Kuisa dzidzo sekodzero huru panzvimbo penheyowo zvayo yenhungamiro yemitemo yenyika yakaratidzira chinjo inochinja mukukudziridzika kweIndia. Chifo chokuzvimirira, nyika yeIndia yakazvimisa imene somuvakidzi mukuru wedzidzo yenyika. Iri basa harina kungova rokutungamirira bedzi asi rakavakirwa pamurangariro wetsika, wakavakirwa pakuona kwemitemo kuvaka mubatanidzwa wenzanga, unobudirira mune zvemari, uye wakarurama mutsika. Kubva pakudzora mubatanidzwa wamasangano enyika anodzorwa kutungamirira purogiramu yechikoro chikurusaidzoro yedzidzo yenyika uye dzidzo inovimbisa pamutemo nokuda kwedzidzo yokutanga, rwendo rwenyika runoratidza zvose zviri zviviri kudisa chinzvimbo chikuru nepo. Kunzwisisa iri basa rinodisisa retsika, rinoda kunzvera kwetsika dzetsika, purogiramu dzetsika dzamatomubatanidzwa, zvirongwa zvechikuru, zvinodzokororodzodzodzo, zvinopfumisa dzidzo inopfumisa dzidzo yedzidzo yeIndia.

Historical Foundations: Hurumende inodzora

Nhaka Yakatanga Kuwanikwa

Basa redzidzo razvino uno rehurumende yeIndia harina kuitwa muruvara. Udzori hwehurumende yehurumende yeIndiya, pasi poMuganho waMonday we 1835, wakagadzira noune gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kubudisa boka ravaturikiri pakati pomutongi neaidzoro. Iyi tsika yakanga iri maguta, iredhi, uye yakaparadzaniswa zvikuru nevoruzhinji. Zvisinei, sangano revoruzhinji rakabudisa chiono chakasiyana zvikuru. Vatungamiriri vakaita saMahma Gandhi vakakarakadza Wardha Screary of Sith Education (1937), vachitsigira kudzidza kupfurikidza nebasa, kurairidza rurimi rwaamai, uye kukura kwetsika. Uku kupesana pakati penyika inodzorwa, muenzaniso wenyika yourudzi uye urudzi, chiono chinofambira mberi chakagadza nzvimbo yemitemo yakasununguka pasi petsikanogaro yetsika inopfuudzokororo ye18%.

Blue Constitution: Nheyo Dzinotungamirirwa Nechipikirwa cheNyika

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reIndia vakaisa dzidzo sechinhu chinokosha chokuchinja magariro evanhu. Chikamu 45 cheDirective Principles of State Policy chakarayira nenzira yakajeka nyika kuedza kugovera, mukati memakore gumi okuvamba kweBumbiro reMitemo, dzidzo yapachena neyokumanikidzira nokuda kwevana vose kusvikira vapedza zera regumi namana. Kunyange zvazvo chisiri ruramisiro, Chikamu ichi chakaumba musengwa wetsika newezvamatongerwe enyika. Chakaziva kuti hurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga isina revoruzhinji, iyo yakadawo kurava nokunyora nokunyora nokunyora pasi pevhuro. Bumbiro remitemo rakaisawo dzidzo paChikamu cheConnuctivel, chisaririra chedare rakaumba mutezo, kubatana, kubatana kwemitezotevedzero, uye kupesana kutongeta. Chino chenguva isati chapfuura.

Kodzero Dzakakanganiswa

Shanduro yeMitemo yechi 86 (2002)

Nguva yakanyura mubasa rehurumende yeIndia yakaitika ne 86th Amendment, iyo yakashandura zvikuru chidimbu chebumbiro remitemo rokudzora. Yakaisa Chikamu 21A, ichiita kuti kodzero yokudzidzisa vana vose vane makore matanhatu kusvikira kugumi namana. Ichi chiito chimwe chakachinja basa rehurumende kubva kumutungamiriri wehurumende achigovera dzidzo kumunhu ane basa rokutarisira mutemo wemitemo. Yakamanikidza nyika kuvimbisa kuti isangowana chete asi unhuwo, ecy, uye isiri dicricrine. Iyi yakanga iri jingidzo yamakumi emakore yedzidzo yezvo uye mitongo yedare ichiziva kuti dzidzo inopa munhu basa rinozvidavirira kuupenyu hunokudzwa pasi peChikamu 21.

Kodzero Yokuita Muitiro Wedzidzo (2009)

Akaitwa kuti ashande Chikamu 21A, Chiratidzo chaMarudzi kuFree and C Obster Education (RTE) chinomirira gadziriro yapamutemo yakakwana zvikurusa yedzidzo yokutanga muIndia. Inoreva mabasa ehurumende, zviremera zvomunzvimbomo, vabereki, uye zvikoro zvavanhu. Gadziriro dzinokosha dzinorondedzera basa rakawedzerwa rehurumende dzinosanganisira:

  • [ Zvikoro zvokuvaka: Hurumende inofanira kutanga zvikoro mukati medaro rakajeka kuti isimbise kuwanwa kwavana vose.
  • Kuziviswa kweCapitation Fees neScrening: Hurumende yakaraira miitiro yokuisiira pasina kuvhozhokera.
  • 25% Reservation: Zvikoro zviri zvoga zvinofanira kuchengeta 25% yezvigaro zvepamiteve yevana vanoshaiwa, zvinodzorerwa nehurumende. Urongwa uhwu hunopinza hurumende zvakananga mumusika wedzidzo yavanhu kuti itsigire kukwana.
  • [ Norms neMipimo: Mutemo unoratidzira mipimo miduku yegadziriro yerongedzero, reshiyo dzomudzidzisi, uye zvikwaniriso zvomudzidzisi.
  • Inopfuurira neComprehensive Exation (CCE): Hurumende yairaira kubviswa padzidzo yapamusoro uye kutora bvunzo pamwero wehwaro hwehwaro hwechiduku (gadziriro gare gare yakasununguka nemhaka yokuita denho).

RTE Act yakarondedzera zvikuru ukama pakati pomugari wemo, hurumende, uye mugove wedzidzo kupfurikidza nokuita dzidzo maruramiro anoruramisirwa.

Kugadzirwa Kwemitemo Negadziriro Dzokupfura

Kothari Commission and National Policies on Education (NPE 1968, 1986)

Kupfuura gadziriro dzapamutemo, nyika yacho yakavaka kuvaka kwakasimba kwemitemo nezvirongwa zvakatsigiwa pakati. Kothari Commission (1864-66) yakabudisa kuhwirudzura kukurusa dzidzo yeIndia, ichisimbisa zvakakurumbira kuti "kufano yeIndia zvino iri kuumbwa mumakirasi ayo. . Zvikarakadzo zvayo zvakatungamirira kuNPE 1968, iyo yakada kuti pave nedzidzo yakafanana (10+2 system), yakawedzera kutengwa (6% yeGDP), uye kusimbiswa pasayenzi nedzidzo yetsika yorudzi. NPE 1986 neChiitiko chayo cheDzimuchiPrejinga (Chikamu cha1992) zvakawedzerazve kusvika kutsika yehurumende kuBlackboard / a purogiramu yokugovera zvikoro zvedzidzo zviduku uye vadzidzisipo munyika yose, kuvhozhozhozhedza chinetso chokupinda zvakananga mumisha yokupinda munyika iri kure.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001)

Yakatanga sepurogiramu yemitambo yedzidzo yokutanga mupasi rose, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SA) yakanga iri purogiramu yedzidzo hurusa munyika paitangira. Yakashanda kuzvipira kwehurumende nokuronga zvakanaka kupfurikidza neVillage Education Committes (VECs), yakaisa pfungwa pavana uye mapoka akaderera, uye yakavaka mamiriyoni ezvivako zvechikoro nezvimbudzi. SSA yakabatsira kuvandudza zvikuru mwero wekuverengwa kwemari (GER) uye kuderedza nhamba yevana vanobva pa30 000 000 000 kubva pa30 000 000 muna 2001 kusvika kumitengo inopfuunika. Yaimirira kushinga kwemasimba masimba enyika kuti izadzike chipikirwa chokupinda munyika yose.

Kuronga Zvokudya Zvemasikati

Yakatanga muna 1995 uye yakaitwa yavose mumurairo weDare Rapamusorosoro muna 2001, Mid-Dy Mear Method Scheme (MDMS) muenzaniso unosunda wehurumende ichishandisa kupindira kwedzidzo kugadzirisa kunyimwa kuzhinji panguva imwe chete. Kupfurikidza nokugovera zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kumwana ari wose muhurumende uye mativi ehurumende, hurumende yakakurukura: nzara yekirasi, iyo inodzongonyedza zvakananga kudzidza; kunyoresa nokuderera kwakakwirira, zvikurukuru pakati pavasikana navarombo; uye kuomerera pakudya kwenzanga kwechikamu chenyika chavose. Yakashandura chikoro kupfurikidza nechiito chimwe kuva gadziriro yegarikanwo yavose, iyo inowanzova dziviriro yakavimbika zvikurusa yezvokudya zvemhuri munharaunda dzezvokudya.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2088)

Ichikurira kukamukana kwezvirongwa zvakapfuura, hurumende yakatanga Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, gadziriro yakabatana inofukidza dzidzo yechikoro kubva pasati pasvika stariyamu kusvikira kusekondari. Uku kwakaratidzira chinjo kunzira yokusvika kwechikwata choupenyu hweholitiki, ichiziva kuti kupindira kunofanira kupfuurira. Yakaisawo simbiso huru pavara, dzidzo yebasa, uye zvirongwa zvemichina zvakafanana neDIKHOSIA. Yakaratidzira kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kuti kusvika kwoga hakusviki zvakakwana uye kuti kudzidza kwaifanira kuva nomugumisiro wakananga.

Mutezo Wedzidzo weNational Education (NEP) 2020

NEZ 2020 ichinyorwa chinokosha zvikurusa chokushandura chezana ramakore rechi 21. Chinochinja basa rehurumende kubva kumutarisiri wakananga uye mutungamiriri kuenda kumutsigiri wefacialtator, mudzori, uye runako. Kusimuka kwacho kukuru kunobatanidza: kurongazve gadziriro yedzidzo yakakwirira (53+3+4), kunanga panheyo nokunyora nokunyora senzvimbo yokutanga, kuderedza sllabusi kumifungo yapakati, kusimudzira dzidzo yakakwirira, uye kutanga mudzori mumwe wedzidzo yakakwirira yedzidzo yakakwirira (HCI). NEP 2020 inoratidzira shandudziko yakafanira muuzivi hwehurumende "kudzidza", kubva ku "kuwana," kubva kuscreaia", kubva kutsika, kutsika, kutsika, uye kudzoresa kutsika kutsika kutsika kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kudzorwa kwechiedza, zvikurukuru kuumbwa nedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yepamusoro.

Kugona Kuverenga, Simba, uye Kururamisira Vanhu

Basa Rorudzi Rokudzidza Nokunyora neSaakshar Bharat

Basa rehurumende harina kutongovakwaniriswa kudzidzo yapamutemo. Ichiziva kurumidziro yokusagona kunyora nokunyora kwavakuru, nyika yakatanga National Literacy Mission (NLM) muna 1988. Zvose Literation Campaigns yema 1990, yakaitwa kupfurikidza nokusvika kukuru kwezvipo zvehurumende, yakaita budiriro inoshamisa mukukwidziridza mwero wokugona kunyora nokunyora, zvikurukuru mumaruwa avanhu vose. Saakshar Barat yakapfuuridzira iyi ngwariro, nesimbiso chaiyo pavakadzi. Nepo mano ehurumende okutsigira kufunda nokusanyora nokusanyora nokudzivisa "kuwedzera kusanyora" akakurukurwa, purogiramu iyi yakaitwa nevoruzhinji yenzanga kunze kwepurogiramu yechikoro.

Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao naMahila Samakhwa

Kutaura nezvereshiyo huru yedzidzo yave iri chinhu chikuru chenyika. Gadziriro yeBeti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBP) yatangwa muna 2015, inonangana zvakananga nerevo yereshiyo yevatano yavana nedzidzo yavakadzi inoderera. Kupinza nzira dzeboka rakawanda dzinobatanidza dzidzo, utano, uye madhipatimendi okubudirira kwavana. Purogiramu yapakuvamba yeMahila Samakhyya yakapa simba kuvakadzi vokumaruwa kupfurikidza nemapoka nedzidzo isiri youzivi. Izvi zvirongwa zvinoratidzira nzwisiso yehurumende yokuti kuwana dzidzo yamapoka avanhu vanopesana hakugoni kuva nokuzviparadzanisa; zvinofanira kuperekedzwa nokupindira kwakapararira munzanga uye kwezvemari kuti vashanduke mamiriro ezvinhu okumakurukota.

Kutapura: Kuchinja Kunoita Kuti Vave Vaduku

Muuyo unowedzerwa wemitemo yehurumende yeIndia wave uri nhevedzano inocherekedzwa munhau. Maererano netsandanyama yegore, mwero wokunyora nokunyora wakawedzera kubva pa18,3% muna 1951 kusvika ku 74% muna 2011, nefungidziro dzegadziriro dzinobva kuNational Frame Survey ichiratidza kumwe kufambira mberi kusvika ku77-80% mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Mukahadha wevarume nevakadzi pakugona kuverenga nokunyora wawedzera zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo uchiri chinhu chikuru. Gross E REAditing Ratiation Ratiom (GE) pamwero wezvikamu zvokutanga wapfuura 100, zvinobudirira zvinobudirira mukuvaka, kugona kuvaka, mamirioni anorovedza, magetsi, magetsi zvawedzera zvinoshamisa. India zvino inorumbidza imwe yedzidzo yakakwirira munyika, ne2 GERB. Mwero iyi itsika inopfuudzo dzinopfuuresa basa rokuvaka basa rokuvaka basa rokuvaka basa, kuvaka basa ramabhiri.

Agenda Isina Kushatiswa: Unhu, Kururama, uye Dambudziko Rokudzidza

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro isingarambiki mukuwedzera kusvika, basa rehurumende yeIndia rinotarisana nemuedzo waro wakakomba zvikurusa munzvimbo yemiuyo yemiuyo yakaisvonaka nedzidzo. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASTER), yakabudiswa naPratham, nguva dzose yave ichifumura "kudzidza njodzi. Nhengo inobva kumishumo yeASER inoratidza kuti mwero mukuru wavana vakanyoreswa muGrade 5 haugoni kuita mabasa ehwaro yemasvomhu kana kuti kurava rugwaro rwemagiramu Yechipiri nenzira inononotsa.

Dambudziko Rokudzidza Nebasa Rehurumende

Mukaha pakati pokunyoresa nokudzidza idikanwo huru yetsika yedzidzo yeIndia. Nyika yacho yavaka nenzira inobudirira zvikoro navadzidzisi vakagadzwa, asi yakaparapatika nokuvimbisa kuzvidavirira kwomudzidzisi, kubudirira kwomudzidzisi, uye kushanda. Mudzidzisi mukuru asingaiti basa, kudzidzisa kwakawanda muzvikoro zvomudzidzisi mumwe, uye itiro rokupedza kusanzwisisa kusimudzirwa utera hwegadziriro. Unyanzvi hwehurumende hwokuona kunaka, hunogovera rovedzo yomudzidzisi, uye kubviswa kubva mumubato wemubato wemubato wemubato kutsika dzinova muuyo unova mutengiswa.

Kusaruramisira Kunopfuurira

Chishuvo chehurumende cheruramisiro yenzanga kupfurikidza nedzidzo chinoramba chiri fambiro mberi. Kupesana kukuru kunopfuurira mu kuisa murakato (Mativi akarongwa eMitengo yokugona kuverenga nokunyora zvinotangira kuvamba kwetsika dzose), [[FLT]]] jiro rekudzidza [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[[FLT]

Kuparadzaniswa Mudzidzo Yakakwirira

Mudzidzo yakakwirira, hurumende yakatsoropodzwa kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwe "permits namalayisensi" mumitumbi seUGC neAICTE. Ikoku kwakagombedzera kuvamba kwamayunivhesiti enzvero enyika nemugadziridzo wakadzongonyedzwa. Kuwanda kwamakoreji ane mavara akaderera muuyo wakananga wegadziriro yakarongwa yakanangidzirwa pamiuyo panzvimbo pemiuyo. Chikarakadzo chaNEP 2020 chokuparadza aya silos ndokutanga mutungamiriri akazvimirira, anomirira kururamisa kukuru kupfurikidza nehurumende, kubvumirana nokusakwarambira kwayo imene kwenhau.

Mugumo: Mubatanidzwa Unotevera Wekupindira kweHurumende

Nyika yeIndia yave iri mugadziri mukuru wedzidzo wedzidzo yenyika. Kubva kumugadziri wechiono chebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kumushandisi wepurogiramu dzedzidzo hurusa yenyika, basa rayo rave riri rehwaro. Yakabudirira kuzadzika murairo wezana ramakore rechi20: kusvika munyika yose kudzidzo. Kuedza kwapanguva ino, kwakadzorwa zvikuru neNational Education Policy (NEP) 2020 uye mashoko kubva kuASER, kuri kudivirira kunzvimbo inotepfekerwa kwezana ramakore rechi21: kupfuudzo yepasi rose. Kudzidza [[FLT:] kufunda na [FLT] [mussvudzi] [FL:2], kusingawandiro, asi kunenge kusingawanzverwi, kupfurikidza namano, mwana aripoka, kupfurikidza nokukasha, kugona kugadzirazve kuvaka, kana kuti kugona kuparira kushandura, kugona kuparira kushandura, kana kuti kumuka.