Table of Contents

, i & Game, Bya i Imbata. Bya i Kanda i Iburyo: Kuri Gukusanya Ibisobanuro: na Icyegeranyo Kuri Ibindi:, A Kuri Umutekano wa demokarasi. na, na Ibitangazamakuru Cyangwa. Incamake iyi Iburyo:, i By' amategeko Gukurikiza, na i i Gukomeza Kanda in i Bigezweho.

Dusobanukirwe Umudendezo w’Ishami

Bya i Kanda ni A in i, in ni Inzira% s Bya i. i Iburyo: Kuri Ibisobanuro: na Icyegeranyo Kuri Ibindi:. "Gutegeka:" Ubwoko Oya... i Bya, Cyangwa Bya i Kanda," A Gusiba Irinda ya:.

Ku i Igihe Bya in, i Kigenga Kanda, NONEAHA Kuri Byose Ubwoko Bya Amakuru na, Bya biringaniye., na kiri kuri interineti Birinzwe ATARIIGIHARWE Koresha Icapa. i Impinduka i Kanda Kuri Amahinduka Intego.

Impamvu umudendezo ugomba guhugira ku bihereranye na demokarasi

Umudendezo wo kugaragaza ibitekerezo by’umuntu binyuriye mu kuvuga cyangwa kwigomeka, nta gutinya ko ubutegetsi bugomba kwigenzura cyangwa kwihorera, ni ikimenyetso kiranga demokarasi ikorana. Muri iki gihe, ibyo bireba abaturage ba buri munsi, ahubwo nanone n'abanyamakuru, biyemeza ko abafite ububasha bahabwa uburenganzira bwo kugira icyo baryozwa na rubanda rufite ubushobozi bwo kwiringirwa n'inshingano zigururika. Ibitangaza bifata nk'ibikoresho bya leta, bigashyira ahagaragara ruswa na kumenyesha abaturage.

Impetamico ya Mbere y'Umuteguro wa Mbere w’Ubucamanza bwashyizweho kugira ngo habeho igenzura ry’ubutegetsi bwa leta, kandi ishinze imizi mu buryo bwimbitse mu kwiyemeza ko twiyemeje guharanira demokarasi.

Uko inkiko zirinda umudendezo ukabije

Bya i Ibitangazamakuru in i Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Kuri Kuri i Byacapwe,,, na imvugo ifitanye isano munsi ya Isobeka. Mu buryo bwitonderwa, inzego zituruka ku rurimi hamwe na Ibyiciro Bibarirwa mu MYAKA IMYAKA Bya Icyacamanza na, in Imyanya, Amabwiriza yo & Ongera Ibirinda. Amatsinda y' amategeko Igikubo Mu guharanira irebere mu icapa, Kuva: Gusuzuma amategeko Kuri Amabwiriza y'amategeko y' inzego zikurikira.

Isuzuma ry’Imipaka Ishinzwe Kurengera Ibiciro

Inzu z’amategeko zirinda umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru zisuzuma ibibazo by’uburenganzira bw’ibyangombwa.

Urukiko rugomba gusesengura umudendezo rushingiye ku bintu by’ingenzi, urugero nk’uburinzi bw’igihugu, imanza zitabera, inzego za buri muntu ku giti cye n’umutekano mu ruhame.

Imishinga y' amategeko

Urukiko rwa mbere rw’Ivugurura rw’Ikirenga rwaturutse ahanini ku myanzuro y’urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika rwafashe mu kinyejana cya 20.

Amategeko n'amategeko bikorana: inkiko zisobanura i Ivugurura rya Mbere na Hanyuma Amafagisiyo mashya rimwe na rimwe yemeza imipaka y'amategeko cyangwa imipaka irebana n'amategeko y'amategeko irebana n'ubutegetsi runaka.

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurebana n’umudendezo w’inzego z’ibitabo

Imyanzuro myinshi y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagize ingaruka z'ibanze ku buyobozi bw’ibinyamakuru muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.

Minnesota (1931): Kwanga gushyirirwaho imipaka mbere

Umwanzuro w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika rwafashe hafi na leta ya Minnesota wemeye umudendezo w’ibinyamakuru binyuranye n’amategeko yabuzanyijwe mbere y’uko hasohoka igitabo, ihame ryarebanaga n’ibyerekeranye no kuvuga umudendezo muri rusange mu gihe cy’ubucamanza bwakurikiyeho.

Kubera ko amategeko yari ashinzwe kubuzanya ibintu mbere y’aho, Urukiko rwavugaga ko ari ukurenga amategeko ku birebana n’uburenganzira bwa mbere bw’ishyirahamwe mu rwego rw’imashini itangazamakuru. Ibyo byagaragaje intangiriro y’inyigisho ya mbere yo kubuza abantu gusohora.

Sullivan (1964): The Modern Malice Standard

Inzego zishinzwe gusohora Ivugurura rya Mbere muri iki gihe, zishobora guha imiryango itangazamakuru umudendezo mwinshi, ariko ibyo si ko byari bimeze mu myaka ya 1960, igihe uburenganzira bwo gucapa bwabaga buciriweho imipaka mu buryo bukomeye n’amategeko ya leta yarindaga umubare wa rubanda kuregwa no gusebwa. Urubanza rwa Sullivan rwahinduye cyane ayo mashyamba.

Mu mwaka wa 1960, ikinyamakuru cyasohoye itangazo ryihariye ryaturutse ku muteguro w' umwihariko wasabye impano mu gushyigikira Umwami Martin Luther. Itangazo ryagaragaje i, Alabama, Abapolisi bahorwa ko bafata nabi Umwami na abandi bantu baharanira uburenganzira bwa giturage., Sullivan yashoje i Times ya ya:, in i Umwandiko w'itangazo, nk'ingono z'incuro Umwami yafashwe.

Icyishingiro cy'amategeko yashyizweho n'inkuta za Alabama, cyahagaritsweho amategeko yashyizweho n'inzego zahosewe ya: ku ibyifuzo byakoreshwaga n'amategeko yashyizweho uburenganzira bwo kuvuga na i Kanda ku ibyiciro bya mbere na Ibyiciro by'ubwihisho by'amategeko in Igikorwa cy'ubutegetsi cyavuye ku mutegetsi bwakozwe n'umutegetsi w'uburenganzira bw'amategeko, byatewe n'imyifatire ye yemewe. Urukiko rwitiriweho rw'amategeko, rwafashe ingwamushingiro ryibye, ryasabwa n'ububeshyinguzi cyangwa na ryakozwe n'ubushishozi bwikuzimure bw'ibibazo byatanzwe n'ububeshyingo, cyangwa ku buryo bwibangamira.

Iryo hame ry’ubugome ritanga umwanya ukomeye wo guhumeka mu gihe cy’impaka za rubanda ku bihereranye n’abategetsi hamwe n’abaturage.

Mu wa (1971): Canon de Pentagons papers

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Hayes (1972): Igikundiro cyo gutanga amakuru n’amakuru y’ibanga

Urundi rubanza rw'ingenzi rwasobanuye ubushobozi bw'imashini zishinzwe kurinda amasoko y’ibanga yakoreshejwe mu gutanga raporo.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro w'uko ibyo byabaye impamyabumenyi y'ibanze na mbere ya leta, yasimbuye uburenganzira bwe bwa mbere bwo gusubizwaho, kubera ko bwagombaga gushyirwa mu mateka y'icyaha. Nubwo uwo mwanzuro utari watumye umunyamakuru wemewe n'amategeko ahabwa inshingano, watumye habaho imyitwarire ikomeye mu mategeko ya leta.

Mu gusubiza Branzburg na nyuma y'imishinga, ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko ashinzwe iby'uburinzi aha abanyamakuru uburinzi bwihishe ku bintu bimwe na bimwe bishyizweho mu buryo bwihuse. Ayo mategeko aratandukanye mu rugero, kandi incuro nyinshi asobanura abanyamakuru cyangwa ibikoresho bahabwa uburinzi n'uko uburyo bushobora gushyirwaho ku mugaragaro. Kubera ko amategeko y'ingabo ari amategeko agenga, kugera kuri yo biterwa n'umwandiko wa Leta hamwe n'impanuro y'amategeko.

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, i Ububiko: Hasi A ya: Ofise A Iburyo: Kuri Tangaza Kuri A Bya "Inyuguti Cyangwa Icyabitswe." i Kuva: Bya "Icyihutirwa," i., Bigyanye Kuri & Shyira ku rupapuro... na Kuri. iyi, i, i Ububiko... Kuri Soma na.

Urwo rubanza rugaragaza ko ubutegetsi budashobora guhatira itangazamakuru gusohora ibintu byihariye, kurinda ubwigenge bw' inyandiko bwa kidasobwa bwa gihanga mu birebana n'umudendezo wo gukwirakwiza. Ihame rirenze ibinyamakuru by' amateka rijya mu bindi binyamakuru, kandi rikomeza kuba rya ngombwa mu impaka z'iki gihe ku bihereranye no gushyira mu gaciro.

Ni iki cyatumye Yehova arinda abantu bose?

I Nebraska, na. Stuart (1976), Urukiko rwafashe umwanzuro w'uko itegeko ryatanzwe mbere y'inama y'urubanza ryarenze ku burenganzira bwa mbere bw'umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru. Icyo kibazo cyakomeje ko inkiko zidashobora gukoresha amabwiriza arenga, kugira ngo zibuze abantu gutanga inzandiko zirebana n’urubanza, ndetse n’igihe iyo ngingo ishobora kugira ingaruka ku gutoranyanyanyanya.

Warren Burger yatekereje ko i "Itsinda ry'Ikigo cyose ritagomba kubuzwa kuganira ku ngingo ifite iremezo ry'ibikubiyemo ubuzima muri," ku buryo i Kuri Gutanga Ibisobanuro: Bya public. icyemezo cy'ubwihisho bwihishe ku Ibisobanuro: ku bihereranye n'ubugizi bwa nabi, ni iby' ingirakamaro Imimaro ya demokarasi.

Ibibazo by’Amategeko Bikunze Kuvuka Bifitanye isano n’Ibinyamakuru

Buri gihe, abanyamakuru n’imiryango itanga amakuru bahura n’ibibazo bifitanye isano n’amategeko, bigatuma imipaka irebana n’umudendezo utangwa n’inzego zishinzwe gusesengura amateka, kandi ibyo bikoresho bikagira uruhare rukomeye mu gukemura ibyo bibazo no kugenzura neza uko amategeko arinda abantu mu buryo bwihariye.

Amategeko agenga icyiciro

Rimwe Bya i By' amategeko i Kanda. i Byanzwe ku Ibisobanuro:. i in i Iburyo: Kuri Icyegeranyo ku Bya public.

Ifashishozo nyaryo ryashyizweho mu kinyamakuru New York Times v. Sullivan itanga uburinzi bwihariye ku bihereranye n'abategetsi hamwe n'ibiti by'imibare bya leta. Icyakora, amahame atandukanye ashobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihe hatanzwe raporo y'abantu biherereye.

i Bisanzwe, inkiko zashyiriyeho indi shingiro ya: Kanda Abashinjacyaha in. Muri yo hakubiyemo Ibisabwa bigaragaza ko ibinyoma, ibuzanyanzego ku, na ya: Ibyifuzo bikaze biregwa n'ibitangazamakuru.

Amabwiriza yashyizweho mbere na mbere

Mbere y’uko ubutegetsi bugerageza kubuza abantu gutanga disikuru mbere y’uko isohoka, aho guhana abantu mu gihe babanje gutangira gutangira gusohora igitabo.

Urukiko rwashinzwe iby’amateka rwagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bufite umutwaro uremereye udasanzwe kugira ngo buregure ibyo guciraho iteka mbere y’uko rubuzwa, ruzaremerera gusa ko ibyo birego bibuzanywa mu mimerere idasanzwe, urugero nk’igihe igitabo cyasohoka mu buryo butaziguye kandi buhita gituma umutekano w’igihugu uhungabana mu buryo bukomeye.

Amabwiriza in Inshingano ni indi mpande ya mbere y'amategeko. Inkiko ziharanira inyungu zemewe mu manza zikwiriye, zishobora gucira imanza ingingo mu rwego rwo hejuru., inkiko zigomba gukoresha bike, nka Ihitamo ry'ubwicanyi, gushakisha, cyangwa Guhinduranya imyanya.

Kuri

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro ukomeye w’uko urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Press Free Claus rudatanga uburenganzira bwo guhatira leta gutanga amakuru cyangwa guha abayobozi batangaza amakuru abantu badafite muri rusange. Icyakora, inkiko zemeje uburenganzira bwa mbere bwo kubona amakuru n’amakuru bya leta.

ni A Iburyo: Bya Kuri A Cyangwa Icyabitswe NIBA (1) ni A Urutonde Bya Kuri i in Ikibazo na (2) ni Kuri i Bya Nka Nka -. Igerageza, in., A ya:.

, Uburenganzira bwinshi buturuka ku mategeko nka i Umudendezo wa Amakuru na Leta Gufungura Amategeko. Umudendezo wa mbere w'ishyira mu nyandiko na Kanda, wagabanywa mu gihe leta yaba ishobora guhisha amakuru y'ingenzi ku birebana n'ibikorwa byayo. Iyo ni yo mpamvu y'ibanze yashojwe n'amategeko y'Amateka y'Amategeko y'Amategeko, yatumye abantu bose bashobora kubona inyandiko nyinshi za leta.

Kurinda Amasoko Abanga

Ibyifuzo byo guhihisha isoko ry'ibyabitswe ni ingenzi cyane ku bushakashatsi bw' amakuru. Amakuru menshi y'ingenzi ashingiye ku makuru avuye ku bantu bashobora kwihorera niba barabonetse. Inkiko zigomba gushyira kuri gahunda ikenewe n'ibitabo by'ibinyamakuru kugira ngo birinde isoko ry' amakuru agezweho, urugero nka ubushakashatsi bw'ubugizi bwa nabi cyangwa ubushakashatsi bwihimbuwe n'abenegihugu.

N’ubwo Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw’i Branzburg rwanze kwemera inshingano y'umunyamakuru wemewe n'amategeko, ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko ashinzwe iby'uburinzi arinda amategeko. Ayo mategeko anyuranye cyane mu rugero rwayo no mu mbaraga zayo. Amwe muri yo arinda mu buryo budasubirwaho amasoko ahishwe, mu gihe andi yo yemerera ko inkiko zitanga impungenge zigaragaza ko ibyo zikeneye byuje.

Amategeko i Girinda Nka A, i Ibisobanuro: ni ku i Ibyifuzo, na Icyo ari cyo cyose Ibirenga Gukurikiza. ITSINDA RY' IMIBARE C, Nka i Insobanuro Bya "" Kuri Gushyiramo,,, na Ikindi - Bijyanye n' imihango Ibitangazamakuru.

Icuma cyo gushakisha amakuru n’inyoni zitwa purupeya

Gushakisha abanyamakuru cyangwa abanyamakuru bashinzwe gushakisha ibikoresho bituma abantu barushaho kwirengagiza ibyifuzo by'ihishwe. Ibikorwa bihishura ibanga, ibikorwa by' imyandikire y' amakuru, na Amakuru ahese.

, na, Amagenzura Adasanzwe yasabye Leta gukusanya Mbere Kuri Kuva:.

Umutekano w'Isi n’Amakuru Ashyize mu Bice

Umudendezo w’ibinyamakuru n’umutekano w’igihugu, bishyiramo bimwe mu bibazo bikomeye cyane mu nkiko.

Urukiko rwashinjaga imanza za Pentagons rwagaragaje ko ubutegetsi budashobora gusaba umutekano w’igihugu kugira ngo bubuze ibyo binyamakuru, kandi ko urukiko rukeneye ibimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ko ibyo bintu byangiza mu buryo bwihuse, kandi ko hari amakuru ahishe umutekano w’igihugu, kandi ko leta iharanira ko ibyo bitangaza biyirinda.

Incuro nyinshi ikubiyemo imyandikire y' imibare y' amakuru abazwa n'abanyamakuru baturutse mu nshinga za leta. i Ibitangazamakuru mu buryo bwemewe, inzandiko zitanga amakuru zishobora gushinja.

Jya ushyira mu gaciro ku birebana n’ubundi burenganzira ufite n’ibindi bintu bigushimisha

Intare zikunda guhihibikanya imyanya y'icyihutirwa ku i Bya buri wese ku giti cye na i public Na: i Bya ngombwa Kuri Amabwiriza Bikwiriye na OYA Byakoreshejwe Kuri i Inyandiko.

Uburenganzira Bukwiriye bw’Ubwacamanza

Ihuriro rya gatandatu ryizeza abashinjacyaha uburenganzira bw’urubanza rutagira rutangira rurerure rucirwa urubanza.

Intambwe ikoresha ibyiciro by' amakuru, indi mishinga yashyizwe ku ikarita irebana. Gushyiramo Ihitamo, Amabwiriza Kuri Kureka Ibitangazamakuru, Bya, Kuri Kwemerera Kuri, na Amahinduka Bya Ibigenderwaho. in Ibice.

Uburenganzira bw'ubwihisho

Inkiko zigomba kureba niba ibibazo by’akabanga bibuza umuntu kwandika ibitabo cyangwa bikaba byatuma agera ku bintu by’akabanga.

Ubusanzwe, ibyo biterwa n’uko umuntu akwiriye kumenya niba ibyo abwiwe bireba abantu bose, kandi niba ari umuntu ushinzwe gucirwaho iteka.

Gukomeza umudendezo n'ubuturo bwa buri wese ku giti cye, si uburenganzira nta cyo butwaye kandi ni ngombwa gushyira mu gaciro. Inkiko zigomba kwita ku "bikwiriye" muri ubu buryo bwo gushyikirana mu buryo bukwiriye, bituma inkiko zirinda umudendezo wo gucengeza umudendezo n'ubuturo mu mimerere ikwiriye.

Kuvugana n’abandi no kugira amakuba mu byiyumvo

N’ubwo amategeko ashyira umugayo ku bantu arinda izina ryiza, inkiko zizirikana ko impaka zikomeye zishobora gukwirakwizwa mu ruhame, zishobora gutuma abantu barushaho kujora, kandi ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko ayo mahame arangwa n’ubugome, akaba ari yo atuma abantu bakomeza gutanga raporo z’abategetsi hamwe n’abategetsi.

Nanone kandi, inkiko zagiye zitanga ibisobanuro by'ibyavuzwe ku bihereranye no guhutaza ibyiyumvo mu buryo bushaje mu binyamakuru. Ibyo birego ntibishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo bihushe uburinzi butangwa n'amategeko arebana no gusenya.

Uburenganzira bw’Imitungo y’Imibereho y’Ikirenga

, Kanda Kuri Koresha Ibikoresho in Amakuru. Gushyiraho Koresha Bitunganye Kuri Guhuza imyitwarire, Nka i Intego Bya i Koresha, i Bya i Akazi, i Igiteranyo, na i ku i ya: i ~Umwimerere Akazi.

Nka Koresha Bike Bitunganye Ryari: Gusubiramo ibyavuzwe Cyangwa Bya Byanzwe ku i Impamvu Bya Ibisobanuro, Cyangwa., Bya Byanzwe, Koresha.

Ubwihindurize bw’Umudendezo wo Gutanga Uturenganzira Turenze Urugero

Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, umudendezo wo gutanga amakuru wagiye uhinduka, ushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga, imimerere y’imibereho n’ibya filozofiya z’imanza.

Umudendezo wakozwe kera

Rimwe Bya i Itangira Bya i Kanda, i Bya i, i Bya i, i Bya i.

Umucamanza wa Zenger yemeje ko inzego z'urubanza zari zifite ububasha n'inshingano byo gucira urubanza amategeko hamwe n'ibyabayeho; inyabukomwanya zihanagura Zenger. Uwo mwanzuro wagaragazaga ugutsinda kw'ibiranga umudendezo wa za mashini zicapa, nubwo urwo rubanza rutari rwigeze ruza imbere y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga. Urukiko rw'i Zengiri rwihiswe n'amategeko, rwashyizeho amahame y'ingenzi yagize ingaruka ku burinzi bwa nyuma.

Imishyikirano ifitanye isano Binyuriye ku Ivugurura rya 14

Mu mizo ya mbere, Ivugurura rya Mbere ryakoreshwaga gusa kuri leta y'Ikirenga. Leta n'ubutegetsi bw'aho butuye, byashoboraga kubuza abantu umudendezo ukoreshwa mu gihe bagombaga gucibwa ku ingengabihe. Ibyo byahindutse binyuriye ku nyigisho yashyizweho, yashyiraga mu bikorwa inzego za mbere z'ihuriro rya mbere zirinda leta na leta zaho, binyuriye ku buryo bw'urwego rwa 14 (Byoroherejweho).

Amategeko ya leta yahaga mbere kwitegeka yari adafite amategeko ya Leta. Nanone, uwo mwanzuro waguye uburinzi bw'umudendezo wo gucengeza ku matsinda y'ibiciro bikoreshwa muri Ivugurura rya 14.

Bya

Bya i Kanda in Bya i & Branzburg v. Hayes Nka "A Iburyo: By'ibanze Bya Bwite", OYA Kuri na. v. Bya (1938), i Kanda Nka "Byose Ubwoko: Bya Ibisobanuro: na" Iburyo Byongerewe Kuri,,,, na Videwo... Imikino.

Insobanuro nini ituma duhindura uburyo bwo kwiyungurura bwakoreshwa mu kwiyongera, tumenyera ku buryo bushya bw'ibitangazamakuru na Itumanaho. i Impamvu z'ibanze Bya Kanda i. - i Rusange na igenzura itegeka. - Bya i.

Ibibazo byo gukongeza umudendezo mu buryo buciriritse

Inzu z’amategeko zo muri iki gihe zihanganye n’ibibazo bishya mu birebana no kurinda umudendezo wo mu rwego rw’ikoranabuhanga, mu gihe ikoranabuhanga mu by’ubukungu no mu rwego rwa politiki, bihinduka, kuko zisaba ko inkiko zikurikiza amahame yashyizweho mu gihe cy’ibintu bishya.

Ibinyamakuru n’ibinyamakuru byo kuri interineti

-, nka kiri kuri interineti na Ibyatanzwe, Igerageza ishyira mu gaciro na Amakuru ya kidasobwa, & kde; Guhindura... i ~Umwimerere. Ibitabo Kanda, Abakoresha Ibitangazamakuru, na kiri kuri interineti Amakuru.

Ikibazo kivuka ku bihereranye n'abakwiriye kuba bakwiriye kuba ba "Porogisi" ya: Impamvu Bya Amategeko na Ibindi Birinda. Ingomero zigomba gufata umwanzuro niba abaturage b'abaturage, abanyabikoresho, n'abakoresha Ibitangazamakuru barinda nk'uko bimeze ku matsinda ashinzwe amakuru.

Itondeka na

Kuri Kabiri Gishya Mbere i, na i Ibitangazamakuru Amakuru, Hejuru ya: — Cyangwa.. na. Byombi i Iburyo: Bya Kuri Gukusanya ibikubiyemo, Cyangwa i Bya Abakoresha ku A Ibitangazamakuru Serivisi. i Kuri Kuri kiri kuri interineti.

Inzego zigomba kureba niba na i Kuva: nka Tornillo bihuje na kuri porogarama Ibitangazamakuru. imyanzuro irebana n' imyitwarire y' amakuru. OYA Ibikorwa:, ahubwo n' ibyinjijwe n' ibyinjijwe n' imyanya y' amakuru n' itsinda ry' amakuru rusange.

Ubutegetsi Burwanya Ibinyamakuru

Ibyagiye gucibwa byagiye bishyirwaho ijambo mu makuru yashyizweho na leta, kugira ngo yihoreho. Icyemezo cy' icyiciro cya Moss, cyerekana neza - Amakuru Amatsinda y'ibanze yanzwe n' i.

i Na i Amakuru na Ikindi. i Ububiko:, i A Umurongo:, i Gicurasi OYA Kwambukiranya, Ku Kuri Koresha UMWIKUBE — i UMWIKUBE Bya i — Kuri Cyangwa ku Ibindi:.

Umunyamakuru afatwa kandi akabuzwa amahwemo

: muri i ya: Ibisobanuro:. & Umunsi, Abanyamakuru batabarika Gukurikira iyi, Icyo wongeraho, Iyemeza, Cyangwa Kuva:.

Niba Ivugurura rya Mbere rifite icyo rivuze, nta gushidikanya ko umunyamakuru afite uburenganzira bwo kubaza umutegetsi ikibazo, ntatinya ko azafungwa.

Imiryango Ishinzwe Ibitangazamakuru Ihura n’Imihangayiko y’Ubukungu

OYA A Inyandiko y'amategeko, i Inkiko z' iby'ubukungu bifatanya na Kanda. na i OYA i Imyifatire. Urugero: ya: Amakuru, na Bya hafi, ni. Bya i Interineti, A, Kuri Na: Ibinyamakuru, Amagazeti, na ya televiziyo ya: i.

Inzandiko zigomba gusuzuma ukuntu imyanzuro yazo igira ingaruka ku isosiyete y'ikoranabuhanga mu gihe cy'imihangayiko y'ubukungu. Ibisabwa by'amategeko biremereye birenze urugero cyangwa uburinzi buke, bishobora kurushaho gutuma ubushobozi bw'ishyira ku rutonde rw'ibiciro byo gukora imirimo yayo ya demokarasi burushaho kugabanuka.

Uko mpuzamahanga zibona ibintu ku birebana no kurinda umudendezo wo gutanga amakuru

Mu gihe iyi ngingo yerekeza mbere na mbere ku nkiko zo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, gusuzuma uburyo mpuzamahanga bwo gushyikirana bitanga ibisobanuro by’ingirakamaro.

Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bifite gahunda zemewe n’amategeko zirinda umudendezo wo gusohora ibitabo mu buryo bweruye, mu gihe ibindi bibonera uburinzi nk’ubwo ku burenganzira bwagutse bwo gutanga uburenganzira bwa kimuntu, bugashyirwa mu mategeko mvangamico.

Gusuzuma ibyo izo nkuta zifite uburenganzira bwo gucira urubanza, bishobora gufasha inkiko gusobanukirwa uburyo butandukanye bwo kurengera ibyo bibazo bihora bivuka, kandi bigafasha kumenya ibikorwa byiza cyane byo kurinda umudendezo mu gihe ziha agaciro ibindi bintu by’ingenzi.

Uruhare rw’Inkiko zo hasi mu Guharanira Umudendezo wo Gutanga Umudendezo mu Nyungu

Mu gihe imyanzuro ifashwe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ifatwa mu buryo bwihariye, inkiko zo hasi n’iza leta zica imanza nyinshi zirebana n’umudendezo utangwa n’itangazamakuru.

Incuro nyinshi, inkiko zo hasi zihangana n’ibitabo by'ibitabo mbere y'uko zigera ku Rukiko rw'Ikirenga. Imyanzuro yazo ishobora kugira ingaruka ku kuntu amategeko agenga umudendezo ashyirwaho, cyane cyane iyo imishinga y'inyurabwenge y'uturere cyangwa inzego z'inzego z'inzego z'ubutegetsi zijyanirana na Leta, zigahita zisuzuma. Inkiko zifata imyanzuro ikomeye ku bihereranye no kuvumbura ubushakashatsi, amategeko y'ibanze, n’ibindi bibazo by'ifashishobozo by'umwihariko bikuru.

Inkiko z' Leta zikora uruhare rw' ingirakamaro mu bice amategeko ya Leta arinda cyane kurusha amategeko ya leta. Amategeko menshi ya leta akubiyemo ibyiciro bitangwa n'ingwaruhushya bigenga. Inkiko z'igihugu zisobanura kandi zigakurikiza amategeko ya leta, amategeko ya Leta, amategeko arebana n'amategeko ya Leta, n'andi mategeko ya leta arinda idosiye mu mashini zicapwe.

Kurinda umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru

Uretse amategeko agenga amategeko, inkiko zirinda umudendezo mu gukwirakwiza umudendezo binyuriye ku mikorere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’amategeko.

garagaza cyane

Inkiko zikurikiza amategeko abuzanya umudendezo. Ibyo bisobanura ko ubutegetsi bugomba kugaragaza ko amategeko abuzanya ibintu agamije inyungu zifatika kandi ko ahuza neza n’inyungu zabyo.

urwego Bya ku i Ubwoko: Bya na i Imvugiro. - Amabwiriza Akira i, Ibirimo: - Gicurasi Akira. i na Birutwa i.

Isubiramo Ryasuzumwe

Impapuro z'umudendezo zikunze kuba zikubiyemo ibibazo birebana n’igihe cyo gukabya, urugero nk'ibyifuzo birebana n’inyandiko cyangwa uburenganzira bwo gushyikirana n'intego zikomeza gutangwa.

Amagenzura ya: Kanda, Isubiramo Bya Bya i Byacapwe. Kanda Akira Urwinjiriro Imikemurire, By' igihe gito Amabwiriza Kuri Bihoraho Amabwiriza.

Amategeko Yihariye

Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, mushobora kuba mu bisabwa bya Leta Mbere yo gushaka ibihamya, ya: Abanyamakuru, Cyangwa Bidasanzwe ya: Amabwiriza.

Nanone kandi, ibyo bikoresho bigabanya umutwaro n'ibikoreshwa mu kurinda umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru, bigatuma imiteguro y' amakuru irushaho kugera ku mwanzuro udafite ishingiro w'amategeko, itsinda ry' amakuru rishobora kurwanya imipaka idashingiye ku shingiro.

Igihe kizaza cy’Umudendezo wo Gutanga Imirimo y’Ikirenga mu Burenganzira bw’Amateka

Uko ikoranabuhanga, umuryango w’abantu na politiki bizagenda bihinduka, ni na ko inkiko zizahura n’ibibazo bishya mu birebana no kurinda umudendezo wa za tangazamakuru.

Ubuhanga n’Ubuhanga mu Magazeti y’Amakoraniro y’Ikirundi

Kuri Inshingano in Amakuru na, Kuri Kanda Irinda Byashyizweho. Gicurasi Bigyanye - Ibikubiyemo i Nka, Kuri Ikiranga: ya: Amakosa in, na Amakuru Birinzwe.

na

Ibiganiro by' amagenzura bikomeza kwagura, kuzana indi miyoboro mishya y'ibitangazamakuru. Intashyo zigomba kugenzura ibijyanye n'imyifatire y'abanyamakuru, ibyinjijwe n'ibitabo by'imbonerahamwe, na Ikindi bikorwa binyuranyije na Ibyifuzo byagutse bifitanye isano n'ubuturo na leta.

Irihimbano rya Kabiri

Ububiko bwagiye buvanga, na Abanyamakuru mpuzamahanga na Itangazamakuru ku bantu b'uBurengerazuba. Inzu y'Amakuru ifatanyije uko yakwishyiriraho uburyo bwo gukoresha irinda rya gihanga mu bihugu, hakubiyemo ibibazo vyerekeye ubutegetsi, ubushyamirane hagati y'amategeko y'ibihugu bitandukanye, na uburinzi bwa ba mu mahanga.

Amakuru y' ikinyoma

Ku birebana na na Amakuru, Bya ngombwa ya: Ingenga Ikomeye Bya kiri kuri interineti. i Byanzwe i Kuri Kuri Amakuru Amakosa na.

Ibitabo by’ingirakamaro by’abanyamakuru n’imiryango ishinzwe gutanga amakuru

Gusobanukirwa ukuntu inkiko zirinda umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku banyamakuru no ku miryango ishinzwe gutanga amakuru.

Menya Uburenganzira bwawe

Abanyamakuru bagomba gusobanukirwa uburyo bukoreshwa mu by'amategeko bwo kubarinda, hakubiyemo uburenganzira bushingiye ku mategeko, uburinzi bwashyizweho na Leta, nka amategeko ashinzwe iby’ingabo, na uburinzi bw'imiterere y'imyifatire y'inzego.

Amafasi atandukanye atanga imigabane inyuranye y'uburinzi, bityo abanyamakuru bagombye kumenya amategeko agenga aho batuye. Imiryango y'amakuru y'igihugu ikwiriye gusobanukirwa ukuntu uburinzi butandukana hakurya y'uturere n'uturere dutandukanye.

Inyandiko

Kanda, Inyandiko Bya Amakuru na. Ibyabitswe Bya,, -, na. Inyandiko Ifashayobora Na: na in.

, Abanyamakuru bakwiriye gushyira hagati inyandiko zirwanya ibyemezo by' ibanga. Inyandiko zishobora kumenyekanisha imyandikire y' ibanga zigomba kwiringirwa, na Abanyamakuru na Kuri Na: Ibyifuzo ku Inyandiko Kuri Gukomeza.

Shaka inama mu gihe hakiri kare mu by’amategeko

Mu gihe abanyamakuru bahanganye n’ibibazo by’ubucamanza cyangwa ibikangisho, bagombye kugisha inama abacamanza b’inararibonye mu by’amategeko, batangira gutanga inama z’amategeko zishobora gufasha kwirinda ibibazo, bagakomeza guhitamo amahitamo y’amategeko, kandi bakiyemeza ko uburenganzira bushyirwaho mu buryo bukwiriye.

Amakuru in - Cyangwa Amasano: Na: Ibitangazamakuru. na Gitoya Ibikorana: Gushaka Kuva: Kanda Gushigikira y'amategeko. Birenzeho Ibisobanuro: ku Kanda By' amategeko Ibikorana, i [[: 0% S] ya: Bya i [[[:]]].

Jya umenya imipaka

N’ubwo inkiko zirinda mu buryo bukomeye umudendezo wo gukwirakwiza amakuru, izo mbuga si zo zifite imipaka irebana n’uburinzi bwemewe n’amategeko, kandi zigomba gusobanukirwa imimerere inkiko zishobora kubuza abantu kurenga imipaka cyangwa zigatuma bagerwaho n’ingaruka.

Gusobanukirwa iyo mipaka bifasha abanyamakuru gufata imyanzuro irebana n’ibyemezo bireba uko bazajya babisuzuma, bakareba akaga gashobora guterwa n’amategeko, kandi bakamenya igihe bakwiriye kurwanira mu manza, kandi bifasha imiryango ishinzwe iby’amateka no gukora ibikorwa bituma abanyamakuru badakomeza kwishyira mu mwanya w’amategeko, ariko kandi bigatuma abanyamakuru barushaho kugira ingaruka zikomeye.

Ibitabo by’Ubusobanuro Bikoreshwa mu Gushyira Ahagaragara Amategeko Agenga Umudendezo

Abashaka gusobanukirwa ukuntu inkiko zirinda umudendezo mu rwego rwo gukwirakwiza amakuru, abacamanza, abanyeshuri n’abaturage, bashishikazwa n’icyo gice cy’ingenzi cy’amategeko, bahabwa ibisobanuro by’ingirakamaro.

Imiryango Ishinzwe iby’Ubucamanza

Imiryango myinshi yibanda cyane ku gucengeza amategeko y'ubwigenge na Ibitangazamakuru. Ishyirahamwe ry'Ikigo cya Press muri Kontinet de l’Ourgation of the Press ritanga ibijyanye n'amategeko, ubucuruzi, na imyandikire y'amategeko ya ba munyamakuru. Umudendezo wa i Foundation Kuri Gushigikira no kurwanirira inyandiko zishishikaza abantu benshi. Isomero ry'Abanyeshuri rishinzwe iby'amategeko y'ubwigenge ryibanda ku ibyifuzo by'abanyamakuru.

Imiryango iha abayobozi bemewe n'amategeko, abanyamakuru bahanganye n’ibibazo by'amategeko, na kubuzanya ibibazo bijyanye n'umudendezo.

Ibikorana

Amashuri y'amategeko na amashuri ashinzwe iby'itangazamakuru atanga amasomo, amapareye, na amazu y'ubushakashatsi yibanda ku mategeko y'ibitangazamakuru na winjiza mu rwego rwo hejuru. Iyi porogaramu y'inzego z'inzego zitanga intiti zisesengura imyanzuro irebana n'imyitwarire y'urukiko, iranga imishinga, na impamyabumenyi. Ibice by'ubwihindurize bishobora gutanga mu buryo bwitonderwa mu buryo bwihuse, isuzuma ry'ibiganiro bitangwa n'amateka, na ashingiye ku mateka y'ibibazo muri iki gihe.

Ibisobanuro: ku na Kanda, i [[: 0% S] [[[: 1] Ku ku Urufunguzo, na.

Ibitekerezo by’urukiko n’ibitabo by’amategeko

Ibitekerezo by'ibyatanzwe n'impimbano n'ibyashyizwe ku imyanya y'ubwigenge. Imyanzuro y'ingenzi iboneka ku Kigenga kiri kuri interineti Ibikorana nka Google, Justia, na Webukuru y' inzego. Ububikoshingiro bwemewe n'amategeko nka Westlaw na LexisNexexis, bitanga uburyo bufatiweho n'ibyeme by'icyamategeko, nubwo mu by'ukuri biba bikeneye kwiyandikisha.

Mu gihe usoma ibitekerezo by’urukiko, itondere ibitekerezo bya benshi n'ibivuguruzanya. Ibitekerezo bitumvikana bishobora kugaragaza aho intege nke mu bitekerezo bya benshi, kandi rimwe na rimwe bigira ingaruka ku mishinga yo mu gihe kizaza irebana n’amategeko.

Igisoza

Urukiko rugira uruhare rw’ingenzi mu kurinda umudendezo w’ibinyamakuru, rugakora nk’abarinda ubwo burenganzira bw’ibanze bwa demokarasi.

Uburinzi bw'amategeko bw'umudendezo wo gucapa, bushingiye ku kumenya ko imashini wandika irekuwe ari ingenzi cyane kuri demokarasi. Inkiko zashyizeho amahame y'ingenzi mbere yo kubuzanya, bisaba ko abayobozi ba leta bashyiraho amayeri yo gusebya abanditsi, bagakingira ubwigenge bw'ikinyamakuru, kandi bagaha agaciro ko gushyikirana na leta. Ayo mahame atanga umwanya w'ingenzi wo guhumeka ibinyamakuru n'impanuro bya rubanda.

i Igihe, Inkiko Kanda ni OYA. Kanda Ikindi By' ingirakamaro, Amagerageza, Agenga, Umutekano, na Izina. na - ku - ku na Uduciro.

Ikoranabuhanga rishingiye kuri za tewolojiya, ritanga amakuru arebana n’ikoranabuhanga, ubuhanga bukoreshwa n’ikoranabuhanga, ubuhinga bwo gukemura ibibazo n’ibinyamakuru byo mu bihugu bitandukanye, ritanga ibitekerezo bishya bigerageza inyigisho za kera.

Icyiza cy’umudendezo wo mu rwego rw'ishyirahamwe gishingiye ku buryo urukiko rukoresha ibyo bibazo. Uburinzi bukomeye bw'imanza bukoreshwa mu gucengeza itsinda ry'itangazamakuru, ni ubwumvikane ku bikorwa bya demokarasi, kandi buha agaciro amakuru y’ingirakamaro arebana n’amakuru, kandi burwanya imihati ya leta yo gutsemba cyangwa guhana abantu basesenguranya.

Ku banyamakuru, imiryango y'ibinyamakuru, n’abaturage, gusobanukirwa ukuntu inkiko zirinda umudendezo utangwa mu rwego rwo gusohora amakuru ni iby’ingenzi. Ubwo bumenyi butuma abantu bashobora kuvuga neza uburenganzira bwo gushyikirana, gufata imyanzuro irebana n’ubumenyi, no kwifatanya mu buryo bwitondewe mu impaka zihereranye n'amategeko agenga umudendezo. Nanone kandi, butsindagiriza akamaro ko gushyigikira inkiko zigenga uburenganzira bwa politiki zifite ubushobozi bwo kunanira amoshya n’uburenganzira bushingiye ku mategeko.

Umudendezo ushingiye ku ibyiciro byinshi na za dayimoni (OYA inkiko, n'amanama nshinga, Abayobozi, abanyamakuru, na abaturage basezeranyijwe. Icyakora, inkiko zigira uruhare rwihariye, nk'aho ari zo zitanga ibisobanuro by'amategeko n'igenzura rya nyuma rya leta. Gukomeza kurinda umudendezo utangwa na demokarasi, ni iby’ingenzi kugira ngo abaturage bakomeze gutegeka na benewabo.

Birenzeho Bigyanye KIGEZWEHO Kanda na Gushigikira, i [[: 0% S] Bya i [[: 1] na i [[: 2.] Ipaji:[[: 3.]