Table of Contents
< > < / > < > < / > Bya i < > < / >, < > < / > Imbaraga y' shingiro y' umusogongero ya: i Sisitemu y'amategeko y'Abanyamerika, Kuri i < > < / >. Kuri, 1 Bya i in, i < > < / >, i < > < / > Nka i Impera Bya Amacarupapuro y' amategeko urwego rusumbane < > urwego. iyi i Porogaramu Imimaro, i Ubwoko, na i Bya < > < / > < / > < > < / >
Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ni uruhe nshinga yarwo igenga amategeko?
i < > < / > Bya i < > < / >, Nka i kirekire kurusha ibindi mpande in i < > < / >. ~Umwimerere < / > KURI A Gitoya Urutonde Bya, Nka hagati Kabiri Cyangwa Birenzeho, na, na KURI Byose na < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < > <
, ku i, na Mbere y'uyobora, imanza ishyirwaho na i, Na: Imyifatire, ya: Ubuzima. ni Kuri Gutangiza imyanya y' amategeko ku, na Emera Kuri Ubwoko ku Amabwiriza ku. OYA Buri gihe BIHAMYE Ku Abagize Inturo, i Imyifatire y'amategeko in i, Na: i Itangira Bya Igenamiterere i Umubare Ku, Kuva: A Byo hasi Bya 5 Kuri A ejuru Bya i IMYAKA, & Ku i Bya BIHAMYE Umubare Ku i BIHAMYE.
i < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. i UMWIKUBE Bya Isubiramo, i Kuri A ya: A ya: A Bya i Cyangwa < Urwego: = "Icyangwa" > < / > ya: Bitemewe n' amategeko, Gicurasi muri i Imvugiro Bya A in Umwanya Bya < Urwego: = "Izina ry' amategeko" > < / >. UMWIKUBE Bya Isubiramo, OYA in i, Gihinguranya na Rimwe Bya i Imimaro.
Ubutware bw’isuzuma ry’ibyataburuwe mu mateka: Marbury na Madison
Rimwe mu bitekerezo bishingiye ku mategeko y'amategeko y'ifatiro y'isi, ni isuzuma ry' icyicamategeko(-). i Kuri Amategeko y' Urukiko rw'Ikirenga yashyizwe ku Nshinga- Mpangika cyangwa ibikorwa bikurikijwe n'ibiro bigenga ishami bikurikiza imbibiko. Ubutware ntibwatanzwe mu buryo bweruye mu Kishingiro cy'Ishingiro ry'amategeko, ahubwo bwashyizwe muri rimwe mu manza y'amategeko y'Amateka y'imerika y'ingenzi cyane.
i. i OYA i UMWIKUBE Kuri Amabwiriza i, i UMWIKUBE Kuri Ibikorwa Cyangwa OYA, Na: Bya i KURI Itegeko Kuva: iyi na i UMWIKUBE Bya Isubiramo. in iyi i, i Ishinga i Inshingano Bya i, Nka A Bya Na: i Kuri Kugenzura i Bya na i.
in & Marbury;. Madison i & Game i Umumaro muri iki gihe. Igihe i & Cyentscents; A Nka Cyangwa A A, i UMWIKUBE Bya i Inyandiko, i Porogaramu Byashyizweho, Birenga Bigana Kabiri. i ni A Kugenzura ku.
Uko imanza zageze ku Rukiko rw’Ikirenga
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ntirujya kumva buri rubanza rugomba kurushyira imbere. Koko rero, ibyinshi mu byo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashingiwe bicirwaho. Ibyinshi mu byaciriweho n’inkiko z'Ikirenga, ni iby'ubwiciro biturutse mu nkiko zo hasi, na inzego zo gucira urubanza urubanza imbere y’abacamanza zikubiyemo uburyo bufatiweho.
Gusaba ko Hakorwa Ikoraniro
ni Oya Iburyo: Kuri i, na Kuri Kuri i Idosiye A ya: A Bya. Ijambo "" Kuva:, Igisobanuro "Kuri," na A Kubaza... ya: i Kuri Isubiramo A Ntoya.
i Bya ijambo, i na i in i in i. Birutwa 1 - 2% Bya i Ibyifuzo Byemewe ya: Cyuzuye. ku Guhitamo Kuri, ku i Biruta hagati y' iruhande Ntoya.
Ubutegetsi bwa bane
Kuri A Bya OYA A < > < / > < > < / > Bya i < > < / > Kuri A Bya. "B" A Bya" By' ingirakamaro Mbere i < > < / > ya:, ATARIIGIHARWE NIBA A.
Urukiko rushobora guha urundi rushinga rubibi rw’abaturage, niba inkiko zo hasi zarafashe imyanzuro ivuguruzanya n’icyo kibazo, cyangwa niba ifite agaciro kanini mu gihugu.
Bya i
Gihinguranya i, i ~Umwimerere UMWIKUBE Bya. i Umwimerere Igenzura y' i < > < / > Gyayo Kuri i < > < / >, A Cyangwa in A Ntoya < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > Itangira, na Nka hagati Kabiri Cyangwa Birenzeho ku nka Cyangwa Amazi, Cyangwa hagati na i.
Igenzura KURI ni A Bigezweho., Ibyiciro Bya Byikoresha Iburyo: Bya Kuri i, Igisobanuro i OYA KURI, Byahinduwe Na:, i Imyifatire Kuri i Ingero Bya i Bya, i Nka i ya: Isubiramo. Guhindura... i Kuri Gukomeza Igihe na Ibikorana ku i By' ingirakamaro By' ingirakamaro i.
Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe umwanzuro- Ushyiraho Uburyo
Mu gihe Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwemeye ko urubanza rucibwa, rukurikiza igikorwa giteguwe neza, gikubiyemo inyandiko ngufi, impugukirwa zo mu magambo, amateraniro yiherereye, na ishyira mu nyandiko ibitekerezo. Gusobanukirwa buri gice cy'iyi gahunda bihishura ukuntu abantu icyenda bafite filozofiya zitandukanye z'iby’imanza bakorera hamwe kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo bimwe na bimwe by'amategeko bigorana cyane kurusha ibindi by'igihugu.
na
i Kuri Kwemera A, i ni ku i, na Kuri i, i A Igiteranyo Bya Igihe Kuri Kwandika A, OYA Kuri 50% Amapaji, i Itangwa ku i Isubiramo, Nyuma i ni A Igiteranyo Bya Igihe Kuri Idosiye A, OYA Kuri 50% Amapaji.
Bigereranya imyandikire y'amategeko buri ruhande rutanga kuri i Urukiko. Bagaragaza ingero za ngombwa, ibyemezo by' amategeko, ururimi rw'amategeko, na ingingo bishyigikira umwanya wabo. Ubwiza bw'ibinyuranyo bigufi bishobora kugira ingaruka zigaragara ku buryo abacamanza batekereza ku kibazo mbere y'impagararo zo mu kanwa.
Cyangwa OYA in i Tanga,, ya: Bigufi, Na: "Bya i Ububiko..." in, na Ku in, i Intego Bya ni Kuri i in i, Na: ejuru - Ibijyana A Kinini Umubare Bya, ya: Urugero:, Birenzeho. - Bya - i - Emera Amatsinda, By' amategeko, na Amatsinda Kuri Gusangiza Imipakano ku i.
Inzandiko zaburanijwe mbere y’urukiko
Iyo urukiko rwicaye, porogaramu z’abantu bose zitangira mu gihe cya 10 za mu gitondo, muri rusange abaca imanza bakumva impaka ebyiri zo mu magambo mu gitondo, kandi hagateganyijwe gahunda zo gutangira gahunda za nyuma za saa sita, kandi porogaramu z’abantu bose zibera ku wa Mbere, ku wa Kabiri na Wegatatu.
Hanyuma Soma i in i, na i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, ni Ryari: i ku Kubona Kuri Inyandiko na i Kubona Kuri Ikibazo, Na: Inkoresha: Biramba amasaha Kabiri. Inkoresha siyo, Muhagarika Na:, Gahunda, na Kuri. i na Kwemerera Kuri Igerageza i Bya ingingo.
Ibiganiro bikubiyemo Impamvu Igikubo. Kwemerera Kuri Gushyiraho in i, i Bya Amategeko, na Kuri bagenzi babo i Bya i.,, i Inyandiko ni A Kuri i, i i i Bya i Mbere na i.
Inama y’Amacamanza
Iyo hasojwe impaka zo mu magambo, abacamanza bagomba gukemura ikibazo ku kizwi cyane ko ari Inama y’Amacamanza, na Ryari: Urukiko rufite porogaramu, hakorwa amateraniro abiri buri cyumweru (-amwe ku wa Gatatu na rimwe ku wa Gatanu nimugoroba. ayo manama ni amwe mu mahuriro ahishwe cyane kurusha ayandi y’ibikorwa bihishwe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga.
Dukurikije Porotokole y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, izemewe mu cyumba cy'Inama kuri iyi + // Oya Abapolisi, abakoresha, abanyamabanga, n'ibindi." na < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < / > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < / > < / > < > < > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < < > < / > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < >
Kuri Porotokole, Byose Kuri Leta ku i na Hejuru Icyo ari cyo cyose Cyangwa Gicurasi, Na: Kuva: i Ibindi:, Nka i Itangira Inyandiko, Hanyuma in Ubujyesi Itondekanya Bya, Na: i muto ubutabera. buri Ijwi ni na OYA i.
i, i Itangira, na i in Ubujyesi Itondekanya Bya, Na: i, na Hanyuma A ubutabera yatoranyijwe Kuri Kwandika i Bya i. A UMWE in i Mbere i, na Ryari: in i, i i Bikuru, i i i Bya i;, i in i Igikorwa.
Kwandika n’ibitekerezo bihuze
i Inyandiko nyongera ni Cyiteguye, i Kuri i Cyuzuye, na Ku Akadomo, Icyo ari cyo cyose Ikindi Kuri "" i, Kubaza... Amahinduka Kuri i Mbere, Cyangwa Kuri Kwandika A. Kuri Nka i Umwanditsi: Kuri A.
i, Icyo ari cyo cyose Nka, na i Kuri Soma i Mbere, Cyangwa Gicurasi i agateganyo Cyiteguye Kuri Gyayo Nka Nka i Inyandiko ya: in i Bya Ikindi Kuri Guhindura...., A na Guhinduramo A i.
. . i - - Cyangwa Birenzeho Kwandika A, Na: i na i, na Rimwe Cyangwa Birenzeho Kwandika A (-) Na: i ku i, ku Kuri Bigyanye i Itangwa in i. in, Nka Gicurasi Reba.
A "Ikimenyetso"?
Imyanzuro yose y' Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ifite agaciro kangana cyangwa ingirakamaro. i Bya Ijambo, A A Bisa n'Akomeye. Imyanzuro y' amategeko y'Ikirenga ni imyanya y' amategeko ya Amerika, ishyiraho amabwiriza mashya, irinda Uburenganzira bw'ibanze, Cyangwa Amahinduriro Aherutse gusimbuka.
Imyanzuro y’inzandiko irebana n’ubutaka ihindura uko amategeko yari afashwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika asobanurwa, kandi umwanzuro nk’uwo ushobora guhinyurwa mu buryo burenze bumwe, hakubiyemo no gushyiraho ihame rishya ricengera ihame rifite ihame rihari, bityo rigatandukira mbere y’aho ridateshutse itegeko ryo gukaraga ijisho, cyangwa rigashyiraho isuzuma cyangwa ihame ritajenjetse rishobora gukurikizwa n’inkiko mu gihe kizaza.
Impapuro zinyuranye zishobora gutuma icyemezo cy' icyiciro gihinduka. Urubanza rushobora gukemura ikibazo cy'ibanze ku birebana n'uburenganzira bw' amategeko, urugero nk'umudendezo wo kuvuga, kurinda ibingana, cyangwa gushyiriraho gahunda y'amategeko iz' inkiko zo hasi zizakora mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo. Cyangwa gishobora guhindukiza icyemezo cyabanjirije Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwagiye kubonwa ko ari urw’akarengane cyangwa ko rudahuje n'amahame mfatizo.
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwagize ingaruka ku mateka kandi rwagize ingaruka ku baturage batubahiriza amategeko muri iki gihe. Iyo myanzuro igera kure cyane kuruta iz'ubucamanza, igahindura imishinga y'imibanire y'imibanire, impaka za politiki, n'imibereho ya buri munsi y'Abanyamerika babarirwa muri za miriyoni. Gusobanukirwa ibi byavuzwe mu mateka y'ingenzi, bituma umuntu asobanukirwa neza uko umuryango w'Abamerika wabayeho mu buryo bwihindurira no kumenya uko amahame mbwirizamuco ashyirwa mu bibazo byo muri iki gihe.
Imyanzuro y’Ikimenyetso ku Bihereranye n’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu n’Uburinganire
Bimwe mu myanzuro yaturutse kuri urwo Rukiko Rukuru rwafashe, byaje gukemura ibibazo bihereranye n'uburenganzira bwa gitungwa, uburinganire bw'amoko, n'ivangura.
Brown v. Bya Inyigisho (1954)
Brown na Imbuga y'Uburezi (1954) ni imwe mu manza zizwi cyane kandi zigira ingaruka mu mateka y’Abanyamerika, nk’uko mu cyemezo cy’umweru, Urukiko rwatangaje ko amategeko ya leta agenga amashuri ya leta yatangijwe n'abanyeshuri b’Abirabure n’abazungu, yari adafite amategeko agenga uburenganzira bw'abazungu.
ni Nka A in Urutonde, Gusambura na. () Byaremwe i bingana. v., i ku i Bya bingana, i ya: i Bya Na: iyi, i Bya in i, Sisitemu, na in, i Bityuwe, ""
OYA Ako kanya Impera imyanya y' ishuri in Bya i Igihugu., ni i Leta - Ivanga ry' ibara ry'uruhu ryishe i Bya i, i By' amategeko ya: i Itsinda ryagutse ry' uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu Bya i na
Virginia (1967)
Virginia, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwashyize hamwe ku mategeko abuzanya ishyingiranwa ry'amoko.
Obergefell v.
Mu mwaka wa 2015, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwatumye abashakanye bangana n'abaryamana mu buryo bw'inyangingo in.. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwavuze ko imyanya ya 14 isaba ko abantu babiri bahuje igitsina bashyingiranwa, na kwemera ko ishyingiranwa ryakorwa mu bindi bihugu. Uwo mwanzuro wagaragaje isohozwa ry'imyaka mirongo y'ibyiciro bya za za LGBTQ + + na ihindura mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko ku birebana n'ishyingiranwa muri Amerika.
Imyanzuro yafashwe irebana n’ubutabera n’uburenganzira bw’abashinjaga urubanza
Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatanze imyanzuro myinshi irebana n’uburenganzira bw’abantu bashinjwa ibyaha, rushyiraho amategeko arinda amategeko agenga ibyo umuntu agomba gukora n’amategeko agenga uburenganzira bwe.
Miranda na Arizona (1966)
Mu wa 1966, mu mugi wa Miranda na Arizona, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagenzuye imanza enye, aho abaregwa bashinjaga ibyaha nyuma yo gufatwa no kugirwa ibibazo n’abapolisi batamenyeshejwe uburenganzira bwabo bwo kuba ari ho bari, kandi uwari wasabye ko ari Ernesto Miranda, akaba yarafashwe n’abapolisi ba Phoenix maze bamushinja ubunyahuzi no gufata abagore ku ngufu, na Miranda ntiyamenyeshejwe uburenganzira afite bwo kugira inama, kandi nyuma y’amasaha abiri y’iperereza, yashyize umukono ku yemeza ko yireguye urwo rwahame.
Mu cyemezo cya 5-4, Umucamanza Mukuru Earl Warren yemeye ko urwo rukiko rwari rwarenze ku burinzi bw'Ivugurura rya Gatanu. Urukiko rwasanze Amarenganzira ya Gatanu na Gatandatu asabye abapolisi kumenyesha abantu bari mu nzu y’imbohe ko bafite uburenganzira bwo guceceka no gufashwa n’umucamanza.
Kuri i NONEAHA - Iburira" Mbere Insobanuro: "i Iburyo: Kuri Gukomeza. na Byakoreshejwe in A Bya. i Iburyo: Kuri., Rimwe ya:. Iburira Gitsindiye in By' amategeko na A Irinda.
Wainwright (1963)
Urwo Rukiko rwavugaga niba Ishinga risaba ko umuntu wese uregwa ko arenganya, ariko akaba adashoboye kwishyura umucamanza, yemererwa gutanga inama ku buntu, kandi dukurikije uko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaremewe hamwe na Leta rwabivugaga, igisubizo cyari yego, nk’uko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Gatandatu rwavuze ko Impamyabutumwa ya Cyenda irebana n’uburenganzira bw’impano zireba imanza za leta, kandi ko “abagizi bacira urubanza mu rukiko ari bo bakwiriye, atari ibihindagurizo. ”
Uretse uburenganzira bwo gufasha abashinjacyaha ba Leta, umwanzuro Gideyoni yafashe wagize ingaruka zo kwagura gahunda z’abashinzwe kurengera ibihugu muri icyo gihugu.
Map v. Ohio (1961)
, i "Icyesigihe," Biturutse mu Ishakisha ry'ububi na OYA Byakoreshejwe in Leta. imwanzuro yashyizwe mu isoko ryitondewe na Kuri Inkiko z' Leta, ishyiraho Akirinda ubusambanyi bwiyandarika na Ububi bw' umwihisho.
Ingingo z’Ikirenga ku Birego Birebana n’Ubwikunde no Guhindura Uburenganzira bwa Mbere
Inzitizi z’Itangiriro ry’Umudendezo wo kuvuga, gusohora itangazamakuru, gukwirakwiza, idini n’amateraniro, zagiye zitangwa ku myanzuro y’Icyahe cy’Inzu y’Ikirenga cy’Ikirenga cyavuze urugero n’imipaka uwo mudendezo w’ingenzi ugomba kugeraho.
v (-)
Kugira ngo Mary Beth Tinker na musaza we biyirebeho, bambaraga iminwe y'umukara ku ishuri, kandi batinya ko hataza igihe, abayobozi babuzanyaga kwambara bene ibyo bikoresho, ariko ababikode bakurwaga ku ishuri iyo bananiwe kumvira, na Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavuze ko ibikorwa byarinzwe n'Impeta ya Mbere. Itangazo izwi cyane ry’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavuze ko abanyeshuri batazimya uburenganzira bwabo bwo kuvuga cyangwa kuvuga ku irembo ry’ifasitizo ry’ishuri.
Johnson (1989)
Kugira ngo yiyamirize amategeko y’abayobozi b’ubutegetsi bwa Reagan, Geregory Lee Johnson yatwitse ibendera ry’Abanyamerika ryari inyuma y’Inzu y’Inzu y’Umujyi wa Dallas, maze afatwa azira icyo gikorwa, ariko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaremeje ko ari imvugo y’ikigereranyo, kandi ko urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavugaga ko amagambo y’ikigereranyo arinzwe n’amategeko nubwo yaba ari ateye ishozi.
Scheck na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (1919)
Urwo Rukiko rwavuze niba hari amagambo runaka, hakubiyemo no kohereza udutabo turwanya intambara kugira ngo tujyane abantu mu gisirikare, twakozwe mu gihe cy’intambara kandi twumvikanisha ko twarenze ku cyemezo cya Espionage, twaririnzwe n’Icyemezo cya Mbere cy’Ivugurura, kigategeka, kandi n’ubwo umuregwa yari gushobora kuvuga uko abona ibintu mu bihe bisanzwe, urwo Rukiko rwavugaga ko mu mimerere runaka, kimwe n’uko ibihugu byagiye mu ntambara, byareguriwe inzitizi z’iyo mipaka ku birebana n’Impetako ya Mbere y’Amajyambere, hamwe n’ibyemezo bizwi neza cyane bizwiho bitewe no kuba byaranze "impamvugiro n’akagazo n’akagayo" byashoboraga kuba byaratwa ko kuvuga ko mu gihe cyashoboraga kuba kigatirwaho mu mimerere runaka, kimwe n’ibangamira akaga kariho kandi ubu.
i "Igerageza" guhera Byahinduwe: ku imyanzuro yakurikiyeho, Schenck yashyizeho ihame ry'uburinzi bwa mbere na OYA kubuzanya mu mimerere imwe n'imwe igihe bushyiraho akaga nyakuri ko kwirinda umutekano mu ruhame cyangwa umutekano w’igihugu.
Imyanzuro Iranga Ifaranga ry’Ubutegetsi n’Ubucuruzi
Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugaragaza ukuntu ubutegetsi bw’ibihugu n’ubw’igihugu bufite imbaraga zishyize mu gaciro, cyane cyane ku birebana n’ubutware bw’Inama z’Ikirenga zigenga ubucuruzi buhuza ibihugu.
McCulloch v (1819)
Urukiko rwarafashe umwanzuro w'uko amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ashyiriraho amategeko ya Leta na, na, leta ntishobora kugurisha ibanki y'igihugu, na imyanzuro ya McCulloch yashyiriyeho amahame abiri y'ingenzi yagenga amategeko agenga amategeko agenga amategeko agenga isi muri iki gihe: yumvikanisha ubutegetsi n'ubutware bwigenga.
. ()
ni i Inshingano Bya i Kuri na Leta - Amabwiriza, na i Byaremwe A Insobanuro ya: "," i Ijambo Birenzeho na, Na: i Bya UYUMUNSI Nka i A - SHINGIRO Kuri. Bya i ya: Bya BIGEZWEHO.
Imyanzuro yafashwe ku bihereranye n’uburenganzira bwo kubyara
Ni ibice bike by’amategeko agenga amategeko yashyizweho byateye impaka nyinshi kandi bituma abantu batangira impaka nk’izivuga ko uburenganzira bwo kubyara ari bwo bukwiriye, kandi imyanzuro y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe muri ako karere yagize ingaruka zikomeye cyane kuri miriyoni z’Abanyamerika.
Kugeza ku idirishya ry' itsinda ry' amadosiye
Urukiko rwashoje ko amategeko abuzanya gukura inda uburenganzira bw'Ishingiro bw'amategeko bwo kwihishe, kandi avuga ko, mu gihe cy'ishyingura rya 14 ry'Amajyambere rya Inzego ya ADN (Inzego ya Claus), bishobora kubuza gusa imoso kugeza ku iherezo ry'itwite, kugira ngo birinde ubuzima bw'umugore cyangwa ubw’umwana ukiri mu nda. Mu gihe cy'imyaka igera hafi kuri mirongo itanu, Roe v. Wade yashyizeho uburenganzira bw'amategeko bwo gukuramo inda, kandi arema indikirwamo uburenganzira bw'ibangabangamira ku bagore n'inyungu za leta, kugira ngo bashobore kurinda ubuzima.
Ishyirahamwe ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye
Iyo ngingo yatangiye igihe umutasi wonyine wa Mississippi utanga imodoka arwanya amategeko agenga amategeko y’igihugu ya 2018, abuzanya hafi imyanya yose y’ibyango 15 by’ibyangirizo, n’inkiko zo hasi zifatanyije n’ibitaro by’uburwayi, zisanga ko amategeko yavuguruje Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashyizweho na Planned Parents na. Casey, ariko mu Dobs na. Jackson, Uruki rw’Ikigo rw’Ikirenga rw’Akamico rwahisemo gusenya izo ngingo z'ingenzi.
i OYA A Iburyo: Kuri, Nka iyi Iburyo: in i Umwandiko, ni "in i Urutonde na" Kuri Iburyo: i. Bya i Bya in Urutonde, i Bya Kuri na Kurema A Bya Kwambukiranya i Igihugu:.
Imyanzuro y’Icyemezo cyo Gutanga Uburenganzira bw’Ikirenga n’Imyifatamo ya Poritiki
Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe imyanzuro myinshi irebana n’uburenganzira bw’amatora, amafaranga akoreshwa mu mishinga yo guharanira inyungu z’ibitabo, hamwe n’inzego za politiki, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho uko demokarasi y’Abanyamerika ikora.
Baleo (1976)
A Na: A - Kure ku i Sisitemu, i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwafashe imipaka ku, Na: ku A: Amafaranga akoreshwa in i ni A Bya politiki, na, itangira irebana n'ibiciro bitangwaho kuri politiki, na i i Icyemezo cy'ubwihisho gihoraho mu gihe kirekire nka A Leta Iharanira Ibanga A.
Icyakora, urwo Rukiko rwarashyize umupaka ku mpano zatangwaga kuri poritiki, rugaha itegeko ry’uko ari ngombwa kugira ngo barwanye "ibyabayeho cyangwa ibigaragara byanduye" abantu benshi batangaga impano bashobora kubyifashisha.
Imyanzuro y’Ikimenyetso ku Bihereranye n’Uburenganzira bw’Imbaga
Bya
Mu mwaka wa 2008, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwatanze ibyemezo by' itsinda ry'amategeko mu mugi wa Washington. na i Bya Bya.., Na: i Gucaho amategeko ya C., A ku Bya Bya ku, Nka in, i ya: i Itangira Igihe i Uburenganzira bw' amategeko y'amategeko ya: i Bya i.
Mbere ya Heller, intiti nyinshi zemewe n’amategeko zashyigikiye uburyo buciriritse bwo gusobanura Ihuriro rya Kabiri ry’Imigabane, bwibandaga ku burenganzira bwo gushyiraho abarwanyi aho kurinda inzu y’umuntu n'ibintu bye bwite. Umwanzuro wa Kabiri w'Ivugurura rya Giheburayo, wahindutse mu buryo bw'ibanze, ushyiraho uburenganzira buri muntu ku giti cye bwo gufata intwaro zitandukanye n’abasoda.
Icyakora, iyo ngingo ntibuza amategeko yose agenga imbunda, kubera ko isaba abashinzwe amategeko kugira ubuhanga bwinshi kurushaho, kandi n’ubwo abashinzwe iby’amategeko batagihagararirwa n’amategeko, andi mategeko ku birebana no kuba umuntu ufite umurwa, ashobora kuba agishyirwaho, kandi aho kubuza abantu kwikorera imirwano mu buryo bwa bwite, imijyi yashyizweho gahunda zisaba ko ibintu bisabwa cyangwa ibihe by’ibanze byo gutegereza, hamwe n’abahanzi b’amategeko barushaho gukora ibintu byinshi, binyuriye mu guhimbira indi mategeko yo gukemura ibibazo by’urugomo rw’urugomo n’urugomo rw’ingufu.
Uruhare rw’ubuhanga n’ubujura
Rimwe mu mahame y'ibanze ayobora ku myanzuro ifatwa n’Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ni irebera, ni ukuvuga amagambo y'Ikilatini asobanurwa ngo “guhagararira ibintu mu myanzuro. ”
, i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ntirubohewe n'imyanzuro yarwo ya mbere. Bya 2020, urwo Rukiko rwari rwafashe imyanya yarwo bwite mu manza zigera ku 232 ugereranyije kuva mu mwaka wa 1810. Urukiko rushobora gusenyuka imikorere y'ibyafashwe uko byagenze, igihe rwafataga umwanzuro wabanjirije, wabaye utari ukwiriye gukurikizwa, cyangwa uvuguruzanya n'ibyabaye nyuma y'amategeko.
Imyifatire iri hagati yo kubaha icyitegererezo n'ikosora amakosa ya kera, ikomeza i Inshingano muri i Urukiko. Ibyifuzo bitsindagiriza akamaro ko kudahungabana no guhanura, bikavuga ko ingero zatanzwe mu mimerere idasanzwe. Abandi bavuga ko urwo Rukiko rufite inshingano yo gukosora amakosa, ndetse n’iyo bibaye ngombwa gusenyura ingero ndende za kera.
Ingaruka Imyanzuro Iranga Urugendo Yagize ku Rubanda rw’Abanyamerika
Imyanzuro y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga igena iby’amategeko igena uko amategeko agenga imishinga irebana n’imyitwarire y’ibyaremwe n’isohozwa. Ingaruka z’iyo myanzuro zirenze kure cyane iz’abafite uruhare mu manza mu buryo butaziguye, zigira ingaruka ku mategeko, ku bikorwa by’ubuyobozi, ku myanzuro y'urukiko rworoheje, no ku mibereho ya buri munsi y’Abanyamerika babarirwa muri za miriyoni.
Iyo Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rutanze umwanzuro w'intare, akenshi utuma habaho ingaruka zikurikiranya. Amateka ashobora gukenera gukosora amategeko kugira ngo ahuze n’amahame mashya agenga amategeko. Ibigo bya leta bishobora gukenera guhindura amategeko n'ibikorwa byabyo. Inkiko zo hasi ku inzandiko nshya zigomba gushyiraho urugero mu gihe cy'ibyahame.
Imyanzuro imwe n’imwe y’ingenzi ihanganye n’ikibazo gikomeye cyo kurwana, kandi ifata imyaka runaka cyangwa ibarirwa muri za mirongo kugira ngo isohore. Urugero, itsinda ry’abashinzwe iby’uburezi ryatangaje ko ivangura ry’abanyeshuri ritafitanye isano n’ubutegetsi mu mwaka wa 1954, ariko kandi, amashuri menshi yakomeje kuva ku myanzuro mu gihe cy’imyaka runaka nyuma y’aho, asaba ko hashyirwaho andi mategeko y’urukiko, amategeko y’ubutegetsi, n’ibikorwa by’inzego kugira ngo habeho isosiyete.
Indi myanzuro ihita itangiza imishinga ijyanye na politiki n’imibanire y’abantu.
Na: Kugabanya ububasha bw’urukiko rw’Ikirenga
Mu gihe Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rukoresha imbaraga z’ingenzi binyuriye mu gusuzuma iby’imanza hamwe n’uruhare rufite, ari rwo gusobanurira amateka bwa nyuma, urwo Rukiko rukora mu mishinga y’ubucamanza n’uburinganire ibuzanya ubutware bwarwo.
, i UMWIKUBE Kuri ku, na i Bya i na Ikindi Inshingano KURI na, Nka ku Ururimi: in 2 Bya, i ni "Na:, na Nka i Ubwoko".
Byongeye kandi, ivugurura rishobora gusenya imyanzuro y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga. Iyo Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rusobanuye i Ishingiro ry'Ihame mu buryo bunyuranye n'uko Inteko n'ibihugu bibona ko bitemewe, bishobora guhindura i Constanticle ubwayo kugira ngo hashyirweho itegeko rinyuranye. Ibyo byabaye incuro nyinshi mu mateka y'Abanyamerika, nka Ryari: i Ivugurura rya Gikumbo cya 14 ryishe, ryafashe umwanzuro w'abaturage ba Afurika w'abaturage badashobora kuba abaturage.
ku i umuyobozi/ uyobora Kuri. in., i "Oya KURI i Cyangwa i" na ku i < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > Kuri. Kugenzura ku UMWIKUBE.
na
Ijambo Bya Isimburanya Bya Kabiri By' imibare Nka "" na "," Na: na, na Kwandika. Igenabihe Kuri i Bya ingingo Na: i Akazi Bya,, na.
i Bya i Ijambo Amabwiriza na, Na: i Ku i Impera ya Kamena, i Akazi Bya i ni, Nka i Gukomeza Kuri Gishya ya: Isubiramo, i Porogaramu na, na Ubwoko ya: ya:.
Uruziga rwa buri mwaka rw' Uruziga rutuma imikorere isobanutse neza in Ryari: imyanzuro ikomeye. Na muri Kamena, Nka i Kuri Kurangiza Mbere i Ishinga. Icyo gihe Bisobanura imyanya y'Ibyabitswe in Ku i Impera Bya i Ijambo, Ibitangazamakuru na public.
Uruhare rw’abakire bo mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Amategeko
Buri mucamanza w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ashyiraho abanyamabanga benshi bashinzwe amategeko baherutse gutangira amashuri aherutse gutangwa neza. Abo bakoroni bagira uruhare rw’ingenzi mu murimo w’Urukiko, nubwo ingaruka z’uruhare rwabo zitandukana mu rwego rw’imanza.
i, i i Byagombwa Na:, Kuri Kubona Ibinyuranyo ku i, na Ku i Impera Bya Imikoro, i A Bya in i; Ikindi Times,. By' amategeko, Isubiramo ya:, Inyandiko y' agateganyo Mbere, na Inyandiko z' agateganyo Bya.
, ya: A i, Na: Bya i Koresha Bya A "" Sisitemu. i, Kuva: Kuri Isubiramo na i, ya: Birenzeho Inonosora Bya i Bya Ijambo.
Imyifatire ya rubanda n’Uburenganzira bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga
Ubutware bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ahanini bushingiye ku kwemera mu ruhame ko rufite uburenganzira n’ubushake bwo gukurikiza imyanzuro yarwo. Mu buryo bunyuranye n’uko bimeze ku mashami yatoranyijwe ya leta, Urukiko ntirushobora gutanga itegeko rya demokarasi mu buryo butaziguye, rukagirira abantu icyizere cy’uko rutarobanura ku butoni.
IMYAKA Bya i Inshingano na. Byabonetse i Umubare Bya Kuva: i 20 - umwaka: Impuzandengo Bya 50% Kuri in - Umurongo: Kuva: A 60 - umwaka Impuzandengo hejuru Zeru Kuri A Icyabitswe ejuru 21%, Na: Kuri i - Umurongo: ya: Bya Nka i Ububiko ni Bya Kuri i.
A - 7 in 10 i Ububiko... Kuri "Inyumvo" Nka Kuri "Nka Kugenzura ku Ikindi Bya ku Biberane na". Imyifatire i na public in Igihe Bya.
Ibihe Bizaza Bigaragaza Imyanzuro Ihebuje y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rukomeza guhangana n’ibibazo bishya bishingiye ku mategeko n'umuryango w’abantu bizaba biturutse ku mategeko y'amategeko ya Amerika mu bihe bizaza. Ubuhanga bwa tekiniki bugenda buhingiranya, ku bihereranye n’ibanga, kuvuga nta kiguzi, no kuba maso kwa leta.
Imyanzuro y’ingenzi ifashwe mu gihe kizaza ishobora gukemura ibibazo nk’ibyerekeranye n’ubwenge bw’abantu, ihinduka ry’ikirere n’amategeko agenga ibidukikije, ubushobozi bw’ubutegetsi bw’ibiza mu gihe habaye impanuka, uburenganzira bwo gutora no gutora, umudendezo wo mu rwego rw’idini mu muryango ugenda urushaho kwiyongera, hamwe no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame mbwirizamuco ku nzego z’ikoranabuhanga no ku nzego z’ibiro ntangazamakuru.
Mu gihe ibi bibaye bigeze ku Rukiko Rukuru, i i Gukomeza i Birebire Bya i Bigenga in kimurika Bya. Imyanzuro ifata imyanya ikomeza Ikiganiro ku Bijyanye n' i na Kuri Byashyizweho na Gishya Bitunguranye na i.
Dusobanukirwe uruhare rw’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ikirenga rwagize mu Gihe - Dyeramoni y’Abanyamerika
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rufite umwanya w'umwihariko mu butegetsi bwa Amerika, Nka i Inteko y'ubwihariko ifite ububasha butaringanijwe na i UMWIKUBE Kuri Kwambura ubusa Ibikorwa byagenwe n'abayobozi.
Kubera ko urwo Rukiko ari rwo rusoza Iteka, rurinda abaturage benshi gukandamizwa, rugatuma ibikorwa bya leta bihuza n’imipaka ishyizweho, rugakemura ibibazo biri hagati y’imipaka itandukanye y’ubutegetsi n’ibikorerwa mu mashami atandukanye, kandi rugatanga ihumure kandi rugahamiriza ibintu bihuje n’amahame y’amategeko ahoraho.
Kumenya imyanzuro y'ibyabaye ku bintu byinshi, () biturutse ku ibanza ry'urwego rusaba impaka zo mu magambo, inama z'umwihariko, ibitekerezo, na cya nyuma. - igaragaza uburyo bwo guhitamo neza bwafashe imiterere y'amategeko n'inzego z'ikibano cya Amerika. Nubwo imyanzuro ya buri Mukiko ushobora gushinja indi mipaka na amateka ashobora kuvuguruzanya mu buryo butajenjetse ku bihereranye no gusobanura amategeko mbwirizamuco, iyo gahunda ubwayo ikomeza kuba icyicaro cy'umwandanga cya demokarasitike y'ubwihisho bw'ungirije muri Amerika.
Kuri Gutegeka na, Ubumenyi Bya i na ni., Imisusire Rusange Itegeko, na Ikomeza Bigyanye Uduciro. na i -, in Ikirango Bigyanye i Igisobanuro na Na: i By' amategeko.
Imyanzuro y'Icyegeranyo cy'Ikirenga cy'Ikirenga igereranya ibirenze amategeko agenga ibyemezo, ishyira mu gaciro ku bihereranye n'amahame agenga amategeko, ihindura imyitwarire y'ikibano, na igaragaza ukuntu inyandiko imaze ibinyejana birenga bibiri ikomeza kuyobora demokarasi ya Amerika. Mu gihe havutse indi mihihibikano na umuryango w'ikibano, urukiko ruzatanga imyanzuro mishya y'ibiranga byazasuzumwa mu mateka ya Amerika n'amateka.
in Birenzeho Bigyanye na, Ibikorana Gushyiramo i [[: 0% S] Webu [[: 1], i [[:] U.. Ibikorana ku [[[:]], [[:] [:] ya: KIGEZWEHO Amakuru na, i [[:] ya: Inshingano, na i [[:]