Bazu Rine Chiremera: Foundation yeConstitution

Bazu guru rinomira seimwe yembiru nhatu dzakaenzana dzehurumende yeUnited States, dzakatangwa pasi peChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo. Rusaruro rwaro rukuru kupiwa kwokutendeka kwemitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Nepo bazi remitemo rinonyora mitemo nebazu rinotonga richizvidudzira, bazu guru rinoshandura rugwaro rwapamutemo kuva rwechokwadi. Bazu rino rakakura zvikuru chifo chenhambo yokuvamba, kubva padare duku ramadhipatimendi mana kuva nyika inoshambadzira kuva nyika inopinza zviremera zvinoshandisa mamiriyoni avasiri varwi navashandi vehondo.

Zvipfeko zvegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo zvesimba rapamusoro muMutungamiriri mumwe, uyo ipapo anotuma chiremera kudzika kupfurikidza nechete yedare iro rinobatanidza Purezidhendi weSanihenzi, vanyori veCabit, vakuru vakuru vemitezo, uye vabatiri vehurumende. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuzvidavirira: vavhoti vanoisa Purezidhendi mutoro wokuitwa kwechishandiso chose chesangano. Panguva imwe cheteyo, gadziriro yokuparadzana kwamasimba masimba inoparira kusagadzikana kwamasimba masimba, seCongress Congress mari dzakakodzera uye mabasa apo matare anohwirudzura mabasa makuru emitemo nemitemo. Kunzwisisa iyi kuvakwa kunokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wehurumende unoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzama mavambo ebumbiro remitemo esimba ravakuru vakuru, National Archives inogovera rugwaro rwakazara rweChikamu II pamwe chete namashoko akapoteredza enhau ayo anojekesa vavariro dzavatangi.

Purezidhendi: Mukuru Mukuru uye Mutungamiriri Werudzi

Purezidhendi weUnited States ane nzvimbo yechienzi mukutonga kweAmerica, achibatira panguva imwe cheteyo somusoro wehurumende, musoro wehurumende, uye mutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Uku kuisa mabasa kunopa pesvedzero huru panhau dzomumba nedzedzimwe nyika. Masimba emitemo apamutemo anobatanidza vhuro, simba rokugadza, simba rebvumirano, uye simba rokukanganwira. Asi masimba asina kurongwa anokurudzira . (8) chikuva, zvirevo zvavakuru vakuru, uye mano okuumba purogiramu yorudzi.

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anotsamira zvikuru paHofisi yeUniversity yePresidenti (EOP), muunganidzwa wamasangano anogovera tsigiro yakananga kuImba yeWhite. EOP inobatanidza Office of Management and Bactal (OMB), National Security Council (NSC), Council of Economic Adviserers, uye Office yeUnited States Trade Declarection, pakati pedzimwe. Masangano iwaya anobetsera Purezidenti anotarisira dare rehurumende rinobhadhanyirira, anobatira pamadhipatimendi, uye anopindura njodzi dzinomuka.

Kurayirwa uye Kushandiswa

Basa gurusa raPurezidhendi nderoku "Tarisisa kuti Mitemo ipetwe nokutendeka, sezvinotaurwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 3. Ichi chitsauko chokutarisira chinoisa zvose zviri zviviri basa nekupa chiremera. Kunoreva kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirau yose yehurumende inoitwa, kunyange iyo yakaitwa nehurumende yakare kana kuti inoshorwa neyazvino uno. Muitiro, basa rinopa Purezidhendi chisarudzo chinokosha pamusoro pokuisa mutemo. Somuenzaniso, mutarisiri angasarudza kuisa ngwariro kutevedzero yokupinda munyika pamapoka akati avaputsigiri vehurumende apo inoputsa vamwe, kana kuti ingatungamirira dziviriro yeNzvikwaratiko kuti itevere kuchengetwa kwokushatsatsa kwazvinoshatsatsa.

Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa iri simba rokuchengeta kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka:

  • Mirairo yapanguva yapurezidhendi nechinoitika zvinotungamirira masangano ehurumende kuita zviito zvakati kana kuti kugamuchira dudziro dzakati dzomutemo.
  • [ Kuongorora mutemo [ kupfurikidza neOMB inovimbisa kuti sangano rinotonga zvinhu zvinokosha zvapurezidhendi zvisati zvaitika.
  • Kusarudza kwetsika muBato roRuramisiro kunobvumira Purezidhendi kugadza zvokutanga zvokuchengeta nokutungamirira kwomuitiro.
  • Kuzivisa kwokusanyengera kunogona kuvhura zviremera chaizvo nokuda kwemari chaiyo kana kuti kuparadzira zvinhu mukati menjodzi.

Zvirongwa Zvokugadza Nemaitiro Okusimbisa

Purezidhendi anoisa zviuru zvavakuru vakuru kunzvimbo muhurumende yomubatanidzwa, kubva kuvanyori veCabitten nevatongi vehurumende kusvikira kumitezo yamapuranga namasangano. Anenge 1 200 enzvimbo idzodzi anoda kusimbiswa neDare, muitiro wakarongedzerwa kugovera zano nebvumirano apo usati uchidzivisa kudzorwa kwevakuru vakuru panzvimbo huru. Muitiro wokusimbisa wazova unova unokakavara nenzira inowedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, uye kazhinji kazhinji kutarisana nokunonoka kwakawedzerwa nokushora kwechisimba.

Vangosimbiswa, ava vakuru vakuru vanobatira pamufaro waPurezidhendi, kureva kuti vanogona kubviswa pasina chisakiso (hwunosiiwa nechepamusoro pavatongi vehurumende, vanofarikanya upenyu.simba iri rinopa Purezidhendi udzori chaihwo pamuitiro webazu, sezvo vakuru vesangano avo vanoramba nhungamiro yapurezidhendi vanogona kutsiviwa. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva ganhuriro dzakati pairi simba, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamasangano akazvimirira ane mitezo inogona kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwedonzo rakanaka.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yokumwe Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Purezidhendi ane chiremera chikuru muzvinhu zvokunze, chinzvimbo chinosimbiswa nezvose zviri zviviri rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nomuitiro wenhau. Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinozviisa kuDare rinokudzwa), anogamuchira nhume, uye anobatira semumiriri mukuru worudzi. Munzvimbo yekotsekano yenyika, Purezidhendi anoraira mauto ane zvombo uye ane chiremera chokuraira chiito chehondo pasina mvumo isati yaitwa, kunyange zvazvo Masimba eHondo aida kuziviswa kuDare mukati mamaawa 48 uye miganhuro kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo.

Kuita chisarudzo chemiitiro yokunze kunotsigirwa neNational Security Council, iyo inobatanidza Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSangano, Munyori weHurumende, Munyori weMajeresa, uye vamwe vamiririri vakuru kuti vasarudze nzira. Intelligence Community, kubatanidza CIA neNSA, inopa Purezidhendi mashoko akarongwa anodiwa kuti aite zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa pamusoro petyisidziro nemikana yokune dzimwe nyika. Purezidhendi anoshandisawo zvibvumirano zvehurumende (zvisati zvichida kuti Dare reSangano reSangano renyika dzenyika dzepasi pose ritendere)

Nokuda kwamashoko ane chiremera pamusoro pegadziriro dzemiitiro yedzimwe nyika dzazvino uno, Department’s Policy Issues peji inogovera tsananguro dzakazara dzezvokutanga kwemibatanidzwa yeAmerica munharaunda dzose nenharaunda dzinoshanda.

Kudzidza Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Pasi pePurezidhendi navashandi veWhite House pane mibatanidzwa mihombe yesangano rehurumende: madhipatimendi, masangano, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende anoita basa rezuva nezuva rokutonga. Masangano aya anosiyana muukuru kubva kuDhipatimendi reNjodzi, navashandi vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri, kumabasa maduku akazvimirira ane mitezo mishomanene bedzi. Rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda mumubatanidzwa wechiremera chehurumende, nhungamiro yapurezidhendi, uye nhungamiro yomuteo womukati.

Hurumende yehurumende yakakamurwa zvikuru kuva madhipatimendi eCabinet (madhipatimendi 15 makuru anotarisira), masangano akazvimirira (akadai seEPA neNASA), masangano okuzvimirira (akadai seSEC neFTC), uye masangano ehurumende (zvakadai seUPS neAmtrak). Sangano racho rakagadzirirwa kuita mabasa ane chokuita pamwe chete richiri kuchengeta kuchinjika nokuda kwokutanga kugura.

Department of Justice (DOJ)

Department of Justice, inotungamirirwa neAttorney General, inobatira soruoko rwapamutemo rwehurumende yehurumende. DOJ inotonga mhosva dzehurumende, inomirira United States mukutonga kwehurumende, inopa zano rapamutemo kuPrezidhendi namasangano anotungamirira, uye inotungamirira gadziriro yejeri rehurumende. Masangano edhipatimendi anobatanidza Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drugment Administration, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemmals and Exlosives, uye U.S.Marchals Service Ser Service. Solicitor General, mukuru wehurumende, anomirira hurumende pamberi peDare rePurcificial uye anoita basa repamutemo mugadziriro yepamutemo kupotano yebazu rose rebazu rebazu rebasa rebasa rebasa renyika renyika.

Department of Defense (DOD)

Department of Defense inogovera mauto anodikanwa kumisa hondo nokudzivirira chengeteko yenyika. Yakaitirwa paPentagon, DOD inobatanidza Army, Air Force, Marine Corps, uye Sipa, pamwe chete namasangano akawanda edziviriro akadai seDefense Intelligency neNational Security Agency. Munyori weDefenti, musiri murwi akagadzwa naPrezidhendi, anotarisira boka apo Machinda eStaff anobatira semari yehondo huru. DOD's , mari inopfuura $800 000 000 000 000 000 000 (Z $, basa remari, vashandi, zvitopuregi, , uye kunzvera nokubudirira.

Department of Health and Human Services (HHHS)

Department of Health and Human Services inoshanda kuvandudza utano uye kuva neutano hwakanaka kwevaAmerica kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzinobatanidza kunzvera kwezvokurapa, dziviriro youtano, inishuwarenzi youtano, uye masangano enzanga. HHS inotarisira Medicare naMedicaid, inotarisira Food and Drug Administration, mari yokunzvera kwezvokurapa nemishonga kupfurikidza neNational Institutes of Health, uye inoronga kudzivirira hosha kupfurikidza neCentreal for Disease Control and Prevention. HHS inotambanums inotamba munenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica, kubva pakuchengeteka kwemishonga yemishonga kusvikira kumhinduro yehosha dzinotapukira.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Environmental Protection Agency, yakatangwa muna 1970, inoshanda kudzivirira utano hwevanhu nemhoteredzo yomusikirwo. Kusafanana nedhipatimendi reCabibinet, EPA isangano rakasununguka rine mutungamiriri anoshuma zvakananga kuna Purezidhendi. Sangano racho rinotanga ndokuisa mitemo mumiraudzo mikuru yemhoteredzo kubatanidza Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, cheToxic Substances Control Act, uye Resocial Conservation and Recovery Act. Nzvero yesayenzi, yomugariro wapasi, uye mibato inobvumira mitemo inosvika pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze enzvimbo kukuva kuchengeteka mvura.

Nokuda kwamashoko akananga pamusoro pegadziriro dzemhoteredzo, 'S Regate Information kupfurikidza neMituro peji inopa kuwanika kwakakwana kwemitemo, nhungamiro, uye zviwanikwa zvinowirirana mugadziriro dzose dzesangano.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Federal Bureau of Investigation inoshanda sesangano rehurumende rezvokuchengeteka uye renjere. Ichishanda mukati meDhipatimendi reRuramisiti, FBI inonzvera kuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende, tyisidziro dzechitsotsi, tsoropodzo, utsotsi hwakarongwa, utsotsi hwezuva nezuva, uye uori hwavanhu. Bureau inounganidzawo uchenjeri pamusoro petyisidziro dzechengeteko dzamarudzi ose uye inogoverana mashoko navamwe vehurumende, hurumende, uye masangano omunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nemimwe mibato yemaongororo yemaobhurokushandira pakombiyuta, mahofisi makuru enyika, ari mumaguta makuru munyika yose, anonzvera uye anochengeta ukama nevashandi vemitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Kuwedzera Kwemasangano Okupindirana

Hapana sangano rimwe rehurumende rinoshanda riri roga. Denho hurusa dzinotarisana nenyika yemo, njodzi dzeutano, kusagadzikana kwezvemari, uye kushata kwemhoteredzo zvinotsinhirana mumadhipatimendi akawanda namasangano. Kushandira pamwe kwazova chinhu chinoumba utongi hwazvino uno, nemiitiro yetsika neyakarongeka yakagadzirirwa kuputsa nzanga yezvisilos uye pfuma kuzvinangwa zvakafanana.

Kubatana kwemibatanidzwa kunoitika pamwero yakasiyana- siyana. Panzvimbo yedare reSarenyuko neNational Security Council mukati meHouse yeWhite Policy inoronga zvinhu zvokutanga ndokupedza gakava pakati pamasangano. Pamwero wokushanda, masimba ebasa akabatana, mapoka anoshanda pamwe chete, uye zvibvumirano zvokubatanidza mashoko zvinogonesa kugonesa zuva nezuva kushandira pamwe chete. Pamwero wemazano, vashandi vamwe navamwe vanobva kumasangano akasiyana - siyana vangagoverwa kushanda pamwe chete pamabasa akati kana kuti kuongorora.

Masimba Akabatana Ebasa

Joint Task Forces (JTFs) dzinounganidza vashandi, midziyo, uye zviremera zvinobva kumasangano akawanda ehurumende kuti vapedze tyisidziro dzakati kana kuti mishoni. Murangariro wakavamba mumauto asi wakagadzirirwa nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, mhinduro yekurumidziro, uye ugandanga hunodzivisa. Somuenzaniso, Joint Terrorism Task Forces dzinoshandiswa neFBI dzinobatanidza vapindi vanobva kuBato reHomeland Security, Bureaual of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firem, Firearmars and Exlosives, uye masangano enyika akawanda ezvokuchengeta mutemo. Masangano aya anofambisa zvivako zvemitemo zvinoshandiswa neFBIOLFCFCFive zvinogonesa kugovera mashoko nokukurumidza mukati mengororosa.

Masimba Akabatana Anoita Kuti Pave Nezvakanakira Kushanda Panzvimbo Pekubatana Kunoita Mibatanidzwa:

  • murairo wakajeka [ unosimbisa chiremera chakananga chokuita zvisarudzo uye unoderedza nyongano mukati memabasa akaoma.
  • Kupa [ kunobvumira masangano kugoverana zvinhu zvinodhura zvakadai sendege dzinoongorora, marabhoritari ezvemari, uye zvishandiso zvekombiyuta.
  • Chirongwa chavashandi chinopa mitezo inodzora basa chiremera chapamutemo kuita pasi pegadziriro dzamasangano akasiana - siana panguva imwe cheteyo.
  • [ Kugoverana mashoko kunodzivisa zvikumbiro zvetsika nechinhu chokunzwisisa izvo zvinogona kunonotsa kurukurirano yapanhambo nenhambo.

Mapoka Anoshanda Nedzimwe Nyika

Mitemo yokushanda yeIWGs inogovera gadziriro shomanene yetsika yokubatira pamwe kunopfuurira panhau dzemiitiro. IWGs inotangwa nenhungamiro yapurezidhendi, OMB, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvokutaurirana kukurukura misoro inodzorwa yakadai semitemo yokuisira, zvokudya zvouhwana, kana kuti nhamburiko dzokudzivisa uori munyika yose. Mapoka aya anosangana nguva dzose kuti agoverane mashoko, kuzivisa mapurogiramu anofambiswa, kuvamba magadzirirwo, uye kupedza kusawirirana paboka revashandi vasati vawedzera kuva vakagadzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

MaIWG akawanda anoita mishumo, rumbidzo, kana kuti zviito zvinozivisa kuita chisarudzo chapurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, Intergagency Working Group on Scientific Collections, yakatangwa neHofisi yeSayenzi neTechnology Policy, inoronga kuiswa kwemibatanidzwa yezvokurarama, magariro, uye zvezvinocherwa mumatongo zvakabatanidza masangano akawanda kubatanidza Smithsonian Institution, National Park Service, uye U.S. Gegs anoshaiwa chiremera chepamutemo chokuita chisarudzo, kurumbidza kwavo kunova noukodzera kukuru apo kunotsigirwa namasangano anotora rutivi.

Uchenjeri Hunogoverana Negadziriro Dzemashoko

Kugoverana mashoko chinhu uye mutyairi webatira pamwe. The Intelligence Community, inotungamirirwa naMutungamiriri weNational Intelligence, inoshandisa mhoteredzo inokamuranisa mashoko inobatanidza vaongorori mumasangano 18 akasiyana. Homeland Security Information Network inopawo nzvimbo yakafanana yokugovera mashoko asina kurongwa pakati pehurumende, hurumende, uye shamwari dzomunzvimbomo. Masangano aya ave achikosha kuti azive uye adzivisire kurwisa kwemagandanga, zviitiko zvemakombiyuta, uye tyisidziro dzoutano dzevanhu.

Kubatana kwemitengo kunoramba kuri denho inopfuurira, zvisinei. Masangano akasiyana- siyana anoshandisa gadziriro dzoruzivo rwemashoko dzakasiyana- siyana, mipimo, uye makombiyuta, achiita kuti kubatana kuve kwakaoma. Federal Data Strategy, yakatanga muna 2019, inotsvaka kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi nokugadza nheyo dzehurumende dzakawanda nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwemahofisi, kuwanikwa, uye kushandiswa. Kufambira mberi kwave kusina kufanana, asi nhano dzakadai seDzidziyo.gov uye kuitwa kwefandesheni dzeZvitendero zveExces for Expligiblic Act zvakavandudza kuject nokugoverana mashoko akaenzana.

Kuzvidavirira Nokutarisira Kwebazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Simba guru rakaiswa mubazu rinoraira mibato yakasimba yokuzvidavirira. Congress inorovedza kutungamirira kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, kusimbisa, uye muitiro wokusimbisa. matare ehurumende anohwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvokuwirirana neBumbiro remitemo nemutemo. Vanzveri vakuru musangano rimwe nerimwe vanonzvera kunzvera nokunzvera tsvina, kunyengera, uye kushatisa. Government Accountability Office, ruoko rweCongress, anoyera gadziriro yepurogiramu iri mubazu rose rekambani huru.

Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaita kuti tarisiro yehurumende yehurumende ive yokutarisira inowedzera, ichideredza kushanda kwayo sechishandiso chekuvandudza kwomuitiro panzvimbo pokubvisa hondo. Mitemo yokutonga pamusoro pezvirongwa nezvinodikanwa zvinoshuma yawandisa, pane dzimwe nguva ichiita mitoro yokutonga inodzivisa basa resangano. Uye mwero mukuru wehurumende yehurumende unoita kuti kutarisira kwakazara kuve kusingabviri: nezviuru zvepurogiramu namakumi ezviuru zvavashandi, matare anotarisira anofanira kuisa nokubvuma kuti chiito chikuru chokutarisira chisacherekedzwa.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame kwemitoo yomubatanidzwa yokuzvidavirira, Office yeAccounting Accounting Office yedate yebasa rayo nemibato inotsanangura kuti mabasa okutarisira musangano anoshanda sei.

Mupedzi: Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri Muhurumende Inochinja

Bazu guru rakachinja zvinoshamisa chifo chokutangwa kwerepublic, richikura kubva pachiverengero chiduku chavamabharani navatungamiriri veposvo kupinda musangano rinobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica. Purezidhendi papfundo guru retsika ino anoshandisa simba guru asi risina kuganhurirwa, anoongororwa neCongress, matare, uye ganhuriro dzomukati dzegadziriro yebureaucratic. Masangano ehurumende ari pasi peMutungamiriri wehurumende anodudzira mabasa avo omutemo uye anoshandisa mapurogiramu anotapura chengeteko, utano, uye chengeteko yemari yamamirioni.

Kunzwisisa bazu ravakuru vakuru kunoda zvinopfuura zivo yezvivako zvakarongwa negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunoda kunzwisiswa kwemibatanidzwa yamasanga, tsika dzenyanzvi, uye masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvinoumba mashandire ebazu. Vabatiri vehurumende vebasa vanounza zivo yesangano nounyanzvi zvinopfuurira muvadzori. Vagadziri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanounza nhungamiro yemitemo nemhinduro kumiuyo yokusarudza. Kubatanidzwa pakati paaya mapoka, kurevererwa nezvinodikanwa zvedare nezvinokosha zvapurezidhendi, kunosarudza kana kuti kudzora nenzira inobudirira mitemo inoiswa neChurganization.

Sezvo nyika ino inotarisana nezvinetso zvakaoma zvikuru — kuvhiringidzika kwemashandiro adzo, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, tyisidziro dzoutano hwenyika yose, uye makwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika — bazu racho richapfuurira kugadziridzwa. Masangano matsva, aripo, uye zvivako zvetsinhirano zvakagadziridzwa kuti zvisvike. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti mabasa ebazi iri achava akashongedzerwa zviri nani sei kuti vabatane nehurumende yavo, vachaita kuti izvidavire, uye vachaita kuti ivendudzike.