Chivako chehurumende yeUnited States chinovakirwa panheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba, inokamura hurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana: chibvumirano chemitemo, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye dare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yaro rimene namasimba, kuvimbisa gadziriro yecheki nedzinoyera zvinotsigira ruramisiro nerusununguko nokuda kwavagari vose. Yakafuridzirwa nedzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika yeMontesquieu uye yakanatswa naVamirioni paTsiginarame, iyi gadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba pasi paMambo George III. Federalist Paper, zvikurukuru Federalist List. N. 51, yakataura kuti "Nhangemuro inofanira kuitwa kuti irwiswe," kugadzira gadziriro yemapazuro apo bazi rimwe nerimwe ringagona kuganhurirwa. Mumazana amazana maviri ehondo, hondo dzakaedzwa napatomugaro, dzinoramba dzichiripo.

Bazu Romutemo: Rokunyengera Mitemo Inodzivirira Kodzero

Bazu remitemo, rinomirirwa zvikurukuru neCongress, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Rine makamuri maviri: Imba yaVamiririri neDare. Kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinoita basa rinokosha mumuitiro womutemo uye mukudzivirira maruramiro nerusununguko zvavanhu. Ichi chivako chabhiyameral chakanga chiri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati penyika huru neduku, kuvimbisa kuti uchangamire hwehurumende zvose zviri zviviri zvine inzwi mukugadzira mutemo wehurumende.

Imba Yevamiririri: Inzwi Revanhu

Mitezo yeImba inosarudzwa makore maviri ari ose uye inomirira fariro dzavamiriri vavo. Vanosuma mabhiri uye vane simba raposesa rokuvamba mutemo wemari ine chokuita nemari. Nemhaka yemitemo mipfupi, mitezo yeImba inogamuchira zvakananga kushandura murangariro wavose. Imba inewo simba rimwe rokusarayira, ichiibvumira kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza purezidhendi((kubatanidza "Chibharo, Chiokomuhoshori, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru uye Misdeimarssssss." Kupfurikidza nokunzwa nokunzvera, Imba inotungamirira bhizi guru, kuvimbisa kuti muripi wemitero anodzo inodzoswa nenzira ine pamutemo uye mitemo inowirirana nemipimo yemitemo. Mutemo wapamutemo wakadaro seChibvumirano chavagari chemo cha196565, uye chibvumirano cheMagariro eGwaro aMagariro ose eDhibheriyo yeMitemo yeMiteo yoMunda ya202010.

Dare: Muviri Unozvidemba

Vamiririri vanobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu uye vanomirira nyika. Vanohwirudzura nokubvumira mutemo unopiwa neImba, vanosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, uye zvibvumirano zverafy. Zano reDare uye basa rokubvuma zvinova zvakaoma kuchengetedza kuzvimirira kwedare: kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vavhotera vazhinji nokuda kwedare, Dare rinovimbisa kuti kugadza kwoupenyu hwose kuratidze kubvumirana kukuru. Vatongiwo vanobatisisa simba rokusakurira, nevhoti mbiri mbiri dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokupwisa. Hosmester (5) inova nomutemo wezvokuyera wakasiana kudare rokutonga kupfurikidza nepo kana kuti kupfuudzana kupfuudza. Nepo, vaFilicster vakaitirwa kudzivirira kodzero yemitemo inopfupikisa nokukurudzira kutsigira mamiriro ezvinhu akarefu. Chirevotichipfumi chehurumende chibvumirano chenguva refu. Chirevo chehurumende chinodzora chidzodzo cheGwa chapavhuru.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Mutemo Kururamisira Norusununguko

Kupfurikidza nokunzwa kwavose, kubhadharwa, uye kurukurirano dzapauriri, vaiti vemitemo vanobatana navagari vemo uye nyanzvi, vachivimbisa kuti mativi akasiyana - siyana anorangarirwa mumuitiro wokuita mutemo. Bazu remitemo rinovimbisa ruramisiro norusununguko kupfurikidza nokugadzira mitemo inodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo, uye kudzora zviito zvehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Freedoment of Information Act (FOIA) inoita kuti vagari vemo vakukumbira marekodhire, kusimudzira kujeka. Voting Rights Act inobvisa miganhuro yakafanana nokunyora nokunyora mashoko echinyakare. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Chiito Chokutanga (20:8) chinogadziridza kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yokubvisa ruramisiro yetsika yetsika youtsotsi. Dare rinodzorawo bhajeti rehurumende yemari (5) simba rekushandisa kuronga kuchengeteka kwemari yehurumende (5) kana kuti iparadze zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvemari zvemari.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kuteerera Mitemo Nokudzivirira Rudzi

Bazu guru rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo ane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kutarisira kudzivirira nyika. Bazu iri rinoita basa rinokosha mukutsigira ruramisiro norusununguko kupfurikidza nemabasa aro akasiyana- siyana. Chikamu II chezvipfeko zveBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo reMitemo" mupurezidhendi, asiwo anodzorwa nesimba iroro rokunzvera kubva kuDare nematare.

Kumanikidzwa Kwemitemo

Bazu guru rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inoitwa neCongress inoitwa nenzira inobudirira, kuchengetedzwa kwenhevedzano neruramisiro munzanga. Masangano eFederal akadai seDhipatimendi reRugare, Department of Homeland Security, uye Environmental Protection Agency anoita zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nokuita zviito zvokutonga uye kuisa mutemo. Attorney, somukuru wedare, ane chiremera chokutonga kutyora mutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza kuputsa kodzero dzevagari vemo noushati. Purezidhendi anogadza U. Attorney anobatirawo savachuridzi vakuru vehurumende mumaruwa avo. Kutendeka kwomutemo kunokosha nokuda kweruramisiro: apo mitemo inoshandiswa zvakaenzana kuvagari vose, mutemo unotsigirwa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Purezidhendi namasangano anotungamirira vanoshanda kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza nemirairo nemirairo zvinosimudzira kuenzana neruramisiro. Mirairo yeGuru reBasa raMakurukota yakashandiswa kubvisa mauto akashongedzerwa (Extutive Order 9981), kutanga zvinodikanwa kubvuma, uye kudzivirira Varoto pasi peNhevedzo yeChibvumirano cheChinoitika chaVagari vemo navehurumende. Commission Service inovimbisa kuti kubhadharwa kwehurumende kwakavakirwa pahwakafanira, kwete pasonganiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Active Accomplice Ocrounction Commission (EOC) inosungisa mitemo inodzivisa kusarura basa. Nepo zviito zvavakuru vakuru vakuru vanogona kufambira mberi kodzero, ivowo kudzorwa nemitemo inotemwa napurezidhendi wedare, izvo zvinodzivisa kudzorwa.

Kumwe Ukama Namukuru

Bazu guru rinotaurirana zvibvumirano uye rinoita mamwe marudzi, richisimudzira kodzero dzavanhu nerusununguko. Somutungamiriri mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto kuti adzivirire nyika kana kuti apedzise njodzi. Zvisinei, War Powers Resolution ya1973 inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okuita mauto uye anoganhurira kuvimbisana kwehondo kumazuva 60 pasina kunyoreswa kwedare. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti chisarudzo chokuenda kuhondo chehondo (kana kuti chikwikwidza muhondo) kana kuti kubatanidzwa mukuita chiito chakarebesa chehondo pakati pamapazu echinzvimbo chapamusoro nechibvumirano chemitemo yehurumende, kuratidzira kutya kwamauto akamira pasi poudzori.

Ganhuriro Dzesimba Rine Chiremera

Bazu guru rinogona kupa mirairo inodzorwa nechiremera ine simba romutemo, ichibvumira chiito chokukurumidza munguva dzenjodzi kudzivirira maruramiro evagari vemo nerusununguko. Zvisinei, aya masimba anodzorwawo nedare, achivimbisa dzikamo yesimba. Dare Gurusa rakadzika mitongo yechiremera yaipfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo, yakadai sePrezidenti Truman's stagence muHondo yeKorea ([[[FLT:]]]]] pwere dzechitima ezefitipute & Lamp; Tube. v. Sayer, 1952). Nenzira yakafanana, senhau [[FLT] [FLT] yakagadza] nhau yedare rokuyera simba paidzorwa simba: apo purezidhendi anobvumira, pamasimba ayo; anodzorwa paadzorongedzero, paai.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo Nokuchengetedza Kodzero

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo uye rinoshandisa ruramisiro mugadziriro yedare. Rinoumbwa namwero yakasiana- siyana yematare, Dare Rapamusorosoro richiva chiremera chakakwirira zvikurusa. Iri bazi rinokosha mukuchengetedza maruramiro avanhu ndokuchengeta mutemo. Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinogadza jaji rehurumende, asi rakasiira udzame huzhinjisa kuDare reruwa, iro rakaparira gadziriro yamatare eruwa, matare edunhu ekwidza, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Mutongi Wokupedzisira

Dare Gurusa rinohwirudzura nhau dzinodenha kuva rebumbiro remitemo uye rinoita sechinopedza rwisano dzapamutemo, kuvimbisa ruramisiro kunoitwa. Nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare ($]] Marbury v. Madison[ [1854]] Dare rinogona kuderedza mitemo inopfuudzwa napurezidhendi anoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvakakudza rusununguko rwomunhu: [[FLT:] Brown v. Board yeD yeDration[FL:] [54]] [54]]) inoguma nokudzorwa kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose; [FLT:] [54] [5] inotototototooka] inobatira seizvo. [5]

Matare Akaderera: Muraudzo Weruramisiro

Matare eruwa neamburera anotonga mhatsa huru dzenhau, kuvambira pakuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumhosva dzoutsotsi, kugovera nzvimbo yokuti vanhu vatsvake ruramisiro. Matare eruwa imatare okutonga umo ufakazi hunopiwa uye matare edare anobetsera. Zvikumbiro zvinoenda kumatare edunhu, umo masangano avatongi anohwirudzura zvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Aya matare anodudzira mitemo ndokushandisa muenzaniso, achiumba mutemo munharaunda dzakadai semitemo yemhoteredzo, kutama, uye zvinhu zvoungwaru. Kuperera kwematare akaderera kunotsamira pakuzvitonga: Vatongi III vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, vanoramba bedzi, naizvozvo vanogona kutonga pasina kutya kutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kugarisa kugadziro kwenguva refu kuti zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi zvinoitwa mumutemo, kwete mifungo yakakurumbira.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Sechinodzivirira Chorusununguko

Bazu redare rinodzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye kuti vanhu vane mukana wokutsvaka pamutemo. Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunobvumira matare kushatisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kusimbisa nheyo yeruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, muNew York Times Co. United States[FLT][FLT] [1971] [1971], Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuvhara chinyorwa chePentagon Papers, kutsigira kudzivirira kwoRusununguro rwokutanga pakanga panzvimbo yokutanga. Mu [FLT:]] Hamadi. V. Rumfalk [2004] [200]), Dare rakatongeta kuti U.S. vagari vemo vanofanira kubatira mukana wokuisa mutongo wavo, kunyange mumiitiro wokuratidzira kodzero dzavo dzehondo.

Kuongorora Nokudzikama: Gadziriro Yokuzvidavirira

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo rutivi runokosha rwehurumende yeU.S., yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe kuti risava rine simba zvikuru. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akananga anogona kuganhurira zviito zvemamwe, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira nokudzivirira maruramiro evagari vemo. Nepo pfungwa yacho ichiwanzodzidziswa sechinyorwa chakananga, mukushandisa idiro ine simba yenharo nekurukurirano.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

  • .Inogonawo kutanga kugadziridza kwemitemo kuputsa zvisarudzo zveDare guru, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchida voruzhinji vari vaviri mudzimba dzose nemhindudziro mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Zvitendero zvinobvumira bhajeti, uye kusimbisa kugadzwa kwedare rinotonga, kuchiita kuti dare risave nokuzvidavirira. Zvinogonawo kutanga kugadziridza kwemitemo kuti Dare guru risarudze zvisarudzo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchida voruzhinji vane mativi maviri mudzimba dzose nemhinote netatu dzenyika. Zvikamu zvamasangano zvine simba rokubvisa purezidhendi uye kubvisa purezidhendi, muteveri mukuru wedare, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe "Matsoro makuru eMisveri." simba iri rakashandiswa katatu mukurwisana napurezidhendi (Andrew, Billsson, Breclonsn, Brun Brun) uye kubvisa mubatanidzwa wevatongi vateshina.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo uye Muzinda Wacho

  • Dective Respects: Purezidhendi anogona kunyora mutemo, kudana marusando chaiwo eCongress, uye anogadza vatongi, achipesvedzera gadziriro dzemitemo negadziriro dzokutonga. Simba ichinhu chakasimba: vapurezidhendi vaishandisa kane zviuru, uye Congress vanodzosa bedzi chinenge chimwe muzvina makumi maviri. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokukanganwira vanhu vane mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, izvo zvinogona kururamisa mitongo isina kururama kana kuti kusimudzira kurapa kworudzi (g., Purezidhendi weFord Real’s Richard Nix, Purezidhea weOba's mas coms coms foroms as arlugitsss arms traigrations). Kuwedzerazve, dare rinodzora dare redare rinotonga rinodzora rinodzora kutonga, rinoramba kutendeka rarotoro, kutendeka kwavo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

  • Dare reChirevo cheProfesi rakashatisa gadziriro dzeRevolution: Dare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisiri zvourongwa. Rinovimbisa kuti ose ari maviri mapazi emitemo neanotungamirira anoshanda mumiganhu yawo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rokuongorora kwedare, Dare Guru rakabvisa gadziriro dzekodzero dzemunhu, Kudzivirira Romuchato, uye mativi eAfford Care Act. Dare rinodudzirawo zvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru, richiita kuti vatongi vasasarudzwa uye vashumire upenyu, vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi izvo zvinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vogadzi voga voga voga.

Iyi dzikamo yakaoma kunzwisisa yesimba inokosha mukutsigira ruramisiro norusununguko, sezvo ichidzivisa udzvinyiriri uye ichivimbisa kuti mapazu ose anoshanda pamwe chete kubatira fariro dzavanhu. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Trump akaedza kunyima mari yakarongwa nenzira yakakodzera nokuda kwokuvakwa kwemadziro emuganhu, Dare Rapamusoro mu [FULD:] Trump v. Sierra CV[FL][20] [20]) akabvumira mukuru mukuru mukuru kudzorera mari, asi pashure bedzi pehondo yapamutemo yakaedza ganhuriro dzeImpostament Control Act. Nenzira yakafanana, mukati mechitsama COLOD, dare rehurumende raidzokororwa pamarokotera napaponzi, kumira maruramiro outano panzvimbo dzavose, kurwisana nekodzero dzapapondipo dzakafanira.

Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana

Kuti gadziriro yehurumende ishande nenzira inobudirira, kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunokosha. Vagari vanofanira kutora rutivi mumuitiro wehurumende yehurumende kupfurikidza nokuvhota, vachitsigira nokuda kwekodzero dzavo, uye vachiita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire. Kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kunobetsera kuvimbisa kuti ruramisiro norusununguko zvinotsigirwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinovamba ne "Isu Vanhu," kwete "Hurumende," kuisa uchangamire mumaoko avagari vemo. Pasina kuvimbisa maruramiro avagari vemo, nzvero nedzikamo zvinova zvinova zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndizvo zvanzi “vanotsamira pavanhu vanodisa kumhanya nokuda kwenzvimbo, vanobatira pamitevedzero, vanopupurira pakuteerera, uye kutaura pamusoro pokusaruramisira.

Kuzivisa: Fandesheni Yokuzvidavirira Kwedemocratic

Kupinda musarudzo kunogonesa vagari vemo kusarudza vamiriri vanowirirana nemipimo yavo nenzvimbo dzokutanga, vachipesvedzera purogiramu yemitemo. Sarudzo dzeMidter, sarudzo yapurezidhendi, uye kunyange mapoka ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo zvinosarudza kuti ndiani ane simba. Votervmout muUnited States anononoka seri kwedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, asi vvurukidzo iri yose inosarira( zvikurukuru mumaruwa akakwikwikwidzana zvikuru. USA.gov revhoota peji[[ inogovera mashoko okunyoresa nokutuma. Kupfuura vagari vemo vemocroa, vanogona kubatira savashandi vanovhotera, mipiro, kana kuti vazvipiri nokuda kuwana kunze kwenzvimbo dzenyika.

Kunyengera Nokutora Rutivi

Vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira nhau idzo dzine chokuita navo, kukurudzira vaiti vemitemo kutaura pamusoro pezvinowirirana neruramisiro norusununguko. Tsamba dzokunyora, kudana vamiririri, kupinda horo dzetaundi, uye kuronga zvikumbiro ndezvenzira dzechokwadi. Internet nesangano rinoshandira vanhu vakura midziyo iyi yakadai seCongress.gov inobvumira munhu upi noupi kutevera mutemo uye kutsinhira pamiraudzo inokarakadzwa. Masangano asingapinduri mari akadai seACLU, Brennan Center for Justice, uye Heritage Foundation kupa mipiro nokuda kwavagari vemo kuti vanzwisise mitemo uye vakurukure navamiriri vavo. Kuedza pamitemwaro yavose kana kuti kunyorwa kutsinhira miraudzo yemitezo yavanhu kunogona kuumba miraudzo yavanhu.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga neHurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Kutora rutivi mumasangano omunzvimbomo uye nhano dzinosimudzira pfungwa yomutoro wenzanga neboka mukutsigira mipimo yedemokrasi. Zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva(nzvimbo inogarwa, mapurisa, chikoro, kufambiswa kwavose(zvinoitwa pamwero wedare reguta). Kupinda misangano yemasangano eguta, kubatira padare rokuronga, kana kuti kuzvipira nesangano romunharaunda kunopa vagari vemo pesvedzero yakananga. Chinzwano cheNational of Cities chinopa mirayiridzo yebvumirano yomunzvimbomo. Uyezve, basa redare rinobetsera rinobetsera vagari vehurumende vanoisa vagari vemo venguva dzose pamugariro wedare, vachivimbisa kuti miedzo inosarudzwa nokukamuraniswa kwenzanga yenzanga.

Kuverenga Nokunyora uye Kuva Mugari Womunyika Akabudirira

Munhambo yemashoko asina kururama, vagari vemo vanofanira kunzvera nokungwarira. Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati peidi nemurangariro, uye kuyera zvinotemwa mumanyuko akawanda, kunokosha kuti zviite kuti hurumende izvidavirire. Oyez Project [ inogovera mashoko enhau uye mashoko enhau dzeDare repamusorosoro, kubvumira vagari vemo kutevera nhau zvakananga. Consitution Annoted[ inopa kunzvera kwakakwana mutemo wemitemo. Nokuziva, vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa zvine revo revo pamusoro penhau dzedare reSakataro nerusununguko, kubva kururamisiro yeutsotsi kuvhotera maruramiro ezvero yepachivandero yemawati.

Mupeto: Basa Risingaperi Rinoda Kuti Tibatane

Basa rebazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende mukutsigira ruramisiro norusununguko rinokosha kukushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Bazu remitemo rinogadzira mitemo, bazi rinotungamirira rinoiita kuti iitwe, uye bazi rinotonga rinoidudzira. Pamwe chete, rinoumba gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo vose. Kuvimbisana kunokosha mugadziriro iyi, kunobatsira vanhu kuti vatsigire muhurumende yavo uye kuti vatsigire ruramisiro norusununguko. Nokunzwisisa mabasa ebazi rimwe nerimwe, vagari vemo vanogona kufambisa zvakanaka zvinhu zvine chokuita nomutemo uye kutsigira nzanga yakarurama neyakasununguka. VaFramers vakavaka muchina ungagona kufamba kwemazana emakore, asi unoda kuramba uchichengetwa, vatongi vasingasarumbidzi, uye vatongi vasingasarumbidzi muganhu. Vagari vemahofisi vehurumende vanogona kuchengetedza basa iri mumitoro yebasa rimwe nerimwe nerimwe nerimwe ramapazuru asi vanotenda kuti vasave nemhosva yemapazuro.