Sumo

Ukama pakati pemienzaniso yapamutemo nenheyo dzinodzora kubatanidzwa kwebhizimisi hunobva kumutemo webhizimisi wazvino uno. Kwamazana amakore, matare akavimba nezvisarudzo zvapakuvamba kuumba kuti masangano anoumbwa sei, mashandire aanoita, uye kodzero nemabasa zviri zvevagoverani, vatungamiriri, uye mapoka echitatu. Uku kubatana pakati pokutarira nokubatanidza dzidziso yebhizimisi kunovimbisa kuti mutemo unoramba uchizivikanwa uye uchikwanisa kutsinhirana nezvekutengeserana. Pasi penhungamiro yakatsiga yenhau, chimiro chesangano chaizoshaiwa tsigingidziko iyo varojusi, vakwereti, uye vadzorwi vanotsamira pairi.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga Kwepamutemo Mundima Yechibvumirano

Muenzaniso wemitemo (yakawanda inonzi decis]] .Vatongi vanotora nzira yokutevera kurangarira kwezvisarudzo zvakatangira apo maidi enhau itsva akafanana zvikuru. Mumutemo wesangano, mipimo inoshanda mabasa akawanda: vanojekesa mitemo yakajeka, vanozadza mikaha mumitemo, uye vanoita boka rimwe remitemo inoshanda kumativi ose. Zvikamu zvinogona kuva [ zvinobatanidza (kuisa miganhuro nokuda kwematare akaderera mukati mechikuru chimwe chetecho) kana kuti [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]

Kubatanidza nhete nenhevedzano.

Muenzaniso wokuranga kutevera unobva kudare repamusorosoro riri mugadziriro imwe cheteyo. Somuenzaniso, zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa reU.S. zvinosunga matare ose ehurumende nehurumende pamibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo yehurumende nemitemo. Nhevedzo inobatanidza zvirango zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika, zviremera zvokumwe (zvikurukurukuru zvinopesvedzera mugadziriro dzemitemo dzakafanana), kana kuti zvisarudzo zvedare redare reSangano reSangano reMitemo reSangano reMitemo nere. Zvikamu zvedare zvinobatanidza zvisaririra zvamazano okupesvedzera kazhinji kazhinji kukurukura zvirongwa zvebhizimisi kana kuti unyanzvi hwokuvamba.

Basa Reobiter Dicta

Obiter digita(-) mapepa akaitwa mukupfuudza, haasati achigadzira muenzaniso unodzika midzi, asi anogona kuratidzira zvimiro zvedare pamusoro pekakavadzano dzenguva yemberi. Apo dare rapamusoro rinokurukura migariro inofungidzirwa kana kuti mirau yakafara zvikuru, magweta ebhizimisi namatare akaderera kazhinji kazhinji anobata tsinhiro idzodzo senhungamiro yakasimba. Nokufamba kwenguva, discipt inonyengetedza ingaomesa kuva mitemo inosungika kana ikagamuchirwa yagamuchirwazve nezvinoteverwa.

Nheyo Dzemaitiro Dzakaumbwa Nezvakaitika Kare

Nheyo dzinoverengeka dzomutemo webhizimisi dzakaitwa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare zvakatanhamara. nheyo imwe neimwe inoratidzira nhamburiko yematare yokudzikamisa mativi esangano nedikanwo yokudzivirira vakweretesi, vagoveri, uye vanhu.

Hunhu Hwakasiyana - siyana Hwepamutemo

Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa ndi Salomon v. A. Salomon & Co. Ltd (197) [ UKL 1[. Imba yaMadiresa yaidavira kuti kambani, yaipinda zvakanaka, isangano rapamutemo rakasiyana nevaridzi vayo. VaSalomon vakanga vatamisira bhizimisi ravo rokutanga kukambani umo akabata zvikamu zvose nedendertures. Apo kambani yakakundikana, vatengesi vakatsigira kuti kambani yakanga iri shamwo zvayo. dare rakaramba, kugadza dzidziso yacho yakaparadza pamutemo. Iyi muenzaniso womutemo wazvino uno uno uno unodzorwa kuisa bhizimisi mumigoveri wemari yavo.

Kuda Kutaura Zvakakwana

Yakasanowirirana nenheyo iyo vatambi vemitoro vanoganhurirwa kumari isingabhadharwi pamigove yavo. Mu Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co Ltd (1925) [[ UHL 1] dare rakasimbisa kuti mugoverani ane migove inogabura bedzi. VaMacara vari mumapango ekambani. Magirakivhariji yemapuranga muzita rake amene. Apo matanda akaparadzwa, danda rakarambwa nemhaka yokuti akanga asina fariro. Imba yaShe, yakabvumirana kuti kambani iyi ndiyo haisi mari bedzi.

Kupinza Mubato Wokudzidza

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rohunhu hwakasiana hwapamutemo, matare angabaya chifukidzo chebhizimisi mumigariro yakasiyana- siyana (panoparirwa apo kuvhozhokera, kunzvenga misengwa yapamutemo iripo, kana kuti kudzivisa njodzi dzinovapo. [[FLT:][FLT]]] Muchikamu chenyika yePruscurection Ltd v. Sampson & Lamp; Co[FLT:] (1960) uye nguva pfupi yapfuura [[FT:] Prodelt] v.[FFF: 5, NW] (20) apo zvinotaura mashoko echisarusarudzo anoshaidzwa.[5]

Mishonga Yeutachiona yeUltra uye Utachiona

Munhau, makambani aigona bedzi kuita mukati mezvinhu zvakataurwa musonganirano yawo. Mabasa kupfuura zvinhu izvozvo akanga ari ulvires (kupfuura masimba) uye pasina chinhu. Precedent pashoma napashoma yakapfava mutemo uyu. [[FLT:]]] Ashbury Railwary Carriage & Lamp; Iron Cottd v. Riche [18] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] UKL 1[FL:5], Imbary yaMasterss yakashandisa zvikuru dzidziso, kushaiwa chibvumirano nokuda kwemibato yapanze. Zvinyorwa zveUPUTS, kubatanidza zviteko zvechibvumirano zvePUP.

Nzira Iyo Zvisarudzo Zvokutonga Zvinopfuurira Kunatsiridza Nayo Tsitsi

Matare haangoshandisiwo zvawo mitemo iripo; anorondedzera mitemo nemienzaniso kuti apedze zvinhu zvitsva zvokutengeserana. uyu muitiro wemhindumupindu unosimbisa kuti kubatanidza nheyo kunoramba kuchikosha munyika yezviridzwa zvakaoma zvemari, mabhizimisi amarudzi akawanda, uye zvinhu zvemichina.

Kodzero Dzemunhu Ane Chibvumirano uye Zviito Zvinoratidza Kuda Kubatsira Vamwe

Prefect yakudza mano avapfumi vapfumi kuti vapikise zvisarudzo. Mu [FLT: 0] Fos v. Harbottle (1453] [ NEWHC Ch[[[FLT]]], dare rakatanga “mthetho mukuru wePinfect": kambani bedzi inogona kukwirira nokuda kwezvakaipa zvainoitwa. Mumitengo yapashure, yakadai se [[FLT:]] mahotera. [[2] Hange[FLT][FLT] [5]] [5] [1950] [5] na[FLT] mumitengo hurusa. [FL:]

Vatungamiriri Nekutonga Kwebhizimisi

Mutongo webhizimisi (wakagadzwa mu Slensky v. Wrigley[[1998]], 237 N.2d 776 (1968) uye Aron v. Lewis, 473 A.d 805 (1984)) anofungidzira kuti vatungamiriri vanoita pahwaro hunoziviswa, mukutenda, uye mufariro dzebasa rehurumende. Precegnesss. [FLT]]

Kudzora Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Zviitiko zvedare zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinosimbisa kujeka nomufambiro wetsika. Muwaya wePetpercorn v. [2021] uye nhau dzakafanana, matare ada mabhodhi okuzivisa mamiriro okunze ane chokuita nenjodzi dzemotaro nendangariro uye kurangarira pesvedzero refu yezvisarudzo zvebhizimisi. Nhevedzo kubva kuDelaware Court (g., [FLT: 2]] Mumutengi weIntermarkmark Inc. Derive Litigation [[FL:3]], 698 Ad959)) yakasimbisa kuti vatungamiriri vane basa rokutarisira kuwirirana kwesangano renyika yose. Iyi purogiramu inotonga munyika yose, inokamuranisa kudzora nokudzora kwomukati.

Zviratidzo Zvepasi Zvakaumba Kuchinja Kwazvino Uno

Nyaya imwe neimwe yakataura mubvunzo mukuru pamusoro porudzi rwesangano racho uye ukama hwaro nevaridzi vemari.

Salomon (1897)

Sezvacherekedzwa, Salomon ibwe renheyo rohunhu hwakasiana hwepamutemo. Chisarudzo chakaramba kutaura kwokuti kambani yomunhu mumwe idikanwo. House of Lords yaidavira kuti kambani yacho (kunyange kana iri pamutemo [1] isangano rimwe chete repamutemo. Iyi yakaita kuti kuwanda kwemakambani maduku, anosariranwa netsanana dzakaganhurirwa. Yakapesvedzerawo kukura kwamapoka emasangano esangano, umo mubereki namakambani echipareji anochengeta zvinoparadzanisa pamutemo.

Lee’s Air Farming Ltd (1961)

Mu v. i-Air Farming Ltd [ UKP1] 1, Priviy Council yakataura kuti mudzori mukuru wekambani angagonawo kuva mushandi wekambani nokuda kwemadonzo emari. VaLee vaiva negoverano yose uye vaibatira somutungamiriri mumwe chete uye mutyairi wendege. Pashure porufu rwake mukuputsika kwendege, chirikadzi yake yakataura kuti yaidzosera. dare rakatonga kuti kamba yacho yakanga ine kuvapo kwapamutemo, uye Mr. Lee angagona kupindawo mubvumirano yebasa. Uyu muenzaniso wakasimbisa kuti munhu mumwe chete anogona kupfeka ngowani yesimbi dzakawanda, mushandi anoremekedzwa.

Adams v. Cape Industries plc (1990)

Dare reEngland rePrevoration of Appler Adams v. Cape Instrustries plc [ NEWACIV 11 yakakurukura miganhu yokuboora chifukidzo chebhizimisi mumashoko emapoka esangano amarudzi akawanda. Vanyajambwa veAbestones vakatsvaka kubata mubereki weUK anofanirwa namabasa ayo eUS. Dare rakaramba kuboora chifukidzo, rikabata kuti kubatanidzwa kwapakati pezvipfuvato zviduku kwapamutemo uye kucharemekedzwa kutoti kune ufakazi hwenhema kana kuti chinangwa chisina kufanira. Uyu muenzaniso unodzivirira chimiro chamabhizimisi amarudzi akawanda apo anenge achisiya mukamuri renhau dzenguva dzakasiyana - siyana.

Basa Rokuchinja Mutsika Munyika Yose uye Muchinjikwa

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakawedzera kudiwa kwemitemo isingachinji mumativi ose enyika imwe, uye kazhinji kacho kunoitwa nematare kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya mumhuri dzinochengeta mitemo.

Kutsinhirana Kupfurikidza Nezvinoitika Zvinonyengera

Matare muCanada, Australia, New Zealand, uye mamwe marudzi eCommonwealth anodudza nguva dzose UK neUS zviteshi zvamatongerwo etsika pakududzira mirau yebhizimisi. Somuenzaniso, nheyo yohunhu hwakasiana hwemitemo kubva Salomon yakagamuchirwa munenge muhudzori huri hwose hwemitezo yeGenesal. Nenzira yakafanana, jurisipurence yebhizimisi yaDelaware inodzorwa, mabasa eboka, uye kugoveranwa sechiremera chinonyengetesa munyika dzakawanda. Iyi pibligation inoderedza kusavika nokuda kwamasangano anoshanda munyika dzakawanda.

Mitemo Yavagari Vemo Nepesvedzero Yomutemo Wavose

Kunyange zvazvo zviremera zvemitemo yavagari vemo zvisingateveri nenzira yapamutemo kutarisisa, kazhinji kazhinji zvinotarira kumienzaniso yemitemo yavose pakunyora mitemo kana kuti kupedza miganhu. Mirairo yebumbiro remitemo yekambani yeEuropean Union yakabatanidza nheyo dzakawanda dzakatangwa pakuvamba kupfurikidza nenhau, zvakadai sedziviriro yavagari vemo vashomanene nechinodikanwa nokuda kwedzimbahwe rakakwana. Neiyi nzira, zvisarudzo zvedare mumatare ose emitemo nenzira isina kunanga zvinobatanidza nheyo dzemitemo munyika yose.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nokuwedzera Kwemiitiro

Zana remakore ramakumi maviri nerekutanga rakaunza zvinetso zvemanomano zvakatangwa nemitemo.Matare zvino ari kurwisana nenhau dzine chokuita nezvinhu zvemichina, ESG (misengwa yetsika, yenzanga, uye yokudzora), uye zvivako zvemakambani zviri kure.

ESG Nebasa Rokurangarira Vachengeti

Nhamba iripo inobatanidza fariro dzezviwiriranwa kupfuura zvitsinhano. Mu Dodge v. Ford Motor Co (1919), Dare Gurusa reMichigan rakakurumbira rinozivikanwa kuti sangano rinofanira kuitirwa zvikurukuru kubatsira vamiririri. Zana ramakore gare gare, mashoko 2019 ebhizimisi rebhizimisi kunyorwazve kuti ribatanidze vatengi vose. Dare zvino rinofunga kana mabasa avatungamiriri achibatanidza kurangarirwa kwapamutemo kwezvakatipoteredza uye mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga. Delaware Revitiation Conservation in Corp. Corviation [FF3] [20]

Cryptocurrency, DAOs, uye Corporate

Masangano anozvitonga (DAOs) anodenha kuvapo kwegamuchidzanwa nemhaka yokuti havana boka rehurumende kana kuti kuvapo chaiko. Matare akatanga kutaura kana DAOs anogona kubatwa semasangano kana kuti sesonganiro asina kubatanidzwa. Mu O’Hagan v. SushiS Transtation[FLT:] [2023], dare reUnited States rinorangarirwa sengozi yeshambiso dzezango. Nheswo yenhau idzi dzapakuvamba ichaumba kuti purofiti yemitengo inobatanidza sei mativi okutanga, inozivikanwa zviri pamutemo semarusairwo eDOLCCC kana kuti pasi pemiitiro mitsva yewato yewaro. Basa redare rehurumende muiyi nzvimbo ino zvikurukuru inorwisana neyapaturo.

Basa Rokure Neutongi Hwoutongi

Dambudziko racho rakawedzera kushandiswa kwemisangano yemabhodhi kana kuti yokuvhota. Nhevedzano yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inobvumira kutora misangano yedare. Kutanga kwe2000 (muchib., Mure Foods, Inc., 2007) yakabvumira kuzivikanwa kwemagetsi nokutora rutivi. Zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakatsigira kuva nemuteveri wemiteveri, kupfurikidza nokuvapo kwezvipo. Matare ari kunzverawo mirangariro yemisangano inodongochekerwa yemisangano inodokuva yezvinenge zvinenge zvingagona kuita mabasa avo okutarisira kana zvikasavapo. Izvi zvichapesvedzera nguva yemberi zvehurumende inodzorwa yesangano rehurumende yebhizimisi mubasa rinoparadzirwa.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokutanga

Muenzaniso wemitemo unoramba uri musimboti wenheyo. Kubva Salomon kuumbwa kwohunhu hwakasiana hwapamutemo kunhau dzazvino uno paESG neDAOs, matare anoramba achidudzira nokuchinja mutemo kuti usvike mamiriro ezvinhu matsva ezvokutengeserana. Dzidziso yokutarisisa inovimbisa kuti mutemo webhizimisi hauna kubvumirwa; vatengi, vatungamiriri, uye vakweretesi vanogona kuvimba neboka remitemo rakabatana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kubatana kwetsika kunobvumira mutemo kushanduka - chinja pasina kudzongonyedza. Sezvinoita kuti masangano ave enyika yose, madhigiriki, uye maparati azive basa remitemo mumitengo inokura bedzi. Vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, vakuru vebhizimisi, uye vatengi vemitengi vanofanira kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwemitemo yedare rinotevedzerwa kutevedzerwa kutevedzerwa kwenhau iri nguva dzose.