Sumo: Rajiya Sabra muChinyorwa Chemari cheIndia

Rajiya Sabra, kana kuti Council of States, iimba yapamusoro yeIndiya’s Bidamaral Parmendi. Nepo Lok Sabha anowanzoonekwa somutyairi mukuru wemitemo yemari, Rajiya Sabba anoita basa rakasiyana uye rakarongwa mupamutemo mukutendera Union Bajerology nemari. Basa iri, kunyange zvazvo rakaganhurirwa mune dzimwe nharaunda, rinokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokunzvera kwakakwana, kumirira fariro dzehurumende, uye kugovera nzvero pazvikarakadzo zvemari zvemukuru wehurumende. Kunzwisisa masimba echijaya Sabha mumitoro yemari kunokosha kuonga mupendero wakazara weIndiya yedemocracy neudzo.

Yakanyorwa nemitezo yakasarudzwa namagungano emitemo ehurumende uye shomanene dzakagadzwa naPrezidhendi, Raje Sabha inobatanidza vara gurukota rehurumende. Kuhwirudzura kwayo basa pamitemo yemari kunowedzera kurongedzerwa kwenhamba dzeLok Sabba’s. Hurumende yeBajeri, iyo inoronga mari yehurumende uye mari yegore rimwe, zvichida igwaro rakatanhamara zvikurusa remari, asi rutivi rweboka rakafara reMoney Bills neFrial Bills. The Rajiya Sabbahas inochinja zvikuru pakati pemasangano aya, musiano wakabva muChikamu 109, 110, uye 117 cheMitemo yeMitemo yeIndiya.

Union Bajerme and the Rajiya Sabra: Kuzvisunungura Pasina Chiremera Chokupedzisira

Dare Rokuronga mari rinoiswa muLok Sabha. Raja Sabha, zvisinei, haasati ari muoniwo zvake. Pashure pokunge Dzidziro yapiwa, Rajiya Sabra ane kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pegadziriro yemari nemirau yemari. Iyi kurukurirano inobvumira mitezo kumutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pemari, mitsara yeruwa, zvikarakadzo zvemitero, uye nhungamiro yemari yenyika. Nepo Raja Sabba Sabhaha isingagoni kuvhota patrosaro reBhaviti yeBhame.

Mupiro waRaje Sabra unokosha zvikurukuru munhau dzinosimbisa dzinotapura nyika. Sezvo mitezo yawo ichimirira masangano ehurumende, vanounza mifungo yeruwa ingafuratirwa mukurukurirano dzakatanhamara zvikuru dzorudzi. Kurukurirano iri muRajiya Sabra inomanikidza hurumende kururamisa migove yayo nemitemo kuvateereri vakawanda, kubatanidza nyanzvi navamiriri vanobva mumitemo yakasiana - siana.

Mabhiri emari anopesana Nezvemari: Musiyano Unokosha

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparadzanisa nokungwarira mutemo wemari kuva Money Bills (Article 110) naFinancial Bills (Article 117). Bhiro reMonda igweta rinobata bedzi nenhau dzakadai semitero, kukwereta, kubhadharwa kwemari muIndiya, uye kuchengetwa kweMoney Bills. Mutauri weLok Sabbacerterickt kana kuti mari iri Bill. Akambova nemasimba akaganhurirwa zvikuru: inogona bedzi kuita rumbidzo uye kudzorera pamutemo mukati mamazuva 14. Lok Sabba angagamuchira kana kuti kuramba chipi kana kuti zvose zvaizvozvo.

Mukupesana, mari Mabhii ayo ane gadziriro dzine chokuita nenhau dzemari asi anobatawo nedzimwe nhau. Declara A Financial Bills (Article 117 117 (1)) zvikwereti zvine zvirongwa zvinobatanidza ndyiko dzinobatanidza Ndyiko Yakasimbiswa asi dzisati dziri Mari. Detical B Financial Bills (Maticle 117(3) izvikwereti zvinobatanidza zvimwe zvinhu zvemari zvakadai semitero asi zvisina kutenderwa semari Bills. Nokuda kweizvi zvikwereti, Rajiya Sabha ane simba rakaenzana remitemo yemitemo yemitemo; zvinofanira kupfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, uye kana kusabvumirana kupesana, kugarwa kwenharo kunogona kunziwa. Uku kusiyana kunokosha: basa reRajya Sabra harisiwi pamutemo remari.

Kutonga Kwezuva 14 Nezvakunonakidza

Nguva ye 14 yezuva nokuda kweMoney Bills iwachi yebumbiro remitemo inoganhurira mano eRajiya Sabha okunonozeka kana kuti kuvhara mutemo wakadaro. Kana Rajiya Sabha akakundikana kudzorera Bill yeMoney mukati mamazuva 14, bhiri rinorangarirwa kuva rakapfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri muchimiro chapamavambo chinopfuudzwa neLokha Sabha. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti mari yehurumende nemhindu hazvisati zvambochengetwa nokusingaperi neimba yapamusoro. Zvisinei, mukati mewindo iroro, Rajiya Sabbaha inogona kukarakadza kuti ipfuudze miganhuro, iyo Lok Sabba angagamuchira kana kuti kuramba. Iyi inoparira mukana une revoro nokuda kweRajayabha kuti ive pesvedzero yemitemo.

Mubasa, mutemo wamazuva 14 unoreva kuti Raje Sabha anofanira kuisa pakutanga nzvero yake yeMari Bills. Matare awo, akadai se Sarudza Dare paBhii reMari, anowanzoshanda zvikuru mukati menhambo ino kugadzirira mishumo. Hurumende haigoni kukwanisa kufuratira rumbidzo dzaRajiya Sabba chose chose chose, sezvo kuramba kungaratidzira chishoro chakasimba icho chingagona kubvisa chivimbo chavose mubhajeti.

Kuongorora Matare Akamira

Kupfuura uriri hweImba, Raje Sabha anoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare. Matare akamira akadai se Commettee paMari ne Dare reSangano reMari [[FLT]] rinobatanidza mitezo inobva kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Matare anoitisa kunzvera kwakakwana kwezvikarakadzo zvemari, kuraira mari, uye zvikwereti zvemari. Mishumo yawo inowanzova nezvikarakadzo zvakajeka zvokuvandudza basa, kubvisa mari, kupambadza, uye kuvandudza muunganidzwa wemitero. Hurumende inodikanwa kupindura izvi zvikarakadzo, izvo zvinozotepfekwa muParamende.

Nhengo dzeRaje Sabra dzinogara panzvimbo yedzimwe dzeaya matare, dzichiaisa pesvedzero pamusoro pezvirongwa uye ukuru hwenzvero. Somuenzaniso, Dare rePurigal Maakaundi, iro rinonzvera mishumo yokubvunzurudza yeComptor and Piscriter General (CAG), rinogarwa nemitezo inobva kushora uye rinobatanidza Ragya Sabhaha. Uku kutarisira kunobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatarisiri vemari vehurumende vanozvidavirira, kwete chete neLok Sabhaha asi neimba yapamusorowo zvikuru.

Chiremera chaRaje Sabra Pamusoro Pemabhiri Ezvemari: Basa Rakasimba Zvikuru

Nokuda kweMari yeSaya Sabra isati iri mari, Rajiya Sabha anoshandisa simba rakaenzana. Iyi mitengo inofanira kupfuudzwa navose vari vaviri dzimba muchimiro chakafanana. Rajiya Sabbaha inogona kuibatanidza zvikuru, uye Lok Sabhaha haigoni kukurira tsiva dzayo pasina revo yaRajya Sabra's. Kana dzimba mbiri dzisingabvumirani, joini rinodikanwa. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti Lok Sabhaha ine mitezo inopfuura kaviri, hurumende inowanzogara mujoko. Kunyange zvakadaro, chinodikanwa cheRejaya Sabra's shaha's rekufambisa mashoko. Kana zvikanyanya kudzorwa kwehurumende kuti ikurumidze kutaurirana, kuisana, kana kuti kunyange kubvisa gadziriro dzinopesana.

Mienzaniso yeMari yeSanificial Bills yakadaro inobatanidza zvikwereti zvinochinja gadziriro yemisika yemari, kuchinja gadziriro yemitero mumanharaunda akasiyana- siyana (kunobhurokwa kunopfuura rondedzero yeMoney Bill), kana kuti kuchinja mitemo yemasangano ezvemari. Muzvinoitika izvi, Rajiya Sabhaha inonzvera kwazvo, kazhinji kazhinji inoziviswa nenyanzvi dzemitezo yayo .[1] Vazhinji vavo vari nyanzvi dzezvemari, vaichimbova mabhureki, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo vanovandudza zvikuru kunaka kwemitemo.

Mabhiri Ezvemari Asina Mari: Uko Raje Sabha Ane Simba Rakaenzana

Declaratide B Financial Bills pasi peChikamu 117(3) zvichida ndiyo inokosha zvikurusa mumurangariro waRajiya Sabhaha. Zvikwereti zvinobatanidza ndyiko asi zvinewo gadziriro dzomutemo mukuru. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, rumbidzo yaPurezidhendi inodikanwa nokuda kwokusuma, asi pashure paikoko, vanopfuura nomuitiro wetsika dzemitemo. Rajiya Sabhaha anogona kusuma zvikwereti zvakadai sakanaka, achigovera manyuko okunye emitemo yemari. Simba rinogonesa Rajiya Shab kuvamba kugadziridza chinjo yemari, kuronga mitero mitsva kana kuti miganhuro yemitemo yemitemo.

Musiano pakati peMoney Bills naFinancial Bills wave uri nhau yepanikiro negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika. Bumbiro reMitemo harigoveri ndaza yakakwana yeinoumba mari Bill, richisiya uchenjeri kuMutauri. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvimwe zvikwereti zvakabvumikiswa seMari Bills zvakadenhwa mumatare, navatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti hurumende yakatsvaka kufuratira kunzvera Rajiya Sabba. Dare rapamusoro panhambo nenhambo nenhambo rakanzvera idzi nhau, kusimbisa ukoshiviriro yebasa reRajiya Sabra mumutemo wemari uyo unotapura nhau dzemitemo inopfuura mari yakakwana.

Macheki Nedzikamo: Ragata yeBasa raRaje Sabha

Kubatanidzwa kweRaje Sabra mugadziriro yemari nemitemo yemari hakusi tsaona asi kugadzirwa kwamaune kweGungano reConstitutuant. Kwakaitirwa kuti kugovere pfungwa yechipiri yakadzikama, kuvimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemari zvine chokuita norudzi rwose rwacho(uye zvikurukuru nyika) hadzimhanyiririririri nesimba revoruzhinji veLok Sabha. Basa raRaji Sabra rinoita secherechero pamukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye rinopa nzvimbo yemanzwi omunharaunda.

Se Dr. R. Ambedkar[FLT: 1] akaitirana nharo mukati mekurukurirano yeConstituant Assembly, Rajiya Sabra yaiitirwa kuti ishande sekamuri rinodzosera. Munhau dzemari, iyi shanduro yakaganhurirwa nokuda kweMari Bills asi yakasimba nokuda kweimwe mitemo yemari. Gadziriro yechekero nedzinoganhurirwa inodzivisa hurumende kushandisa Lok Sabhaha yoruzhinji kuti imanikidzire kana kuti irangarirwe zvisina kufanira mitemo yenhau pasina kurukurirano yakakwana. Rayya Sabbaha isimba rokunonotsa (kunya) uye kurumbidza kuti hurumende inofanira kuteerera zvishoma kurangarira mirangariro.

Kumirirwa kweHurumende Nefariro Dzoruwa

Rimwe ramasimba akasiana eRaje Sabba imimiririro yaro yenyika. Nyika dzine migariro yemari yakasiana, misha yemari, uye zvinodikanwa zvendyiko. Dzvivhoti iyo inobetsera zvikuru imwe nharaunda pamutengo weimwe inogona kuparira kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Rajiya Sabha, nemitezo yakasarudzwa nemitemo yehurumende, ifora umo kusadzikama kwemitero kweruwa kunogona kusimbiswa. Kubviswa kwemitero, mari inobhadharwa, uye ndyiko huru yemari inodzorwa yose inodzorwa nemirangariro yehurumende. Iyi cheki yehurumende inokosha zvikurukuru kupiwa kuti Hurumende yemitero idzore mikuru, uye nyika dzinotsamira pakutakurwa.

Somuenzaniso, mukati mekurukurirano pamusoro peMakomborero neMitero yeBasa reReaja Sabha yakadzokororwa negadziriro dzokukwereta dzakatevera, Rajiya Sabha yakagovera chikuva kuti zvizivikanwe kuti zvizivikanwe. Dare reGST, nepo riri boka rakaparadzana, rinobatanidza Rajiya Sabhaha mitezo, uye gakava reparamende muRaja Sabhaha rakabetsera kuumba gadziriro yomuripo. Kudai iyi imba yapamusoro, manzwi ehurumende angadai asina kuva akatanhamara zvikuru mukurukurirano yenyika pamusoro pehurumende.

Kudzivisa Kupiwa Kwemitemo Kwakaipa

Chinodikanwa chokuti Raje Sabra akurukure zvikwereti zvemari ($hambo Mari Mabhiri mukati mamazuva 14) chinoratidzira kunonozeka kwapamutemo kunogona kuva kwakanaka nokuda kwevanogarwa nemitemo. Hurumende dzinowanzotanga zvikwereti zvemari zvakaoma neziviso duku, dzichikarira kuzvisunda nokukurumidza. Rajiya Sabha anoomerera pahwirudzuro rwakafanira, pane dzimwe nguva kupfurikidza nedare, anomanikidza hurumende kupindura mibvunzo. Iyi nzira inogona kufumura zvikanganiso, miuyo isingakarirwa, kana kuti gadziriro dzinopanikirika pamutemo.

Muenzaniso unokosha wakaitika mukati mokupfuura kwe Aadhaar naMashoko Emwe (Amend) Bill, 2019, iyo yakapupurirwa seBhiro yeMoney. Rajiya Sabha'ishoro yakatevera yakabva kuna vanamazvikokota vapamutemo yakatungamirira kukurukurirano yakapararira pamusoro pokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemugwagwa weMoney Bill. Nepo pepa racho pakupedzisira rakapfuudzwa, nzverwa muRajiya Sabbaha yakafumurwa uko gare gare gare kwakava rutivi rwedenho yeDare rapamusorosoro remitemo. Zviitiko zvakadaro zvinoratidzira kuti kunyange namasimba emitemo akaganhurirwa, Raja Sabba anogona kupesvedzera mutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika uye pamutemo.

Zviitiko Zvinooneka zvaRaje Sabha Empikisiro Pamutemo Wemari

Mienzaniso yanoverengeka yenhau inoratidza tapuro yeRaje Sabha pamari yemari. Muna 2017, Raja Sabba akaramba chiito chokurangarira Bill yeMari seBhiro yeMari pashure pokufamba, achimanikidzira hurumende kurangarirazve gadziriso dzakati. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yakawana pakupedzisira nzira yayo, chinoitika chakasimbisa kusagadzikana pakati pedzimba mbiri. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2020, Raja Sabha’ Committee Stand on Money Bill, yakarumbidza chinjo dzinokosha ku [[FLT: 0] Chirashiciso Vivad [FLT]

Mukati morusando rwemari yemari yakarongwa muna 2021, Rajiya Sabhaha akakurukura Appropriation Bill neBhill yeMari nechinetso chechienzi, yaparirwa nenjodzi yemari yakaparirwa nedenda. Mitezo yakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokusakwanira pakushandiswa kwoutano, dzidzo, uye kubudirira kwamaruwa. Nepo Lok Sabha akapfuudza mari nokukurumidza, kurukurirano dzeRajiya Sabra dzakatungamirira kuhurumende ichivimbisa kunzvera chaikwo uye migovero yokuwedzera mudzvinyiriro. Iyi kurukurirano inowanzofukidzwa nezvinobudiswa, kupfuurirazve kudzidzisa vanhu pamusoro penhau dzenhau dzechibharo.

Mumwe muenzaniso i Maraoundi (Tsvene) Bill, 2015, iyo yakawedzera kuiswa kwemitemo kwakananga kwedzimwe nyika (FDI) muinishuwarenzi kubva pa 26% kusvikira ku 49%. Iyi yakanga iri mari inoda kuti pave nedzimba dzose. Rajiya Sabha, apo mubatanidzwa wehurumende wakanga usina voruzhinji, yakaichinja zvikuru mutemo kubatanidza gadziriro pakuumbwa kwemabhodhirobha ereji uye miitiro yokutarisira. Hurumende yaifanira kugamuchira zvinoverengeka zveizvi zvigadziko kuti ichengetedze. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti munhau dzemari dzisiri dzemari, Rajaya Shab haisati iri bvumirano yemiteoudzo.

Mugumo: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kweimba Iri Pamusoro

Basa reRaje Sabra mukutendera Sabha Dare reHlamu reUnion reMari nechikwereti zvemari idivi rakasanorongwa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeIndia. Nepo Lok Sabha ane chiremera chikuru pamusoro pemari Bills, Rajiya Sabhaha inogovera nzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwokufunga, rumbidzo, uye, muchinoitika cheSanifical Bills, simba remitemo resangano rehurumende. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti muitiro wemitemo wemari hauna kutemerwa nenhamba yezvamatongerwe enyika asi unona kurangarirwa kuti unobatanidza mubatanidzwa wehurumende, nyanzvi, uye mirangariro yeruwa.

Cheki nedzikamo zvinogoverwa neRajiya Sabha hazvina kugadzirirwa kuvhiringidza asi kuchenesa. Munhambo yezvinetso zvemari zvakaoma("kuvambira patsoropodzo dzemari kusvikira kumakwikwi enyika yose). Mano eimba yapamusoro okubvunza, kunzvera, uye kuvandudza mitemo yemari anokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Kunyange kupfurikidza nedare, kurukurirano dzapauriri, kana kuti tyisidzirowo yokunonoka, Rajiya Sabba inobetsera kukuwanwa nokuzvidavirira. Sezvo India anopfuurira kushandura mitemo yayo yemari, Rajiya Sabra icharamba iri mutambi mukuru mukuru wesangano anovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvawo zvawo zvazvo asi zvinoshanda asi zvinomirira zvoutongi.