Bill of Rights, yakasimbiswa muna 1791, yakabuda zvakananga munharo dzinonyandura pakati paFederalists naAnti-Federalist pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rapakati. Idzi gumi dzokutanga kugadziriswa kweBumbiro remitemo dzakagadzirwa zvakajeka kuti dzivake nzvimbo yakasununguka yomunhu oga isina muganhu wehurumende. Zvisinei, vanyori, vaiti, navagadziri, zvinokosha zvikurusa vedziviriro dzinogara muFirst Amendment. Rusununguko rwokutaura nerwokutsikirira rwakaitwa ipapo rwava, kwamazana maviri amakore, kwakabatira sedziviriro huru yapamutemo inorwisana nokunzvera hurumende. Zvisinei, ukama pakati pechiito chezvokwaradziro nechiremera chehurumende hazvisati zviripo. Chine simba uye chigaro chinokakava chakasimba apo nheyo dzemitemo inoedzwa mutsikano inorwisana nenzanga, chengeteko, uye kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisana mashoko kwamashoko kwapamhinde, kutsa kwamashoko kwapamutemo kwapamutemo kwapamutemo chazvino unosariranwa nokuda kwekodzero zvehurumende.

Penjerero Yokutanga Senheyo Yorusununguko Rwounyanzvi

Rugwaro rweFirst Amendment rwunorevererwa zvakajeka mumutemo warwo mukuru: "Korefet haisati ichizoita mutemo... unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokutsikirira. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza Indaneti yeMitemo yeMitemo ye 144, iyi ganhuriro inoshanda zvakaenzana kuhurumende nenzvimbo. Dare guru rakaziva kare kuti dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment dzinotambanudzo inopfuudza kupfuura shoko rinotaurwa kana kuti rakanyorwa kuti ribata musiyano wakafara womufambiro unorondedzerwa. Iyi idiro yorusununguko rwokugadzira mifananidzo. Apo mupendi anoumba muimbi anoimba rwiyo, kana kuti mutambi anotora basa rinodenha, ivo vanobatanidzwa mukutaura nenzira inodzivirirwa nenzira inoteverwa.

Dare rakaramba richiramba richitaura kuti hurumende inotakura mutoro unorema pakuedza kudzora kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati mayo kana kuti murangariro. Miganhu yakavakirwa pamashoko inoongororwa zvakasimba, mwero wakakwirira wenzvero yedare. Mumashoko ounyanzvi, izvi zvinoreva kuti sangano rehurumende harigoni kudzvinyirira chinhu cheunyanzvi nemhaka bedzi yokuti rinowana shoko racho richisembura, richinetesa, kana kuti richidenha tsika. Chimiro chikuru cheFirst Amendment ndechokuti mushonga wokutaura kwakashata kutaura kwakaipa ndiwo mutauro mukuru, kwete kunzvera.

Kurondedzera Unyanzvi Sokutaura Mumatare

Nguva yakakomba yokuziva kwapamutemo matauriro ounyanzvi yakauya muna 1952 na Joseph Burtyn, Inc. v. Wilson. Pamberi penhau iyi, mabhaisikopo aionekwa sechinhu chebhizimisi, kwete chimiro chekutaura kwakadzivirirwa. New York yakanga yaramba reze rezinesi rebhaisikopo "Chishamiso," kududza zvaro zvinonama. Dare Rapamusoro raipfuudza mutemo, richizivisa kuti "zvigoni kupanikirwa kuti mapikicha anofambisa mifananidzo idikairira kurukurirano yepfungwa" uye nokudaro yakadzivirirwa pasi pechibvumirano chokutanga ne 145. Chisarudzo ichi chakazarura suo yaro yezvakaro chikurusa yezvinoitwa zvokugadzira mifananidzo, kutambanurira, kutamba kwokuona, uye kuoneka kwemitambo.

Nheyo yacho yakasimbiswazve mu Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School School Community (11999), iyo inoitira hanya vadzidzi vakapfeka zvikwapa zvitema kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Justice Fortas, kunyorera voruzhinji, vakataura zvakakurumbira kuti vadzidzi navadzidzisi havasati "vadzikisi maruramiro avo emitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo reimba yechikoro. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa kutaura ikoko kwokufananidzira, rutivi rukuru rwemifananidzo yazvino uno uno, chimiro chakadzivirirwa. Chimiro chakarurama chokutaura pfungwa kupfurikidza nezviratidzo, mavara, kana kuti kuita kwakavakirwa zvikuru mukunzwisisa uku kwakawanda kwePendeko.

Chinyorwa Chedziviriro: Zvikamu zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zvisarudzo izvi zvakarondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende, miganhu yokutaura zvisina kudzivirirwa (zvakadai sokushatisa), uye ukama huri pakati pokushandisa mari nepfuma yehurumende uye zvinhu zviri mudare repamusorosoro.

  • [FLT] New York Times Co. v. United States (1971): Pentagon Case na Micrient. Iyi nhau inomirira kushurikidzwa kune simba zvikurusa kwezvirambidzo zvokutanga (ichi chiito chehurumende chinodzivisa kutaura kunoitika munzvimbo yokutanga. Vatarisiri veNixon vakatsvaka kumisa kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa zvakarongwa. Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yakakundikana kusangana ne "mutoro unorema" unodikanwa kururamisa pamberi pezviito. Nokuda kwenyanzvi, nheyo iyi inodenha. Hurumende haigoni kutsvaka murayiro kuti irege kuratidzira, mutambo, kana kuti chinyorwa chakavakirwa pakudeya kukuvadza kwapa kukuvadza kwapasa. Mupimo unoparira, unoparirwa zvakasimba.[FF]

  • [FLT] MILLER v. California (1973): Kutsvaka Dare Risingadzivirirwi reObscenity. Nepo First Amendment ichipa dziviriro dzakafara, haidzidziviriri. Miller [[FLT]] [[FLT]] mhaka yakavamba muedzo wazvino uno uno uno uno uno uno unoumba nokusakwaniriswa nenzira yapamutemo uye nokudaro inodzorwa neganhuriro yehurumende. Kuedza kunoda: (1) kuti munhuwo zvake, kushandisa mipimo yenzanga yenguva dzose, angawana basa rinofadza fariro; (2) kuti basa riratidzire kana kuti mufambiro muvatano mumufambiro unopesana nenzira inonyadzisa; uye (3) kudzorwa kwebasa, uko kunoshatikwa kwakakomba, kwoufakazi hwesayenzi, kana kuti kunzvera kwesayenzi yesayenzi yesayenzi.[5] Rumutongedzero rwebasa rose, runodzivisa rugwaro rwebasa. Rumutose rwamabasa rwebasa.

  • Nhaka yeNational Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998: Mitemo yeRevolvement yeRevemone yokushandisa sechishandiso cheCenshorishi. Zvichida hapana imwe nhau inokurukura zvakananga zvikuru kuoma kuri pakati pehurumende nerusununguko rwemifungo. Mukati mehondo dzetsika dza 1980, Chibvumirano chakaisa "kutsinhana nokuremekedza" paNational Endment for the Arths (NEA), kuchidaidza kurangarira "mipimo yetsika yetsika nemhikodzero dzakasiana-njiso dzenyika dzeAmerica" apo anopa mari inobvumira. Izvokupesana zvakatevera pamusoro pezvipotokoso zvechipo chakarega kukupa migariro yorupo. Chipo chakatongerwa chitsamisiriranwa chakareve chakarevesa Dare remitemo renyika yevhuna kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kukupa migariro yapa migariro yapa pamutemo. Chipo chakajekasa kupfurikidza chakajekasa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kukupa dare. Chipo chakanyonyonyo ku

  • [FLT][FLT]TES v. Johnson (19989): Dziviriro yeMufambiro weEdefault. Iyi mhaka yaibatanidza Gregory Lee Johnson, uyo akapisa mureza weAmerica mukati meRepublican National Convention. Hurumende yeTexas yakamuwanira mhaka nokuda kwokushatisa chinhu chinokudzwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakatendeutsa kupfimbwa, rikabatidza kuti kupisa mureza kunodzivirira mufambiro unodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment. Mutongi Brennan akanyora kuti "kana pane nheyo yemiganhuro pasi peFirst Remplificence, ndiko kuti hurumende haingadzivisiri ratidziro yepfungwa iri nyore nemhaka yokuti nzanga inozviwana imene kana kuti ishandurwe.]

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Mubatanidzwa Unotevera Wokuratidzira Unyanzvi

Pasinei zvapo nenheyo yakasimba yakaiswa neDare Rapamusoro, kuongororwa kweunyanzvi kunopfuurira muzvimiro zvakawanda.Bill of Rights inoda kungwarira nguva dzose nedziviriro yokushingaira.

Kushandisa Mari Kwavose Nehondo Dzetsika Dzinotangwazve

Hondo yehurumende pamusoro pemari inotsigirwa nounyanzvi inoramba iri chinhu chikuru chinoda kuongororwa. NEA v. Finley inogadza miganhu yakafara, hurumende nedzimba dzomunzvimbomo dzinoedza kuganhurira mari yeunyanzvi hwavanowana kuva husina kunaka. Kutyisidzira kubvisa masangano ose ounyanzvi, uye zvirimo zvinotsigirwa paruzhinji pakushanda kwenzvimbo dzemichina zviri kudzokorororwa. Zviito izvi zvinowanzoronga basa rokutaura norudzi, zvevatano, kutsoropodza mutemo, kana kuti utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chirongwa muzviitiko izvi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chinoisa padzidziso ye "migariro dzezvokuyera," izvo zvinoita kuti hurumende isagona kubetsera (se sechipo kana kuti chitsarudzo) pakubvumira pamutemo. Nepo zvisati zvichidiwa kupfuure, kugona kupfuudzira pamutemo kuti itopfuure mamiriro ezvinhu makuru okutonga kudarika.

Bhuku Rinorambidzwa uye Hondo Yapazvikoro

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hondo dzenzvero dzakananga nenzira inowedzera pamaraibhurari echikoro napashure. Vhoriyamu yamabhuku akadenhwa nenorambidzwa mumaruwa ezvikoro yasvika pakakwirira yenhau. Ichi hachisi chinhu chitsva, asi mwero wacho nhasi unomirira nzvimbo inoyera nokuda kwekodzero dzeFirst Amendment yavadzidzi navanyori. Chisarudzo cheDare guru ndi Board yeDislat yeDisciation, Island Union Free School Vidult v. Pico (19982). Muchisarudzo chapan, uzhinji hweDare raidavira kuti mapepa echikoro haagoni kubvisa mabhuku anoenda kumaraibhurari echikoro nemhaka yokuti anoshora pfungwa dziri mumabhuku iwayo. Nepo chisarudzo chakabva mukamuri mukuru wokudzora , nenzira yakajeka chinoumba muganhu chehurumende chomunzvimbomo chehurumende yomunzvimbomo chapanyika inobviswa mumitengo. [5]

Nzvimbo Yemitambo, Basa, uye Kudzokororwa Kwokufananidzira

Mubato wounyanzvi hwokuita zvinhu unogara wakatarisana nenzvimbo inodzorwa newirirano. Chinoumba chipenyu kazhinji kazhinji chinotungamirira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuedza kushandisa, kugarwa kwenzvimbo, uye mitemo inonyadzisa kuganhurira mabasa. Muenzaniso mukuru ndowe Southern Easternern East Repromotions, Ltd. v. Confractive (1975)[FL:1], apo Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti guta risagona kuramba kubvumira nziyo "Hair" kuitwa muhoro yemitambo yavose. Dare rairangarira kuti chiito cheguta chakaumbwa nechiito chokusadzora pamberi pokuti harina kugovera vagadziri vadzori vamaproccural, zvakadai sehwirusa.

Mukufambira mberi kwazvino uno kwakafanira zvikuru, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapfuudza kana kuti kuedza kupfuudza mitemo inoisa "Mibato yapashure napamberi penzvimbo dzavose" munzvimbo dzavose, idzo dzakanzwisiswa zvikuru kuronga ratidziro. Iyi mitemo inowanzoedza kuronga kuita sechinhu chakaipa kana kuti chinokuvadza kuvana vaduku. Kusvikira muna 2023 na2024, mizhinji yeiyi mitemo yakavharwa kana kuti kudenhwa neACLU namamwe masangano panzvimbo dzePrefective. Mitemo inokakavadzana kuti kuita chiito ichimiro chechiratidzo chechitambiro chinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, uye kuti mitemo inoairidza haisati yakajeka nokusatemwa uye inoiswa. Iyi mitengo yapamutemo ndiyo mienzaniso yakatanhamara zvikurusa yazvino unosarira pakati pehurumende nerusununguko rwekugadzirwa.

Mihoro Yavose Nounyanzvi Mumugwagwa

Graffitci, mumistruct, uye unyanzvi hwemigwagwa zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pekodzero dzezvinhu uye nharaunda. Hurumende painogona kudzora nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo mumiitiro yavose, murairo upi noupi wakadaro unofanira kuzara, wakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro huru yehurumende, uye kusiira dzimwe nzira dzekurukurirano. Maguta akawanda akagamuchira mipimo yemitemo yapamutemo" yakagadzirirwa kudzora zvinhu zviri kunze. Nzvimbo huru ndeyokuti mirairo ndeyekusatora rutivi zvirokwazvo pamusoro pezvisakiso, kana kuti anopa vakuru vakuru veguta simba rokutendera kana kuti kuramba unyanzvi hwakavakirwa pashoko raro. Guta harigoni kubvumira "mitemo yetsika" bedzi kana iri "yogaro, somuenzaniso" nokuda kwekodzero dzehurumende inoda maruramiro okutonga.

Kudikanwa Kusingaperi Kwebhuku Ramaruramiro Munzvimbo Yetsika Yakachinja

Bill of Rights, neFirst Amendment ichiri chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chinowanika chokudzivirira unyanzvi pakuongororwa kwehurumende. Gadziriro yayakagadza haisi iyo yerefumisi yakakwana, asi yokusanodzikamisa pamutemo. Hurumende ine simba rokudzora mamwe mapoka ekutaura (tyisidziro dzechokwadi, nyanduro, zvinonyadzisa), asi Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rakaisa miganhu yakakwirira kudzivirira mapoka iwayo pakushandiswa sepembedzo dzokusarangarira mirangariro isingafarirwi.

Basa reBill of Rights muaya mashoko akapoteredza nderokuvimbisa kuti kurukurirano pamusoro pomufananidzo (whitney .comfoir, chaunoreva, uye kuti unofanira kubhadharwa sei (ichochi kupedzwa) navanhu nechisarudzo chavo chakabatana, kwete nemirairo yehurumende. Mutongi Brandeis akatsigira nesimba mubvumirano yake ] Watney v. California (1927) [[FL:1] kuti mushonga wengozi kana kuti kutaura kwakaipa ndiwo "kutaura kwakawanda, kwete kunyarara." Icho chinoshanda zvakananga kuunyanzvi. Chisarudzo chokutsigira mifashoni yemizimu yemichina inomutsa nharo, kubvumira mutambo kuti uitwe muimba yemitambo yavose, kana kuti uchengete bhuku rinodenha pasherufu rwenyika kupfurikidza nokusarumbidzwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yapagarira.

Kubudirira kweFirst Amendment inorwisana nokuongororwa kwehurumende, zvikurukuru muunyanzvi, kunotsamira pakuzivikanwa kwakapararira kwokuti kodzero yokuita nokusangana nedenho, kusawirirana, uye kunyange basa rinotsamwisa zvikuru chinhu chinokosha munzanga yakasununguka.