Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yemitemo Yezvinoitika muAmerica

United States Constitution hachisi chisakiso chenhauwo hacho; igadziriro mhando inorondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende navanhu vayo. Pamavambo payo pane nheyo yetsika yakafanira(a ivimbiso yokuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu chisina nhevedzano yapamutemo. Nyaya inonzvera kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza sei ndokudzivirira muitiro waro wakafanira, kuronda kwaro kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa, uye kushanda kwaro chaikoiko kwenyika mutsika yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinodzivirira kunokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose, sezvo muitiro wakafanira unoita chisaririra cheruramisiro neganhuriro yehurumende.

Zvinoreva Kutevedzerwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Muitiro wakafanira ipfungwa yapamutemo yakaoma nemativi ose ari maviri. Gadziriro yakafanira inoda hurumende kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa nemiitiro isati yaita chiito chinotapura maruramiro omunhu. Ikoku kunobatanidza kupa ziviso, banza rokunzwiwa, uye kutongwa kwakarurama pamberi pedare risina rusaruro. Muitiro wakafanira, kuno rumwe rutivi, unodzivirira maruramiro akati okukosha padzongonyedzo yehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro yakafanira ichiteverwa. Pamwe chete, aya mativi maviri anovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kuita nenzira yamaune kana kuti isina kururama.

Hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira hunowanwa zvikurukuru mugadziridzo mbiri: Findrement yeFindrefement, iyo inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende, uye Amendment yechigumi namana, iyo inotambanudzira dziviriro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende nevomunzvimbomo. Mutauro wacho muzvose zviri zviviri unodokuda kufanana: “kana munhu upi noupi achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Uku kutaura kwakapfava kwakaparira mazana amakore okududzira rutongeso uye kunoramba kuri rutivi rworusununguko rweAmerica.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama parondedzero yapamutemo yomuitiro wakafanira, Cornell Legal Information Institute inogovera ungwaru hune chiremera hwezvose zviri zviviri zvikamu zvemiitiro nezviduku.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Muitiro Waiitwa Claus Pakutanga

Yakasimbiswa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, Findremendment yakanga iri vimbiso yokutanga yakajeka yomuitiro wakafanira muBumbiro reMitemo. Donzo rayo guru rakanga riri rokudzivisa masimba ehurumende itsva. Kugadziriswa kune dziviriro dzakawanda dzakafanana, kubatanidza maruramiro kudare guru rinotonga, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa kwemunhu oga, izvo zvinosimbisa nheyo yakafanira.

Dziviriro Huru Pasi Pe Amendedzero Yeshanu

  • [[FLT: 0] Mutongo Mukuru: Nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba dzomubatanidzwa, munhu haagoni kutongwa kutoti dare guru rinobetsera vatongi richipa mhaka, achivimbisa kuti pane chisakiso chinobvira mutongo usati wapfuurira.
  • Kudzivirirwa Pakudzivisa Kuzvidzwa Kuviri: Kana munhu angopiwa mhaka kana kuti apiwa mhaka, havagoni kutongwazve nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, kuchidzivisa hurumende kunetsa munhu kakawanda.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kuzvishora: Munhu haagoni kugombedzerwa kuzvipupurira amene, dziviriro inoparira chisakarurama.
  • Duzero Face Processom Claus: Hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro yakarurama isati yanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.
  • Anotora Claus:[ nzvimbo yapachivande haigoni kutorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu pasina muripo bedzi, dziviriro inowirirana inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira wemari.

Kudzivirira uku hakuna kuganhurirwa; kunoshanda bedzi kumabasa ehurumende, kwete kumufambiro womunhu oga, zvisinei, kunosimbisa muganhu wokururamisira uyo hurumende inofanira kuchengeta munhau dzoutsotsi nedzehurumende zvakafanana.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Kutambanudzira Muitiro Wakafanira kuUnited States

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kudikanwa kwokudzivirira kodzero dzevaranda vakanga vachangobva kusunungurwa kwakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kweKineth Amendment muna 1868. Hurumende yaIro Accoute Claus inoshanda zvakajeka kumashoko okuti: “... uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iyi yakanga iri futunuko yokuchinja, sezvisati zvaitwa izvi, Bill of Rights yakaganhurira hurumende bedzi.

Kubatanidzwa kweBhiri reKodzero

Mutezo weKinaith Amendment wakaparirawo dzidziso yokubatanidzwa, umo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakashandisa zvishoma nezvishoma gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuard Procession Claus.

Mark inobatanidza nyika zviitiko zvinobatanidza [[FLT:] Gitlow v. New York [[25] nokuda kwomuromo wakasununguka, Mapp v. Ohio [1961] nokuda kwokutsvaka nokubvunzisisa, uye Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) nokuda kwezano rorudyi. Zvisarudzo zvose izvi zvaitsamira papfungwa inodikanwa kuremekedza zvikuru.

Gadziriro Yakafanira Pasi Pe Amendeji Yechigumi Negumi

Kupfuura dziviriro dzemitengo, Gwendedzero reMitemo ye 144 rakadudzirwa kudzivirira maruramiro akati okusasarura ayo “akavakirwa zvikuru munhau yeUrudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa.” Aya anobatanidza maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okuva woga, uye maruramiro okumutsa vana sezvaunoona kuti vakakodzera. Muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri nharaunda inokakavadzana, asi wave uri pakati pemitemo yakatanhamara se Roe v. Wade (1873] uye [FLT]] [FLT] [12:]]

SCOTUSblog yeObergefell v. Hodges inotsanangura kuti Dare rakarangarira sei kuti muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro makuru okuroora, pasinei zvapo nechimiro chemunhu.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Mhaka Dzemamiriro Ezvinhu Akakodzera

Dare Repamusorosoro rakashandisa Gwaro Retsika raAuth Clauss kuti ritaure dzimwe dzenhau dzinokosha zvikuru dzokururamisira uye rusununguko munhau yeAmerica.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) uye Kodzero yokunyarara

Zvichida nhau yakakurumbira zvikurusa inodikanwa, Mira v. Arizona yakasimbisa kuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa maruramiro awo okuramba akanyarara uye kuva negweta ripo mukati mokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero. Dare rakataura kuti pasina nyevero idzi, mashoko api naapi anowanwa anofungidzirwa kuva anomanikidzirwa uye asingabvumikidzwi mudare. Ichi chisarudzo chinodzivirira ropafadzo yeFindmerformation mukurwisana nokuzvipa mhosva uye chinovimbisa kuti vapomerwi havanyengedzerwi kuti varegi vabvume.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) uye Kodzero ku Zano

Mu Gideon v. Wainwright, Dare Gurusa rakabatana raidavira kuti Dare reSixth Amendment maruramiro ezano rinoshanda kutongotonga kupfurikidza neCurvement of the Irected Procesting Claus. Ikoku kunoreva kuti munhu upi noupi anopomerwa mhaka yakakomba asingagoni kubhadhara gweta anofanira kupiwa mumwe pandyiko yavose. Mhaka yacho yakashandura tsika yeruramisiro yamatsotsi, ichivimbisa kuti upfumi hahugoni kusarudza kusvika kukuzvidzivirira.

Goldberg v.Kelly (1970) uye Fambiro-mota yatakafanira muMutemo woUbati ushe

Muitiro wakafanira hauna kuganhurirwa kumadare outsotsi. Mu Goldberg v. Kelly, Dare rakatonga kuti betsero dzegarikano rudzi rwezvinhu, uye hurumende isati yagona kuzvigumisa, inofanira kugovera kutonga kwapamberi penguva. Iyi mhaka yakafutunura dziviriro dzakafanira munzvimbo yegarikano yavanhu, ichida masangano kupa ziviso, banza rokupa ufakazi, uye mugadziri wechisarudzo asingasarumbidziko.

[[[FF:0] Mathews v. Eldidge[[FLT] [1] (1976) uye Kuedza Kudzikamisa

Kusarudza kuti idziviriroi dzetsika dzinodikanwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiana, Dare Rapamusorosa rakatanga muedzo wokudzikamisa wakapfava mu Mathews v. Eldidge. Matare anoyera zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa, ngozi yokushaiwa mitoo inowanika, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka neupfumi. Kuedza uku zvino kunoshandiswa kuyera nzira dzinodavirwa nadzo munzvimbo dzinovambira pakurema kukuvarambira kwevadzidzi.

Kufambira Mberi Kunotarisirwa Mugadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Gadziriro yakafanira inoratidzirwa zvikurusa kuva yakabatanidzwa nemuitiro woutsotsi, uko mapango ari makurusa — kurasikirwa kunobvira kworusununguko kana kuti kunyange upenyu.Bumbiro reMitemo rinomanikidzira nhevedzano yezvinodikanwa kuenzanisa nzvimbo yokutamba pakati pomunhu nehurumende.

Kodzero Yokutongwa Kwakarurama

Vadziviriri vane kodzero yokuziviswa nezvemhosva dzacho, yokutaura nezvapupu, uye yokumanikidza zvapupu zvinotsigira kupupurira.

Kufungwa Kwokusaita Zvakarurama Nomutoro Woufakazi

Mutoro uyu mukuru unoratidza kuoma kwechirango choutsotsi uye unoita kuti munhu asaparadzwe nokusasarura.

Kupomera Kusazvibata uye Ufakazi Hwokupotera

Muitiro wakafanira unorambidzawo vachuchisi kushandisa ufakazi hwenhema uchiziva kana kuti kudzvinyirira ufakazi hunotsigira mukwiridziridziri. Mhaka yechiratidzo Brady v. Maryland (1963) yakasimbisa kuti muroveri wemhosva anofanira kuzivisa ufakazi hwokudzivirira. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunoputsa muitiro wakafanira uye kunogona kutungamirira kukuchinja zvitendero.

Zvinofanira Kuitwa Kunze Kwematare Eutsotsi

Zvinofanira kuitwa nevanhu uye nehurumende, uko hurumende inoita zvisarudzo zvine chokuita nezvinhu zvinokosha.

Gadziriro Inodikanwa Mudzidzo

Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vane fariro yenzvimbo mudzidzo yavo nefariro yorusununguko mumukurumbira wavo. Chisati chikoro chigona kuisa kubviswa kwapanhambo refu kana kuti kudzingwa, chinofanira kugovera ziviso yepomero, tsananguro youfakazi, uye mukana une revo wokuti mudzidzi apindure. Dare Gurusa re Gos v. Lopez[FLT] [1] [15]

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mubasa Nezvinhu

Vashandi vehurumende vane fariro yezvinhu mumabasa avo (mutoo, kupfurikidza nechibvumirano kana kuti chibvumirano) havagoni kudzingwa pasina muitiro wakafanira. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende haigoni kubvisa rezinesi, kuramba mvumo yokuvaka, kana kuti kutora zvinhu pasina kupa chiziviso chebato rakatapurwa uye mukana wokunzwiwa. Kunyange kubviswa kwebetsero dzegarikano kana kuti kubviswa kwechibvumirano cheSocial Security hakunyanduri zvinodikanwa zvakafanira.

Gadziriro Yakakodzera Yehurumende Nebetsero Dzehurumende

Hurumende yazvino uno inotapura vagari vemo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvehurumende zvisingaverengeki, (kubva patendero yokudzosa kuMedicasasareble. The Adrect Process Clauss inoda kuti zvisarudzo izvi zviitwe nomutoo wakarurama, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokunzwa uko vanhu vanogona kudenha zviito zvakaipa. Miitiro chaiyoiyo inosiana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, asi nheyo huru inoramba iripo: hurumende haigoni kuita zvisina kururama.

Nokuda kwenhungamiro yakakwana pamuitiro wakafanira wokutarisira, American Bar Association yenhamba yemitemo yehurumende [ inotsanangura kuti kunzwa nokukumbira zvinoshanda sei.

Zvinetso Zvokuita Zvinodiwa Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Pasinei nokuti mitemo yepamutemo yakatanga sei, zvinhu zvinogona kuoma zvokuti zvinoda kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvakanyatsochinja.

Kusawirirana Kwedzinza Nezvemari

Gadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi nenzira isingachinjiki inotapura vanhu vane ruvara naavo vane pfuma yemari yakaganhurirwa. Kudzorwa kwedzinza, mapurisa anorevererwa, uye mwero yakakwirira yokusungwa nokuda kwenzanga duku inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti dziviriro dzakakodzera dzinoshandiswa zvakaenzana here. Mukuwedzera, mutengo wakakwirira webhedharo nemifananidzo yapamutemo zvinoreva kuti upfumi hunogona kusarudza kana mumwe munhu ari kuchengetwa kana kuti kugamuchira zano rakakwana. Uku kusawirirana kunobvisa chipikirwa chomuitiro wakafanira nokuda kwavose.

Kukweva Kwezvikepe Kwakawanda uye Kubvisa Mazaya

Muitiro wakafanira unowanzoitwa kupfupi nokuwanda kwechikumbiro. Zvinopfuura 90% zvemhosva dzoutsotsi zvinoguma nemhemhe dzezvibvumirano, umo vakwirirwi vanopamba kodzero yavo yokutonga mukutsinhana mutongo wakaderedzwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kukumbira kwokubvumirana kunopa tyisidziro yemitsetse mirefu mirefu zvikuru padzvinyiriro yokutonga vanhu vasina mhaka kuti vapiwe mhaka kunzi vane mhaka. Kuchinja kunodikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kukumbira kwemhosva ndokwechokwadi uye kunoziviswa.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose Nemaitiro Akakodzera

Mumigumisiro ya9/11, hurumende yakasimbisa masimba makuru muzita rechengeteko yenyika, pane dzimwe nguva nokurasikirwa negadziriro yakafanira. Kusungwa kwavavengi, kushandiswa kwemauto, uye gadziriro dzokunzvera zvisina pamutemo zvose zvakamutsa itiro hanya dzakafanira. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadzorera mumhaka dzakafanana ne Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], richiita kuti kunyange vagari vemo vakasarudzwa somuvengi vave nekodzero yokudenha kusungwa kwavo pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo chokusatora rutivi.

Kushandiswa Kwemadhigirii Nemaitiro Anofanira Kuitwa

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwaita denho itsva dzinodikanwa. Kudzikamisa kwomutemo zvino kunogona kuwana zvitsama zvikuru zvemazita omunhu oga − email, nhau yenzvimbo, zvinyorwa zvokunzvera , kazhinji kazhinji pasina rugwaro kana kuti nechechechechepfu. Dare Rapamusorosarira mu Carplated v. United States[FLT] [2017])) yakatonga kuti kusvika kumitengo yenzvimbo yeserura yeserura kunoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira, kuziva kuti kuvanzarwo rwemawandefashoni kunokosha kunofanira kuva kuri madikanwa kurusununguko. Asi mibvunzo yakawanda inoramba pamusoro penzira rekubatanidza mashoko, kuziva zviso, uye kuita jastic.

Kutama uye Kutarisirwa Kwazvakaitwa

Nhevedzo dzokutora dzakarangarirwa munhau sedzinorangarirwa sedzinogarwa navanhu panzvimbo poutsotsi, dzichibvumira nokuda kwedziviriro shomanene dzomuitiro. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa kuti vasati vari vagari mukati meUnited States vachiri vane maruramiro emuitiro wakafanira. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro kukutonga, maruramiro okupa zano (kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri pandyiko yehurumende), uye maruramiro okupa ufakazi hunopiwa. Chinopokubviswa, kusungwa pasina chisungo, uye kuhwirudzura kunoganhurirwa kunopfuurira kudenha muitiro wakafanira mugadziriro yokutama.

ACLU zviwanikwa zvekodzero dzokutama uye muitiro wakafanira [ zvinogovera imwezve kunzvera kweizvi zvinetso zvinopfuurira.

Basa Risingaperi Rebumbiro remitemo Mukudzivirira Gadziriro Yakafanira

Gadziriro yakafanira yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati iri kuuraya; inoda dziviriro yenguva dzose nedudziro. Kwamazana maviri amakore, matare akakudza ndokunatsa idzi dziviriro kuti agamuchire tyisidziro itsva uye kubvisa mirau yetsika. Kubva pakuva nechokwadi chokuti mukwiriri ari wose ane gweta rokuraira kuti zvikoro zvibate vadzidzi nenzira yakarurama, muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri nhoo ine simba mukurwisana nesimba rehurumende rine shingi.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera zvishandiso, asi riri kuchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro wakafanira hausati uchingova nheyowo zvayo papepa asi chinhu chaichoicho. Nokuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedare, kutsigira kuchinja zvinhu, uye kubatanidzwa mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, tinobetsera kudzivirira muitiro wakafanira unoparira ruramisiro norusununguko nokuda kwavose.