku mupaka cyangwa atangira kwibagirwa. Abanyamakuru bafite uburenganzira bwo gukurikira inkuru n'impanuro, bagomba kubaha amategeko abuzanya imyifatire iteje akaga, ibyifuzo bihora bihora bigomba gufatwa, cyangwa imyifatire itera ubwoba. Inkiko zigomba gushyiraho umukono mu rwego rwo hejuru, kugira ngo abantu bagire uburenganzira bwo kwigomwa, kandi uburinganire bushobora kugora guhitana mu manza zihanitse.

Ivugurura n’Umudendezo wo Gutanga Ibitabo

Ibitangazamakuru : - na - - A & Shyira ku rupapuro... Ibitangazamakuru. () ku i i ni A public Ibikorana: in i public.

Na

Impapuro- ntambike Kuva: i Kuri, na Na: na Amabwiriza. Ibirimo: ku NIBA Byashyizweho Kuri & Shyira ku rupapuro... Ibitangazamakuru. Urugero:, i Ibirimo: ku na, Ibirimo: amasaha Ryari: Kuri in i.

Ibirimo: Amabwiriza ku Cyo nyine, na Ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa Kuri., i Bya,, na Interineti iyi, Nka Ibitangazamakuru OYA Ikivugwaho: Kuri i Ibirimo: Amabwiriza Nka.

Inyigisho Ihuje n’Uburyo n’Ubutegetsi Buhuje n’Igihe

, i A "" Bya ngombwa Kuri Bya Icyihutirwa na Kuri. iyi & FCC, Gukuramo mu Gihe cy' Amateka, i Gufatanya + Bya. Bya i, Na: Kuri Kuri Iyongera in Ibitangazamakuru.

in INGARUKA, Kuri bingana Imihimbyi Kuri. A Rimwe Kuri Koresha, bingana Amabonerana Kuri. ni Kuri Kuva: na Kuri Kuri i.

Ibinyamakuru n’ibibazo by’amategeko

Ikoranabuhanga rya interineti n’ikoranabuhanga ryagezweho n’amakuru, akorwa kandi akwirakwizwa, ryatumye havuka ibindi bibazo byemewe n’amategeko ku birebana no gusohora umudendezo mu binyamakuru no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame y’amategeko.

na

Bya i kiri kuri interineti OYA ya: Ibirimo: ku Abakoresha. Kuri i Bya Ibitangazamakuru Ibitangazamakuru, Icyo wongeraho Ibyatoranyijwe, na Umukoresha - Ibirimo:. Kuri Inturo: - Ibirimo: i Nka Ababwiriza.

Na: Kuri ya: Ibirimo: Byagombwa ni ya: Kigenga imvugo kiri kuri interineti. Kuri Guhindura Cyangwa kiri kuri interineti na Amakuru na Ibisobanuro: ku i Interineti.

Imikino ya porofeseri n’iy’abantu bashyira mu gaciro

Ibitangazamakuru by' amakuru, ni inzego z' umwihariko zishyiraho amategeko ya bwite ya: ibikubiyemo ni. Ibyo byatumye havuka impaka ku bihereranye no kumenya niba na leta igena ibyitondewe mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwagaragaje neza itegeko rya leta ryagengaga amategeko y'inzego za kimuntu mu nzego z'ibitangazamakuru, agenga i Ibyiciro bya mbere by' inzego bya mbere.

Amategeko Leta Kuri Ibijyanye n' imibare Ibikubiyemo. Urukiko rw' irinda kiri kuri interineti Akira Ku Nka & Shyira ku rupapuro..., Amaderesi, na Imbuga. Gusiba Ibitangazamakuru, in, Ryari: Bigyanye Ibikubiyemo Kuri Kugaragaza:.

"Gukusanya" in i

Amakuru yo mu rwego rw'ishyirahamwe, amakuru n'ibinyamakuru, n'abaturage, usanga hari ibibazo bigoranye ku birebana n'umuntu ukwiriye kuba umunyamakuru ukwiriye kurinda mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. Ibitekerezo by' amakuru n'ibitangazamakuru byemewe n'amategeko, ntibigikoresha itsinda ryuzuye ry'abantu bajya bajyana amakuru na raporo. na Amapegitoro n'anteko mashya, na uko batuma uburinzi bwabyo butangwa n'abakuru, n'abandi bakwirakwiza amakuru n'ibisobanuro byashyizwe kuri interineti.

Icyo kibazo gifitanye isano n’amategeko anyuranye arinda, hakubiyemo amategeko ashinzwe kurinda, gushyirwa ku nyandiko zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bushobora kwinjira mu mazu y’ibiro by’ubutegetsi, n’ibibisho by’umwihariko byo gukora ibitangaza.

Umutekano w’igihugu n’Umudendezo wo Gutanga Uturo

Imyifatire hagati Kanda na Umutekano ni A Imitwe yahoraga igenda igaruka mu mateka. Ibinyamakuru by' umwitwaro Ibisobanuro i Umutekano w' igihugu NIBA, Kurema ibibazo ku i NYACYO hagati Ibonerana na Umutekano.

Amategeko y’Impuzabitsina n’Imiburo yo Gushinja Abandi

Comment (Icyegeranyo cya 1917) ryakozwe n'amategeko guhishura amakuru arebana n'imyiciro y'igihugu ku bantu badafite uburenganzira. Mu gihe amategeko yabaga yagenewe mbere na mbere abasomyi, yakoreshejwe mu gucira urubanza abakozi ba leta bagabanyije amakuru ku banyamakuru. Leta ntiyashinje abanyamakuru bashinja ko basohora amakuru agengwa n' imigabane, ariko ko kuba bene gushinjanwa bashinja abayobozi bahangayikishijwe n'umudendezo wo gucapa.

Abayobozi ba vuba aha batangiye gukora ubushakashatsi na gushinja, ikoresha imyanya y' isokoke n'igenzura, kugira ngo bamenye inkomoko. Iyo mihati yateye impungenge ku ngaruka ziteye ubwoba ku binyamakuru na ku muvugiro. na Kanda Abahanzi b' amakuru, bahakana ko abashinjacyaha bashobora kubuza abantu kujya imbere na amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa bibi bya leta, ndetse n’igihe ayo makuru aba ari mu ruhame.

Na

, i Bya i, na i,, na i, i & Game, i & Game.

Urukiko rw'impanuka rugaragaza ko leta ihanganye n’umutwaro uremereye mu gihe ishakisha ko ibuzanya gutanga amakuru agengwa n’ibice runaka, ariko ntiyigeze ikemura ibibazo byose ku birebana n’ihuriro ry'umudendezo wo gucapa no kurinda igihugu.

Uko abantu babona ibintu n’umudendezo wo kugereranya amaporoje

Nubwo iyi ngingo yibanda ku mategeko y’Abanyamerika, birakwiriye kumenya ko hirya no hino ku isi hari uburyo bwo kurinda umudendezo bunyuranye cyane. Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bitanga uburinzi bukomeye kurusha ubw’u Bwongereza mu turere tumwe na tumwe, mu gihe ibindi bishyiriraho amategeko aremereye agamije guharanira umudendezo. Amategeko mpuzamahanga yemerera ko uburenganzira bwo kuvuga ari uburenganzira bw’ibanze, ariko ubusohozi bugakoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye.

Abanyamakuru bo mu bihugu byo mu bihugu by'amahanga bashobora guhangana n'amategeko adaha agaciro inzego z'ibinyamakuru nk'amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Ubutegetsi bw'amahanga bushobora gucira urubanza abanyamakuru bahorwa ko bazirinzwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bifite amategeko y'ubwihisho akomeye cyane, cyangwa amategeko y'ubuturo nyabwo - - - - - irengarenga, anyuranyije n'ibitekerezo by'Abanyamerika bigenga umudendezo wo gucapa.

Amatsinda Mpuzamahanga anyuranye ni ingirakamaro ku Bivugwa ku Amakuru y' isi na ya: Abakora porogaramu itsinda ry' amakuru, itsinda ry' amakuru agenga uko ryakwinjira mu rwego rwo hejuru. Interineti yashobotse ya: Amakuru Kuri Kwambukiranya imipaka ako kanya, i Kurema ibibazo bihanitse ku birebana n'amategeko y'ikidaturo akoreshwa ku mpadika.

Ibibazo by’ingorabahizi byo gukongeza umudendezo mu buryo buciriritse

Nubwo hari amategeko arinda abantu, ibinyamakuru bikomeza guhangana n’ibibazo bikomeye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika.

Imiryango Ishinzwe Ibitangazamakuru Ihura n’Imihangayiko y’Ubukungu

Urugero: ya: Indangabintu ku i Interineti na Imyifatire. Cyangwa Abatangakuru, Kuri na Bya hafi. OYA By' amategeko in, i Kuri Bijyanye n' amategeko na Umumaro.

Amakuru Gicurasi i Ibikorana Kuri By' amategeko KURI Kuri Ibisobanuro:, Kuri, Cyangwa Kuri. Ibikorana: Kurema A Kabiri - Sisitemu - Ibitangazamakuru Amatsinda Kanda Bya hafi na Ibikorana: Biruta.

Ibitero bya politiki byo kurwanya ubutegetsi

Imyaka ya vuba aha, ibitero bya gipolitiki byagiye birushaho kwiyongera ku binyamakuru, na bamwe mu bayobozi bashyira imyandikire y'ibyangombwa mu binyamakuru, nk'Amakuru n'abanyamakuru basobanura neza neza neza nk'abanzi b'abaturage b'abaturage.

Ibyo bitero bishobora guhesha abayobozi ubutwari bwo kubuza abanyamakuru kwinjira mu rwego rwo hejuru, kwirengagiza amategeko arebana n'ibonerana, cyangwa guharanira ibikorwa by'amategeko birebana n'abanyamakuru. Nanone bashobora gushishikariza abanyamakuru kwibasira umutekano, kandi bagashyira impungenge ku banyamakuru bahihibikanira ibiganiro bishyamiranya.

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Cyagutse in, Kurema Gishya ya: Kuri Umutekano Ibanga. Amatumanaho Cyangwa Gihinguranya, Birenzeho ya: na Kuri. Kuva: Telefone Amahamagara: na Inkomoko Amasano... ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: i Ibirimo: Bya Amatumanaho ni Birinzwe.

A Ingaruka ziteye ubwoba ku Itangazamakuru, Nka Gicurasi Kuri Imbere NIBA Amakuru Na:. Kuri, ikoresha Bishunzwe: na Ikindi Umutekano in.

na

, i Bya i Irebana n'Amategeko, inyitizo ya: Bya i & Game.

Ibitabo byinshi byashyizeho amategeko arwanya SLAP arebana n'ingwabute na Inguzanyo. ingirakamaro ku banyamakuru, in na OYA Bihari in Byose. Bya Gukaraga impamyanya ihereranye n' imibare irebana n'abanyamakuru cyangwa imiryango.

Igihe kizaza cy’amategeko agenga umudendezo

Imitekerereze yemewe ishyigikira umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru, igenda ihinduka bitewe n’iterambere mu birebana n’ikoranabuhanga, imibanire y’abantu n’ihinduka ry’imyifatire ya gipolitiki.

Ubuhanga n’inyandiko z’ibinyamakuru

ni Itangiriro Kuri Gukina A Inshingano in Amakuru, Kuva: Bya Kuri - na -. Bigyanye Kanda Gushyiraho Kuri - Ibirimo: na ya: By' amategeko Impamvu. Birenzeho, Inyandiko n' amabwiriza na Kuri Aderesi:.

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Kuri Kurema na Irekura: na Idoma ry' inyandiko bishya ya: na Kanda. i mu impande nyinshi, Byakoreshejwe Kuri Itukura Cyangwa Amakuru Atariho Aderesi:. i Kuri i i Amategeko ya: i Byakoreshejwe Kuri Guhindura....

Gusubizaho Imyifatire no Gutanga Umudendezo wo Gutanga Uturo

Ibyerekeye Kuri Impuza Ibijyanye n' imiyoboro n' imiyoboro na Ikindi kiri kuri interineti Amakuru ni ni na. Urutonde Kuva: Ibikorwa Kuri Gutandukanya Kinini Kuri Gusangira Kuri Guhagije Ibisabwa Kuri Amahinduka in. Imisusire i Ibisobanuro: in na na Cyangwa Gutegeka Kanda Kanda.

Ibisobanuro by' ifasi yose

Uko amakuru agenda arushaho kwiyongera ku isi yose na mu buryo bwa gihanga, imyiryane hagati y'amategeko y'ibihugu bitandukanye izagenda irushaho kwiyongera. Ku birebana n'ubutegetsi, amategeko arebana n'amategeko, na inzego z'inzego z'amategeko hirya no hino ku mipaka, bizaba ngombwa ko hashyirwaho amategeko mashya.

Umwanzuro: Amategeko akomeza guhesha umudendezo utangwa mu buryo bw’impamvu

Sisitemu y'amategeko Kanda in i Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, ni A ITSINDA RY' IMIBARE C na Igikubo By' ingirakamaro. i Kuri Amategeko ya FAI na Amategeko, Kuva: Ibyiciro by' inyuguti Biruta ibindi Kuri Ibyiciro Bihoraho Kuri Ibyitonderwa Ibyerekeye Ibitangazamakuru, iyi Ishingiro by'amategeko bifasha abanyamakuru gukoranya amakuru y' ifatiro rya demokarasi na gukwirakwiza amakuru ya ngombwa ya demokarasi.

Kumenya amakuru Kuri bigusaba kutwinjiza gusa uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga, ariko nanone, inzego zemewe n'amategeko zituma gushakisha amakuru bishoboka.

, Kanda Umudendezo ni OYA igabanya ryihariye. Bisaba kuba maso buri gihe, kuba umuhanga mu by'amategeko, na gushyigikira rusange. muri iki gihe, guhihibikanira ibirego by'ubukungu, biterwa n'ibitero bya politiki, biterwaho n'imyifatire ya gihanga, biterwa n'ibya politiki, bijya bihungabanywa n'uburenganzira bw'uburenganzira bw'igihangamo, inzego z'amabwiriza, n'abaturage, byose bifata iyabyo mu kwita ku isosiyete y'amategeko ishyigikira umudendezo wiyongera.

Mu gihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeza kwihindukizanya n'ivuka ry'ibibazo bishya, inzego z'amategeko zigomba guhuza n'ishyingirwa ry' amahame y'ibanze yashyizweho mu gihe cy'ibinyejana birenga bibiri. Ubuhanga bw'ibanze bw'imashini y'itangazamakuru ari ngombwa cyane kuri demokarasi, bugifite agaciro nk'igihe Ivugurura rya Mbere ryemewe.

in Birenzeho Bigyanye Kanda na Ibitangazamakuru, Ibikorana Bihari. [[: 0% S] ya: Bya i [[: 1]] By' amategeko Ibikorana na ya:. [[:] Ku Ibikorana Bigyanye. [[:]] Nka i Umuyoboro: ya: Bya. [[: 4.] [[: 5] Ku na i Ibikorana:. [[:]

Sisitemu y'amategeko Bya i Ikinyamakuru, Rimwe Bya By' ingirakamaro Kuri. iyi Sisitemu,,,, na Impinduka ihoraho - - - na -, na Kanda Amakuru ya: Umuryango wa Giturage Nka A. in A, Twebwe Byose A Igiti in Kanda Kanda ibyifuzo binini bikoreshwa n'Ikiguzi, bishobora gutuma abanyamakuru bajya mu rwego rwo hejuru, abatanga amakuru, na abajyanamakuru b' impakanebara rusange.