Kubatana Kwechikoro Kunoitwa neBumbiro Romutemo

United States Constitution yakabatira zvose zviri zviviri sehondo nechiratidzo chehondo murwisano refu kubvisa zvikoro zveAmerica. Kuvambira pakunatswa kweReconsolence kumirano yedare gurusa, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagovera gadziriro yapamutemo nokuda kwokuparadzana kwedzinza kunodenha mudzidzo. Nepo rwendo kubva [[FLT: 0] Prevention v. Ferguson[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] kusvikira Brown v. Board yeD yeDzorome reDzidzorowaration uye yaveri kupfuura mutsetse, Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri pamusoro pechino chechipikirwa chedzidzo parongeripo. Iyi nyaya ino inonzvera nhau yetsika yechikoro, dare redare renyika renyika dzinopfuurira kupfuurira kupfuurira kupfuurira kuidzwa.

Kugadziridza Kunoita Zvinhu uye Chipikirwa Chokuenzana

Nhau yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa chikoro inovamba kwete muma1950, asi mumakore akatevera Hondo yevagari vemo. [The 13th Amendment] (1865) yakabvisa uranda, 145 Amendment (1868) yakatanga kuva nhaka youdangwe ndokuvimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye Pession yechigumi namashanu (1870) yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Pamwe chete, idzi gadziridzo nhatu dzakaitirwa kuparira nhevedzano itsva yebumbiro remitemo umo rudzi rwaisazozozivazve kodzero dzomunhu.

Dare Rinodzivirira Claus re 144th Amendment nderepakati zvikuru kunhamburiko yokusarura. Rinorava kuti: “Hapana hurumende icha... kuramba kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwemitemo iri musimba rayo. Uyu mutauro unoratidzika kuva wakananga ungava musoro wekurukurirano yapamutemo yakakomba kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore. Chikamu chacho hachina kutaura zvakajeka dzidzo, asi vimbiso yacho huru yokuenzana pasi pomutemo yakapa chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwevatsigiri vekodzero dzevagari vemo avo vaitaura kuti zvikoro zvinoparadzana hachigoni kutongoenzana zvirokwazvo.

Dzidziso ya" Shingaira asi Yakaenzana": Pnet v. Ferguson

Pasinei zvapo nechipikirwa cheReconstructs, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra 1896 mu Pnety v. Ferguson yakaparira chikanganiso chinoparadza kuparira chinzwano chedzinza. Muchiitiko ichocho, Dare rakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana waida kuva norudzi pamotokari dzenjanji, uchisimbisa dzidziso ye "Primende asi yakaenzana". Dare rakarangarira kuti Iwe 1450th Amend Refement yairwerwa bedzi kusimbisa kuenzana kwapamutemo, kwete kubvisa kusarurana kwakavakirwa padzinza.

Mutongi John Marshall Harlan, mupanduki mumwe chete mu , akanyora zvakakurumbira, kuti: "Bumbiro remitemo yedu rakapofudzwa neruvara, uye harizivi kana kuti kushivirira mapoka pakati pavagari varo. Chiono chaHarlan hachisati chaizova mutemo wenyika kwemamwe makore makumi matanhatu, asi kusabvumirana kwake kwakagovera chibvumikiso chebumbiro remitemo chokuti maruramiro evagari vemo aizoshandisa gare gare gare kudenha . Nokuda kwehafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, "Taberne asi yakaenzana" dzidziso yakadzorwa kwete bedzi motokari dzenjanjisose asiwo zvikoro zvavose, zvikurukuru mu Jimrow South.

Ngano Yokuenzana Muzvikoro Zvakasiyana

Mutsika, zvikoro zvakasiyana zvavana vechiBlack zvakanga zvisingatongoenzaniswi nezviya zvavachena. Nyika dzeMajeri dzakarongwa pasi pezvikoro zveBlack, dzichigovera mari shomanene, mibhadharo yavadzidzisi, zvivako zvakasakara, uye mabhuku avatopi venguva ino. Pakasvika 1930, National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP) yakavamba urongwa hwapamutemo hwamaune hwekuratidzira kusaenzana kunovapo mudzidzo yakaputsika. Panzvimbo pokudenha zvakananga [[FLT: 0] Plesty, NAACPH pakutanga yakataura kuti yakanga yakundikana kugovera zvivako zvakaenzana zvirokwazvo nokuda kwavadzidzi vechiBlabhu, nokudaro kuchiputsa dziviriro.

Nhimbe Yapamutemo yeNAACP uye Mugwagwa WokuBrown

Nhimbe yapamutemo yeNAACP, yakatungamirirwa naCharles Hamilton Houston uye gare gare Thir faith Marshall, yakapfuurira nenzira inofamba nomutemo mumatare. Muzvinoitika zvakadai se Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada [[38] [[FLT:] , [FLT] SIMUL]. SAULY] v [1950]. Dare reRegents of University of Oklahoma[FLT] [FLT] [198] [1988] [48] mukurumbira, uye masangano ebasa aikwanisa kuenzaniswa.

Pakasvika mavambo a1950, NAACP yakanga yagadzirira kudenha kuva pamutemo kworusaruraganda imene. Sangano rakaisa matare muhurumende dzinoverengeka, richiramba kuti zvikoro zvakaparadzana zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo, pasinei zvapo kana zviwanikwa zvinooneka zvakanga zvakaenzana. Izvozvi zvakaitika zvakabatanidzwa kuva Brown v. Board of Topaka, iyo Dare Rapamusoro rakabvuma kunzwa.

Brown v. Board yeDzidzo: A Constitution Watered

Pana May 17, 1954, Dare Gurusa rakabudisa chisarudzo charo chakabatana mu [FLT]BN v. Boka reDzidzo. Mukuru weMutongi Earl Warren, achinyorera Dare, akazivisa kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaganhurirwa zvokusaenzana" uye kuti vana veBlack vedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Dare raivimba zvikuru noufakazi hwemagariro, kubatanidza fundo dzakakurumbira dzenyanzvi dzendangariro Kenneth naMamie Clark, idzo dzakaratidzira kuvadziko yendangariro yakaparira kukuvadziko yeRok.

Chisarudzo chakadzongonyedzwa chakadzikira . Ferguson mumugariro wedzidzo yavose. Dare rakaramba kuti kuganhurana muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakaputsa Dziviriro yakaenzana yePendezho ye 144. Chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri zvose zviri zviviri chiratidzo chemitemo netsinhiro yetsika. Sezvakanyorwa naWarren Warren: "Tinogumisa kuti murutivi rwedzidzo yavose dzidziso ye 'vhotaidzoka asi yakaenzana] hachina nzvimbo."

Brown II: "Nekurumidziro Yose Yedegareti"

Gore rakatevera racho, mu Brown v. Boka reDzidzo (inowanzonzi ] [[FLT]] rown II [), Dare rakataura nhau yokushandisa. Panzvimbo pokuraira nokukurumidza, Dare rakarayira matare akaderera kuraira kubvisa jasi rose ramaune. Uyu mutauro wakada kubvumira kubvumira nguva yokuchinja nguva yokuMadokero. Zvisinei, rakabvumira vadzorwi kudzosera kubatira pamutemo kwamakore, kana kwete makumi amakore.

Madokero nyika dzakapindura neyakasvika pakuzivikanwa se "Massive Resistance" Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo inovhara zvikoro zvehurumende panzvimbo pokuzvibvisa. Dzimwe purogiramu dzakatangwa dzinopa zvirongwa zvokutsigira zvirongwa zvakavanzika, zvakapa miganhu. Vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo ye Brown ingada dzimwe hondo dzapamutemo kuti itsigirwe.

Kubvisa Rusarurano: Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha zveDare Gurusa

Mumakumi amakore akatevera Brown, Dare Gurusa rakabudisa nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvakajekesa ukuru hwomusengwa webumbiro remitemo kubvisa zvikoro. Izvozvi mirau zvakakudza kusvika kweEclimate Protection Clause uye akapa matare ehurumende chiremera chokushandisa gadziriro dzenzvimbo.

Cooper v. Aaron (1958)

Pashure penjodzi paCentral High School muLittle Rock, Arkansas, apo Gavhuna Orval Faubus akashandisa National Guard kudzivisa vadzidzi vaBlack kupinda chikoro, Dare Rapamusorosa rakapazve kusimbiswa kune simba kwechiremera chehurumende. Mu Cooper v. Aaron[[FL:1], Dare rakabvumirana raidavira kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kudzivisa mirairo yedare rehurumende. Chisarudzo chakasimbisazve kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika uye kuti kuramba hurumende kubvisa desecrition kwakanga kuri kubatira.

Green v. County School Board (1968)

Mu Breach v. County School Board of New Kent County, Dare rapamusoro rakaramba "rusununguko rwechisarudzo" urongwa hwakanga hwakundikana kubudisa nhevedzano ine revo. Dare rairangarira kuti mapuranga echikoro akanga ane basa rinobvuma rokubvisa zvisaririra zvose zverusarudzo "root nebazu." iyi chisarudzo yakaratidzira chinjo kubva mukungodzivisa hako kudzora kudikanzve kubatira.

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

chisarudzo [ yakakurukura nhau yemishonga. Dare rakatsigira kushandiswa kwokubhaja sechishandiso kuti pave nedzikamo yedzinza muzvikoro. Mutongi mukuru Warren Burger akanyora kuti kubhabha kwakanga kuri mutoo unobvumirwa wemiitiro yechikoro yadzikiswa, zvikurukuru mumaruwa umo kuforoma kwakanga kwasimbiswa nemitemo yerapidhi.

Millawn v. Bradley (1974)

Musiano nemirau mikuru yema1960 namavambo ama 1970, chisarudzo Marifant chakaisa ganhuriro huru pamishonga inobviswa. Dare rakatonga kuti gadziriro dzokubvisa zvikwata zvavanhu dzaisagona kuraira maruwa ezvikoro zvomumusha kutora rutivi kutoti maruwa iwayo akanga aita rusarurano. Ichi chisarudzo chakabvisa nenzira inobudirira maruwa mazhinji ezvichena kubva kumirairo dzedecco, kusia maruwa ezvikoro zvezvikoro zvine vana vashomanene zvikuru vavadzidzi. [FL:][5][5][FLT]]

Mitemo Nekusarurana Zvinovapo Pakarepo

Pasinei zvapo nokukunda kwebumbiro remitemo renhambo yekodzero dzevanhu, zvikoro zvakawanda zveAmerica nhasi zvinoramba zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Mushumo wa2022 kubva kuHurumende yeHulumeni Authority Office wakawana kuti vanopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chavadzidzi vanopinda zvikoro umo vanopfuura 75 muzana yeboka ravadzidzi vedzinza rimwe kana kuti rudzi. Uku kubatanidzwa kunodzorwa nemubatanidzwa wezvinhu: kuva nogaro, ganhuriro yechiverengero chavagari vemo, kudzokororwa kwegadziriro dzedare redeseclinual, uye kusadairwa kunowedzera kweDare Rapamusoro kurangarira rudzi mumugove wechikoro.

Vabereki Vanobatanidzwa Muzvikoro Zvomunzanga v. Seattle (2007)

Chisarudzo cha2007 mu Vabereki vakabatanidzwa muZvikoro zveCommunity v. Seattle School District No. 1 yakatoomesazve pamutemo. Dare rakaramba zvirongwa zvechikoro zvokuzvidira zvaishandiswa sechinhu chinobatsira kuti pave nemhatsa, zvichireva kuti zvirongwa zvakadaro zvaipesana neSaintal Protection Claus. Mutongi mukuru John Roberts akanyora kuti "nzira yokumisa nayo rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza ndeyokurega kutsoropodza rutsumo rweganda" Chisarudzo ichi chakaganhurira mano emaruwa echikoro okuita nhanho yokuchengeta kubatana.

Mugumo Werusarurano Rwedare

Kuvambira muma 1990, matare ehurumende akavamba kuzivisa maruwa ezvikoro "mubatanidzwa," kureva kuti akanga abvisa zvisaririra zvose zvokusarura kusvikira kutambanuko yaigona kupedzwa. Pakangoziviswa kuti utarisiri hwedare. Mazana eruwa ezvikoro munyika yose akasunungurwa kubva mumirairo yetsika, uye akawanda akaona kudzokera kumiitiro yokunyoresa yapamberi pemitemo yakanga yamboraira kuti basa rishande deseclition yakatsiviwa nechinhu chakaganhurirwa pangwariro yapamhene.

Kutaura kweBumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwenhamburiko Dzokuchinja Kwazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo nemhinganidzo idzi, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopfuurira kugovera zvikonzero zvapamutemo zvenhamburiko dzokubatanidza. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti Kudzivirira Kunowirirana hakurambidzi kurangarirwa kwose kwedzinza, asi rusaruro runogamuchirwa bedzi. Vanonongedzera kufariro inogombedzera yehurumende mumhatsa, inotanga kuzivikanwa neDare Gurusa muzviitiko zvedzidzo yakakwirira zvakadai se gertebrute v. Bollinger [2003]. Mamwe maruwa ezvikoro akaita zvirongwa zvokubatanidza zvakavakirwa pamugariro wenzanga, izvo zvinogona kuwana mhatsasano yedzinza pasi peFoct Claus Protection.

Mukuwedzera, vimbiso yeBumbiro reMitemo yedziviriro yakaenzana inotsigira zvibvumikiso izvo zvinoti zvinofanira kutaura kusarurana kwakabva kumitemo yedzimba dzinopa misha. Nzvero yakaratidza kuti nzanga yechikoro yakabatana zvikuru nenzanga yokugara, iyo imene yakaumbwa namakumi amakore emitemo yehurumende yakadai sokuzviparadzanisa nokuzviparadzanisa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoda nyika kurapa iyi mitoo yetsika, kunyange kana isina kukonzerwa zvakananga namapapu echikoro.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende richigovera mubatanidzwa wedziviriro yakaenzana, bumbiro remitemo rakaitawo basa rinokosha mukurwa nokuda kwechikoro. Mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inobatanidza vimbiso dzakajeka dzedzidzo kana kuti kutevedzana dzinopfuura mupimo womubatanidzwa. Muzvinoitika zvakadai se Abott v. Burke muNew Jersey ne SARA v. Muprista muCalifornia, matare ehurumende akavimba negadziriro dzemitemo kuti arongedzere bhishopu yemari yechikoro nezviwiro.

Kubatanidzwa pakati pomutemo wehurumende newahurumende kunoparira mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emitemo. Mudzimwe nyika, vatengi vakashandisa nenzira inobudirira mabumbiro emitemo kuti vadenhe kusawirirana kwemari kunotapura zvikuru vadzidzi veruvara. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidza kuti Bumbiro remitemo, mupfungwa yaro yakafara zvikurusa, rinoramba riri gwaro benyu rinokwanisa kuwirirana nenzwisiso itsva yokuenzana neruramisiro.

Nharo Dzinopfuurira: Kudavira Mazita Okutanga, Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu, uye Nguva Yemberi Yorusarurano

Gakava rebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pekusarura chikoro rinoratidza kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro penzira iyo Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa nayo. Vatsigiri vokutanga vanotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakamiswa panguva yokuparadza uye kuti Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwaClaus kwakanga kusina kuitirwa kurambidza kusarura. Masangano anotonga mabumbiro emitemo anopesana anopesana kuti nheyo dzakafara dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kuchinjana nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga uye kuti Brown imene yakanga iri kutsauka padonzo rapakuvamba.

Iyi kurukurirano inodudzira ine miuyo inoshanda. Voruzhinji veDare guru vanoramba kuva vachenjeri vakaratidza panikiro kumiitiro yezivikanwo yedzinza uye yakaganhurira ukuru hwesimba rehurumende mudzidzo. Munguva ino, dzimwe nyika dzakaita chiito chokuzvimirira, kupfuudza mitemo inosimudzira kubatana kana kuti, muzvimwe zviitiko, inoganhurira dzidziso yenhau yedzinza. Nguva yemberi yebumbiro remitemo yechikoro inoramba isina chokwadi, asi rugwaro nenhau yeBumbiro remitemo zvinopfuurira kugovera chiremera nekurudziro nokuda kwevose vari kutsvaka kuvaenzana.

Kupedzisa: Chipikirwa Chisingaperi cheBumbiro reMitemo

United States Constitution yave iri chishandiso chikuru chapamutemo murwisano yokubvisa zvikoro zveAmerica. Kuvambira paReconstructer kusvikira ku Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[ uye kupfuura, Bumbiro reMitemo rakaraira kurwa nokuda kwekuenzana kwedzinza mumutemo mukuru werudzi. Bva nhau yacho haisati yatongopera. Chiteshi chinoenderera mberi, uye mibvunzo mitsva yepamutemo nemitemo inopfuurira kumuka.

Basa reBumbiro reMitemo murusarurano harisi renhauwo zvaro. Rinoramba riri chirongwa chipenyu mukati macho vatsigiri, vadzidzisi, uye vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kushanda. The Ecumelt Protection Claus, Supremacy Claus, uye nheyo dzehurumende zvose zvinoumba bviro dzokubatanidza. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kukurukura nzira yokuzadzika nayo chipikirwa che Brown, Bumbiro reMitesitaro richaramba riri pakati pekurukurirano.

Rwendo runobva ku "nopesana asi rwakaenzana" ku "nekumhanya kwose kwamaune" kusvikira kuzuva razvino runoratidzira kuti chinjo yebumbiro-mitemo inononoka, inokwikwidza, uye haitongovimbiswi. Asi Bumbiro remitemo razvibvumikisa rimene kuva rinokwanisa kukura nokududzirwazve. Rinoramba riri mumashoko oMutongi Harlan, risingaoni muvavariro dzaro kana risati riri mukushanda kwaro nguva dzose. Basa redesecorbans ibasa rokuita kuti zvishuvo izvozvo zvive chaizvoizvo.