Kunzwisisa Basa Reganhuriro Dzebumbiro remitemo Pasimba reHurumende Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Miganhu yebumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende inoumba mavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi inoshanda. Kupfurikidza negadziriro, iyi ganhuriro inodzivisa kushandiswa kwokuzvidira kwechiremera, dziviriro dzamaruramiro avanhu, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazu rimwe kana kuti vakuru vakuru vanogona kudzora nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasina miganhu yakadaro, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inova muudzvinyiriri kana kuti mutoo wemhosho. Nyaya inonzvera mavambo enhau, miitiro inokosha, denho dzazvino uno, uye kupfuurira kwoukoshi hwemitemo yemitemo mukuchengeta udzori hwehurumende yedemocracy.

Ndedzipi Dziri Dziri Dziri Paganhuriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo?

Miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo miganhu yapamutemo negadziriro yourongwa yakanyorwa kuva bumbiro remitemo renyika rinoganhurira ukuru hwesimba rehurumende. Idzo dzinorondedzera icho hurumende inogona kuita neisingagoni kuita, kuisa maruramiro avagari vemo, uye kutanga miitiro nokuda kwemaitirwe emitemo, kusimbiswa, uye kusimbiswa. Iyi ganhuriro haisati iri zvikarakadzo zvawo zvazvo zvinomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare nemimwe miitiro yokuzvidavirira.

Chaizvoizvo, ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinobatira sebhuku remitemo nokuda kwesimba. Vanovimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chinodeya kuzivikanwa, chinojeka, uye chinoongororwa. Uyu murangariro unowanzonongedzerwa kwauri sehurumende ine muganhu [, uko chiremera chinogoverwa asi chinodzorwa nguva dzose nomutemo wakakwirira.

Chikonzero Nei Miganhu Yebumbiro remitemo Ichikosha Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Donzo guru reganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nderokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga pahurumende inonyengerwa. Masangano anotsamira pakubvumira kwavadzorwi, asi makuru anogona kudzvinyirira vashomanene kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzinokosha. Kudzivirira kweBumbiro remitemo kunodzivisa ikoku kupfurikidza:

  • Kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga norusununguko: kutaura kwakasununguka, kurovedza kworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, uye kuva woga zvinodzivirirwa pakudzorwa kwemitemo kana kuti kwoutungamiriri.
  • Kutanga kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba: Vakuru vakuru vanorangarirwa kuva vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza neganhuriro dzenhambo, kufunda, uye nzvero dzechisarudzo.
  • Kunzvera gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuvhara kana kuti kuhwirudzura zviito zvemamwe, kuchimanikidzira batira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.
  • Kubatanidza mutemo: Vatambi vose vehurumende, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vakuru, vanofanira kutevera miitiro yapamutemo yakagadzwa.

Pasina iyi ganhuriro, democracy inogona kupinda muicho vaGiriki vakare vakadana ochlocracy] (kutonga nemhomho(kana kuti kunongova bedzi kushata kuva udzori. Mienzaniso yenhau, kuvambira pakuwa kweWeimar Republic kusvikira kukudzokera shure kwedemocracy kwazvino uno, kunosimbisa kusashanda zvakanaka kwesimba risina kudzorwa.

Ukama Pakati Peganhuriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo Nokubatana Kwehurumende

Nzvero musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika inoratidzira nguva dzose kuti nyika dzine ganhuriro dzakasimba dzebumbiro remitemo dzinowana dzikamo huru zvikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika nemwero yakakwirira yerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Migariro yebasa reDemocracy (VDM) [[FLT: 1] inoshandisa ganhuriro dzemitemo kuyera utano hwedemocracy. Marudzi anochengeta paradzano yakasimba yamasimba outongi uye kuzvitonga sezvingabvira zvikuru achatambura kutora purodziro kana kuti kuva mukuru mukuru.

Nenzira yakapesana, apo ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoderera (somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokupambwa kwedare, mirayiro yekurumidziro, kana kuti kuunganidzwa kwesimba rehurumende (masangano edemocratic) anoparadzwa. Uyu mutoo unooneka munyika dzakadai seHungary, Turkey, uye Venezuela, umo kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakashandiswa kuisa ngwariro kusimba panzvimbo pokuriganhurira.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zveganhuriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kunzwisisa imwe neimwe inokosha kuti unzwisise kuti tsika yacho inoshanda sei.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoparadzanisa hurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiana: kugadzira mitemo (kuita mutemo), mukuru mukuru (kuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe), uye (kududzira mutemo). Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine gadziriro yaro rimene yemitoro uye harigoni kupindira pane mamwe pasina kunyandura nzvero dzebumbiro remitemo. Ichi chivako chakatsigirwa naMontesquieu uye gare gare chakagamuchirwa muBumbiro remitemo reU. Vavariro ndeyokudzivisa sangano rimwe ripi neripi neripi kuwana chiremera chikuru zvikuru.

Somuenzaniso, nepo mutungamiriri wehurumende achinyora mitemo, mukuru mukuru anofanira kuishandisa, uye vatongi vanodudzira mutemo wavo.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Mitemo nedzikamo zvinofambidzana nokuparadzana kwemasimba. Vanopa bazu rimwe nerimwe mano okuganhurira zviito zvezvimwe. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anogona kudzora mutemo, Congress inogona kukurira nzvimbo nembiri ne 3 , uye Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kubvisa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Féderalist Papers[, zvikurukuru Federalist No. 51 yakanyorwa naJames Madison, inoramba kuti miitiro yakadaro iri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti “kudavirwa kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa chinzvimbo."

Makepi nedzikamo hazvigoni kudzivirirwa zvoupenzi — zvinoda kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika netsika dzesangano — asi zvinoramba zvichidzivirira zvinobudirira zvikurusa mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri.

Bhizi Rekodzero Kana Kuti Mutengi Wekodzero Dzapakuvamba

Gwaro rekodzero idenderedzwa retsika dzerusununguko rusingaputsi hurumende. MuUnited States, kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga kuBumbiro remitemo kunovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro; dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari; uye ganhuriro pachirango cheutsinye nechisina kufanira. Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, dzakadai seCanada ne Hurumende dzayo dzekodzero dzavanhu nerusununguko (1921], kana kuti South Africa nepost-paration Constitution, dzinobatanidza dziviriro dzakafanana.

Kodzero idzi hadzisi dzakakwana, asi dzinogona kuganhurirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu maduku, akadai sechengeteko yavose (8) asi kuganhurirwa kupi nokupi kunofanira kururamiswa nefariro yehurumende inogombedzera ndokushandiswa nomutoo wakaenzana.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvinorwisana nebumbiro remitemo. Rakatangwa muUnited States nenhau yechiratidzo chenhau Mathbury v. Madison (1803). Chifo chedzedzero yedare yazova mupimo wenyika yose, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwayo hunosiana nenyika. Mune mamwe marudzi, matare emitemo akaparadzana nenhauwose uye anobata mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo bedzi.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunovimbisa kuti ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo hadzisati dzichingova bedzi dzinodzorwa nerondedzero. Zvisinei, kunomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pechinetso chinorwisana nehurumende: chisina kusarudzwa kuda kwemitemo yakasarudzwa. Uku kunyanduka kunodzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwedare noruremekedzo nokuda kwemiedzo yapamberi.

Mavambo Enhau Emiganhu Yebumbiro Remitemo

Pfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa pamberi pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno. Girisi yakare neRoma zvakaedza namabune ebustone akavhengana, asi mutangiri akajeka zvikurusa ndi Magna Carta ye1215.

Magna Carta Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Yakasainwa naMambo John weEngland mudzvinyiriro yakabva kuvapanduki, Magna Carta akasimbisa kuti mambo akanga asina kudarika mutemo. Yakavimbisa maruramiro akafanira okuita, akadai sekodzero yokutongwa kwakarurama nedziviriro pakuiswa mutorongo kwokudzvinyirira (kusungwa kwechisimba). Nepo Magna Carta pakuvamba akashandisa bedzi kuvanhu vakasununguka, nheyo dzayo dzakaumbwa gare gare nemitemo, kubatanidza Constitution yeU.S.

Zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko zvaMagna Carta, zvakadai sokuti “Hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo... kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika,” zvinoramba zviri mativi enheyo omutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Dzidziso Yokujekerwa Kwezvinhu Nedzidziso Dzenzanga

Mukati mazana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18, vazivi vakafanana naJohn Locke, Montesquieu, uye Rousseau vakakudziridza rondedzero dzehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Locke akarangarira kuti hurumende dzinoumbwa nebvumirano yenzanga kudzivirira maruramiro omusikirwo(hw), upenyu, uye pfuma (uye kana hurumende ikaputsa kodzero idzodzo, vagari vemo vane maruramiro okupandukira. Montesquieu akatsigira paradzaniswa kwamasimba akavakirwa pafundo dzake dzegadziriro yeBritain.

Chiziviso Chorusununguko Chinodzokorora mutauro waLocke, uye Bumbiro Romutemo rinoita kuti chivako cheMontesquieu chive chokufamba nacho.

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.: Chirongwa Chine Mitemo cheHurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Yakadzorwa muna 1787 uye yakanyoreswa muna 1788, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakanga riri kuedza kwokuchinja muhurumende yakaganhurirwa. Vagadziri, vanongwarira nezvose zviri zviviri udzvinyiriri hwoumambo nohusakakurumbira, vakasika gadziriro yehurumende ine masimba anonyorwa.Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba chaiwo akapiwa kuCongress; Tenumersion Restem achengeterwa mamwe masimba ose kunyika kana kuti kuvanhu. Chivako ichi chakavakirwa kuchengeta hurumende yorudzi rwuri mukati memiganhuro yakaoma.

[[FOLT:0] Mapepa eFederali anopa nzwisiso huru muvavariro dzavagadziri. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, uye John Jay akanyora 85 rondedzero dzinoitirana nharo nokuda kwokunatswa. MuFederal No. 10, Madison anotsanangura kuti republic huru inogona sei kudzora mapoka; No. 47, iye anodzivirira kuparadzana kwamasimba; uye Nha. 51, anoisa rondedzero yemipimo.

Kuedza Kwazvino Uno Kweganhuriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzapanguva imwe cheteyo, ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopfuurira kuumba chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pakutaura kwakasununguka kusvikira kumiitiro youtsotsi.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura

Kudzivirira kutaura kunoratidzwa nenzanga dzinosarudzwa nehurumende. MuUnited States, First Amendment inorambidza Congress kuderedza rusununguko rwokutaura kana rwokubudisa nhau. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kukusadiwa, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye kunyange kutaura kunogumbura. Zvisinei, miganhu iripo(kuitirwa masimba masimba, kusvibiswa, kusvibiswa, uye tyisidziro yechokwadi hazvidzivirirwi. Chinetso nhasi chiri mukudzora zviteshi zvemakombiyuta, kuvenga kutaura, uye kusada kudarika miganhu yemitemo.

Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, dzakadai seGermany neFrance, dzine mitemo inoganhurira zvikuru yoruvengo rwokutaura, kazhinji kazhinji yakadzikama mukurwisana norusununguko rwokutaura.

Dziviriro Pakunzvera Nokunyengedza Zvisina Uzivi

Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kwehurumende kusina mufungo nehosha. Ikoku kunoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti uwane zvibvumikiso zvakavakirwa pachingabvira. Kukwira kwoufakazi hwemitemo, miunganidzwa yemitemo, uye unyanzvi hwokunzvera kwakatambanudza mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa yezvakavanzika. Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Carparter v. United States (2088) yaidavira kuti kuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeserura kunoumba kunzvera pasi peGeneti Yechidhindo, ichida maruramiro.

MuEurope, General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) neCharter of Fundament Rights zvinogovera dziviriro dzakafanana pahurumende nokunzverwa kwamasangano.

Kodzero Dzegadziriro Yokupomerwa Neyokufanirwa

Miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo inovimbisa kuti vanhu vanopomerwa vabatwe zvakanaka. Mitemo yeshanu neTsatu inovimbisa mhaka huru, dziviriro panjodzi mbiri, kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara, kodzero yokutonga kwevoruzhinji, uye kodzero yokupa zano. Mhaka yechiratidzo Maranda v. Arizona (1966) yaida mapurisa kuti azivise vanofungira kodzero idzi dzisati dzabvunzurudzwa.

Iyi dziviriro inowanzoedzwa munguva dzechengeteko yenyika, zvakadai sokusungwa kwougandanga hunofungidzirwa. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatonga rasarudzazve kuti kunyange vasiri vagari vakachengetwa paGuantanamo Bay vane habeas corpus maruramiro muBumbiro remitemo ( Rasul v. Bush, 2004; BUMEDINE.[FLT]V[FLT]]

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Mumutemo

Kudzivirira Kwedzidzo kwe 144 Amendment kunorambidza kuramba munhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwavo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Chitsama ichi chave chiri hwaro hwemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yenjikanva, kubatanidza Brown v. muganhu weDzidzo (1954) kugumisa kuvigirwa kwechikoro, uye Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) [FLT] muchato mumwe chetewo wezve.Genestitutionsssss anosunda hurumende kubata vagari vose zvakaenzana, zvinoshayikwa nokururamisa kunosunda nokuda kwokurapa kwakasiana.

Zvinetso Kuganhuriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo Muzana Ramakore Ra 21

Pasinei nokuti mitemo yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda kwenguva refu, kunzwisiswa kwezvinetso izvi kunokosha pakudzivirira masangano anosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokutsigira Kutonga Kwehurumende

Muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatungamirira kukuedza kusekesa nzvero dzebumbiro-mitemo. Vakuru vakuru vanopa ngwariro vangaisa matare, kuchenesa masangano anozvimirira, kana kuti kufuratira mitemo yokutonga. Somuenzaniso, muPoland pashure pa 2015, muvhoti rinodzora rakapfuudza mitemo yakadzika nokubudirira Tribunal yeBumbiro remitemo neDare Rapamusorosoro kuti ridzore. European Union yapindura kupfurikidza nokunyima mari nokutanga kurangarira kwapamutemo, ichisimbisa kuoma kweuchangamire hwenyika nemitemo.

Kuvimba nemitemo inorambidza kuzviisa pasi pemitemo kunoda kuti vazviise pamwe chete pakuzvipira kunoitwa nehurumende; apo kutyora misengwa yacho kunopikisana.

Ruzivo, Kuva Woga, uye Kuwedzera Kunoita Hurumende

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunopa denho itsva kudziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvirongwa zvokuongorora zviso, kuzivikanwa kwezviso, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko nehurumende nemasangano zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro poukuru hweFine Amendment negadziriro dzakafanana kune dzimwe nyika. USA PARITTITTS AKAPAUSA pashure pa 9/11] masimba ehurumende okuongorora, asi chinjo dzinotevera nedenho dzedare zvakawedzera chengeteko nerusununguko.

MuEurope, Schrems II [ chisarudzo chakaitwa neDare roMutongi chakashayisa simba EU-U.S. Shield panzvimbo dzakavanzika, kuenzanisira kuti ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo inoshanda sei kukuchinjwa kwamashoko kwamarudzi ose. Chikamu chamapikicha chinoramba chiri imwe yenharaunda dzine simba zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Tyisidziro Dziri Kuwedzera: Ugandanga, Mishonga, uye Nyika Dzenjodzi

Apo inotarisana netyisidziro dzinovapo, hurumende dzinowanzotsvaka masimba akawedzerwa. MUrakatira weCHOVAD wakaona hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga dzoutongi hunosarudzwa navanhu dzichiisa miganhu, nguva yokusvika pamba, uye mirairo yenhomba zvinopesana padzimwe nguva nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Matare anowanzotsigira ganhuriro dzoutano dzavanhu muhwaro hwakarurama, asi akaurayawo nguva dzokusvika pamba dzakadzorwa, dzakadai sedzisina kubvumirwa nemutemo (jere, miraudzo yeFederal Constigational Councitional Court yeGermany).

Nhamburiko dzokudzivisa ugandanga dzakaedzawo miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Kusungwa pasina kutongwa nokusingaperi, matare ehondo evasiri varwi, uye kupfura zvisina pamutemo zvose zvinorwisa dziviriro dzakatangwa. Chinokosha ndechokuva nechokwadi chokuti masimba ekurumidziro ndeechinguvana, anobvumirwa nemutemo, uye anodzokororwa kutongwa.

Mirangariro Yakasiyana: Kuganhurirwa Kwakasiyana Kwakaita Miganhu Yepfungwa

Miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo haiwirirani muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Magamuchidzanwa akasiana - siana emitemo yehurumende.

  • United States: Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakasimba negadziriro yapurezidhendi, kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kwakasimba, uye bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa iro rakaoma kupera. Bhii rekodzero dzavanhu rakananga zvikuru.
  • Kingdom: Bumbiro remitemo risina kunyorwa pamitemo, mutemo wavose, uye kokorodzano. uchangamire hweParamende hunoreva kuti hapana dare rinogona kurovanya Mutemo weParamende, kunyange zvazvo Dare reMarudzi reHurumende raMarudzi ra1998 uye nzvimbo yeDare Rapamusorosoro inobvisa miganhu.
  • Canada: [ Hurumende yebumbiro remitemo ine bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kubatanidza Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Pasinei zvapo nechidimbu (Kuda 33) inobvumira Paramende kukurira dzimwe kodzero dzeTsamba kwamakore mashanu.
  • chiGerman: Mutemo waSikisiti (Grundgesetz) unosimbisa dare rakasimba rebumbiro remitemo rine masimba makuru. Zvitsama zvisingagumi zvinodzivirira chiremera chavanhu nenheyo dzedemokrasi pakugadziriswa.
  • India: Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa renyika rakareba zvikurusa rinobatanidza maruramiro makuru, nheyo dzenhungamiro, uye Dare rapamusorosoro rine simba. Dzidziso huru inodzivisa chinjo dzinoparadza musimboti webumbiro remitemo.

Muenzanisiro mumwe nomumwe une simba noutera. Gadziriro yeU.S. inogona kutungamirira kurumano; gadziriro yeUK inotsamira zvikuru pakuzvidzora; pasinei zvapo nechiito cheCanada chinogona kuva chinodhura mune zvamatongerwe enyika; dare rebumbiro remitemo reGermany rinovimbwa zvikuru; dzidziso huru yeIndia yakashandiswa nenzira yokuchenjera kudzvinyirira vatarisiri vanotarisira.

Nguva Yemberi Yemiganhu Yebumbiro remitemo

Miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati iri yakaremara. Inochinja kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, kududzirwa kwedare, uye kuchinja kwetsika dzenzanga. Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva(* kuchinja kwemagariro, uchenjeri hwokuisira, kudzora kwenyika yose) mubvunzo wokuti simba ringadzorwa sei ucharamba uri pakati.

Kumuka kwevatungamiriri vepopulist vanotaura kuti vanomirira “vanhu vechokwadi” mukurwisana navakakwirira vakadzika midzi kunowanzotungamirira kukuedza kubvisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Kudzivirira idzi ganhuriro kunoda kwete bedzi miitiro yapamutemo asi tsika yebumbiro remitemo (hwconstription) (vezvematongerwe enyika vanokoshesa muitiro wakafanira, kodzero shomanene, uye mutemo.

Dzidzo, zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, uye masangano enzanga anoita basa rinokosha mukutsigira tsika iyoyo.

mhedziso

Miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo pasimba rehurumende haisati iri mhinganidzo kukubudirira kudzora kwaro. Kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira, kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu, vanoita kuti hurumende itsigire. Kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira kudare guru razvino uno, mutoo wehurumende yakaganhurirwa unopfuura namazana amazana erwisano nesimba risingashandisiwi nomutemo wedemocracy nedzoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kusimbisazve basa reganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo zvinokosha zvinokosha kupfuura nakare kose. Vagari, vatemi vemitemo, uye vatongi vanofanira kutsigira nheyo dzemitemo dzinoramba dziripo mukunzvera uye rusununguko.