Gadziriro yedzidzo yeJapan yakawana chinjo huru muzana ramakore rapfuura, namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika achishanda savatyairi vemiitiro inochinja. Kuvambira paMeiji Reformation kupfurikidza nebasa rapashure pehondo kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechi 21, kubatanidzwa pakati pepfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzidzo kwakaumba zvirongwa zvepashure pechikoro, zvivako zvemari, uye kusvika kuchikoro. Kunzwisisa basa ramasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika muidzi chinjo kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti Japan inodzikamisa sei tsika nowenguva yazvino uno, kuzivikanwa kworudzi namakwikwidzani enyika yose, uye kuenzana nokunaka.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare Enhau Epesvedzero Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Pamusoro Pedzidzo muJapan

Gadziriro yedzidzo yazvino uno yeJapan yakabuda mukati meMeiji Reformation (1868-1912), apo oligarchy inotonga yakatsvaka kubatanidza rudzi ndokuvaka nyika yazvino uno. Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika mupfungwa yokuMadokero akanga asati avapo, asi hurumende (yakaitwa neMeiji oligarchs uye gare gare dzidzo yeImperial Diet (925%) pasi peGenetive Redzidzo ya1872. Gadziriro ino yakasimbisa ruvimbiko kuna mambo namano anoshanda nokuda kwenzvimbo dzokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Pashure peHondo yeNyika II, basa reAssociated rakaparadza gadziriro yedzidzo yehondo isati yatanga ndokutanga chinjo dzedemokratiki dzakaratidzirwa paUnited States. The Fundamental Law of Education (1947) neSchool Education Law zvakatanga makore mapfumbamwe okudzidzira, konoloji, uye mabhodhikiti echikoro omunzvimbomo. Mukati meiyi nhambo, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akavamba kuumba ndokukwikwikwidza murairo wedzidzo. Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), yakavamba muna 1955, nokukurumidza kuva simba guru, nepo mapoka anoshora aQuejan Concissicist Partion Partion (JSP) uye chiJapan chiKomonisiti yeKomonisiti (JCP) yakavamba kufambira mberi, kuruboshwe.

LDP's henure( yakangopfupikisa bedzi muna 1993-19994 na 2009-2012) yakabvumira kuroverera mipimo yayo padzidzo: urudzi, kubudirira kwemari, uye nhevedzano yenzanga. Munguvayo, mapoka anoshora aipesvedzera nguva nenguva kupfurikidza nekurukurirano dzaDiet, hurumende yomunzvimbomo, uye dzvinyiriro yavose. Somuenzaniso, Masangano ezvizvarwa anofambira mberi eva1960 akagombedzera hurumende kukudza kusvika dzidzo yakakwirira uye kuvandudza migariro yokushanda yomudzidzisi.

Chinjo huru muma 1970 na 1980, dzakadai sesumo ye Yutori purogiramu yedzidzo (yakadzorwa) yakananga kuderedza dzvinyiriro yedzidzo nokusimudzira. Iyi migariro yakaratidzira bvumirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo Japan yaifanira kufamba kupfuura kudzokororwa. Zvisinei, kudzokera shure mu 2000(wave PLP Prime Ministeritumi(-retimro inoderedza kuedzwa kwetsika kwedzidzo yedzidzo uye kusunda chikoro, kuratidzira chisiko chapavhuru mudzidzo.

Mibato Huru Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedzidzo Yavo

Gadziriro yamativi mazhinji yeJapan inobatanidza vatambi vanoverengeka vakuru, mumwe nomumwe une pfungwa dzedzidzo dzakasiyana. Zvikuva zvavo zvinowanzoratidzira mirangariro yakafara pamusoro pourudzi, garikano yenzanga, uye kusununguka mune zvemari.

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

LDP yakaisa dzidzo yakagadzwa munhau sechishandiso chesimba renyika nokukura kwemari. Mitemo yayo inosimbisa dzidzo yokutsigira nyika, kubudirira kwedzidzo, uye chikoro. Somuenzaniso, LDP yakatsigira kudzokororwa kwa2006 kwoMutemo weDirusaro, uko kwakawedzera gadziriro dze "rudo rwenyika uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwetsika netsika." Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa uku kusimudzirazve kworudzi kuwirirana nenjivano yenguva yehondo isati yatanga.

LDP inotsigirawo kuzvimirira kwakawedzerwa kwechikoro, kunzvera kwakarerutswa (kwakadai seNational Association of Academic Accosuty), uye kubvisa kubvumira zvikoro zvechatabhu nebatano yesangano ramasangano. Mumubatanidzwa weAbe wechipiri (2020), hurumende yakatanga "Third Plan yeSclease for the Proventionation of Education" (208), iyo inogadza zvipfuro zvechiNgezi, STEM, uye tsinhanhano dzavadzidzi venyika yose. LDP's joinis joinis nemapoka ebhizimisi (** seKeidan-20).

Padzidzo yapamusoro, LDP yakaronda chinjo dzapayunivhesiti kusimudzira makwikwi enyika yose, kubatanidza "Top Global University Project" uye zita re "Soundation National Universities" nemari yakawedzerwa. Nhano idzi dzinoratidzira chitendero chokuti masangano akatanhamara anonyandura kuvandudzwa, kunyange zvazvo akawedzera kurongwa kwemifungo pakati pamayunivhesiti.

Komeito (Boka Rehurumende Rakachena)

Semubiyake weLDP wemubatanidzwa chifo cha 1999, Komeito anoshandisa pesvedzero pamuitiro wedzidzo, zvikurukuru panhau dzewirirano negarikano. Komeito akabuda musangano reSoka Gakkai chiBuddha uye munhau akareverera dzidzo yorugare, maruramiro avanhu, uye tsigiro yavadzidzi vakaderedzwa.

Komeito akasimudzira nokuda kwemari yakawedzerwa, dzidzo yepamusoro yechikoro yapachena, uye kuwedzerwa kwemari yezvikoro zvinobatira nzanga dzinowana mari shoma. Ichowo chinotsigira dzidzo inopfuudzwa nokuda kwavana vane urema(a musoro unosimbiswa zvishoma neLDP. Mu2020s, Komeito nenzira inobudirira inogovera purogiramu ye"GGA School Program," iyo inogovera chishandiso chimwe pa mudzidzi mumwe uye Internet inovandudzwa muzvikoro zvavose.

Nepo Komeito achigoverana pfundo reLDP kutambanuko yakati, rinowanzova rinodzikamisa zvikarakadzo zvetsika zvikurusa. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekurukurirano pamusoro pedzidzo yetsika, Komeito akaomerera kuti nhau yacho idzivise kudzidziswa kwepfungwa kwakajeka uye panzvimbo pezvo kusimbisa kukura kwounhu nomutoro wehurumende.

Constitution Democraticment Party (CDP)

CDP, chikwata chikuru chinoshora chakaumbwa muna 2017, nzvimbo pachayo sechikamu chesextrist kuruboshwe. Padzidzo, CDP inosimbisa mukana wakaenzana, kuderedzwa kwemitengo yemari, uye kusimbisa zvikoro zvehurumende pane zvimwe. Boka rinoshora kutanga kwemitengo yemisika yakadai sescrectors .

CDP yakaraira kusimudza zera redzidzo yokumanikidzirwa kubatanidza chikoro chesekondari chapamusoro (ma10-12) uye kuita kuti mayunivhesiti ose asunungurwe nokuda kwemhuri dzinopinda dzakaderera nedzapakati. Yakatsigirawo kudzokororwa kweChinyorwa cha 2006 cheMutemo weDP yakadzokororwa, ichitaura kuti chinjo dzeLDP dzakanyanyoita kuti zvive zvitsauko zvedzidzo. Muchikuva cheCDP, simbiso huru yaizoiswa padzidzo yorugare, kutsigirwa kwemhoteredzo, uye kufunga kunotsoropodza kunowirirana nemipimo inofambira mberi.

MuDiet, mitezo yeCDP inowanzomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemigariro yokushanda yomudzidzisi, utano hwendangariro yavadzidzi, uye kunyanyosimbisa pamusoro penzvero dzakafanira. Yakakarakadza mutemo wokuganhurira basa rinoitirwa kumba rakawandisa ndokuderedza ukuru hwekirasi (mipimo) inonzwika navadzidzi vakaneta veJapan.

Boka rechiKomonisiti reJapan (JCP)

Vatsigiri veJCP vechinjo huru yetsika yedzidzo yeJapan, vachiirangarira senzvimbo yerwisano yeboka neshavo yezvikwata. Vari kushora kutengeswa kwose uye kuiswa kwezvikoro, vachida dzidzo inobhadharwa pamusha wose kubva kukireshi kusvikira kuyunivhesiti.

Chirevo che JCP chinobatanidza kubvisa mitero yetsika payunivhesiti dzose dzavose, kufutunura chiverengero chavadzidzisi kuderedza ukuru hwekirasi kuvadzidzi 25 kana kuti vashoma, uye kubvisa "gadziriro yechikoro" inobvumira vabereki kusarudza zvikoro kunze kworuwa rwavo. JCP inotsigirawo dzidzo yorugare yakavakirwa muChikamu 9 cheMitemo ndokudzivisa kudzidziswa kwenziyo yorudzi ("Kingayo") uye mureza ("Hunomaru"), sechinodikanwa, ichitongesaidzosera pfungwa pavadzidzi.

Nepo JCP ine zvigaro zvishomanene zvenyika yose zveDiet, ine pesvedzero huru kupfurikidza nehurumende dzehurumende dzeruwa nepenisita (8) zvikurukuru muOsaka, Kyoto, uye dzimwe nharaunda dzomumaguta. Vatarisiri vomunzvimbomo JCP vakaita mapurogiramu ezvokudya zvemasikati zvechikoro zvapachena, pashure pekireshi yechikoro, uye miitiro mitsva inorwisana nezvokudya. Zviteshi zvavo zvemiti zvinowanzomanikidzira mapoka makuru kukurukura nhau dzetsika dzamagariro idzo dzingafuratira.

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Boka Rokuchinja reJapan)

Wakavakirwa muOsaka, Nippon Ishin no vatsigiri veKai vewirirano yetsika nechinjo dzedzidzo. Mubato wakasunda nokuda kwokubvisa mabhodhi edzidzo uye kupa mameya udzori hwakananga pabhajeti yechikoro navashandi. Uyu muenzaniso(wwn Name) muOsaka pasi paGavhuna Hirofimi Yoshimura `aims kuti awedzere kuzvidavirira uye kushanda.

Nipton Ishin no Kai inotsigira zvibvumikiso zvechikoro, mirau yakavakirwa pavadzidzisi, uye gadziriro dzokunyudza mumutauro wechiNgezi. Inozviratidzira imene sesimba rinochinja mukurwisana ne "hurumende yakarongerwa" yeMinistry of Education (MEXT). Mitemo yedzidzo yebato yakanyandura gakava: mubatanidzwa wavadzidzisi netsoropodzo dzinopikisa kuti dzidzo inodzorwa nederedzedzei redzidzo.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinotsoropodza, kubudirira kwebato racho mukuvhota muOsaka kwakanyandura masangano akafanana okuchinja mumamwe mapurisa, akadai saAichi naFukuoka. Pesvedzero yawo inoratidzira kuti mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika omunzvimbomo anogona kushanda semarabhoritari omuitiro wedzidzo.

Kuchinja Kwedzidzo Kwechinjo Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano anochinja musimba rezvematongerwe enyika — angava kupfurikidza nesarudzo yorudzi, kurukurirano dzemibatanidzwa, kana kuti varongi vomunzvimbomo — anochinja zvakananga chirongwa chokuchinja dzidzo muJapan.

Kuchinja Kwehurumende kwa2009 Nezvakazoitika

Democratic Party yeJapan (DPJ) yakatanga kutonga muna 2009, ichiguma namakumi mashanu amakore okutonga kweLDP kusingaparadziki. DPJ yakavimbisa nzira yedzidzo yakawanda yavanhu. Yakatanga gadziriro ye "Vana Yokutanga", iyo yakakudza pashure petarisiro yechikoro, yakagovera dzidzo yepamusoro yapachena, uye mari inowedzerwa nokuda kwedzidzo chaiyo. Zvisinei, DPJ's tenure yakanga iri pfupi kurarama, uye mapurogiramu ayo akawanda akadzorwa shure pashure pokunge LDP yadzokera kusimba muna 2012. Chiitiko chacho chinoratidzira kuti purojeti yedzidzo yegore renguva refu inogona sei kudzongonyedza kurongwa.

Kuchinja Kunoitwa Muhurumende DzeLDP

Mumakore a 2000 uye zvakare muma2010, LDP yakasimudzira zvirongwa zvokuchinja zvinhu zvakanaka, ichiendesa chiremera kubva kuUnistry of Education kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kugadziridzwa kwa 2007 kuhurumende yeOurce Education Administration Law kwakabvumira mabhodhi edzidzo kugadzirira zvinenge zvateshi zvawo mudzimwe nhau, kubhadharwa uye kubhadharwa mari yemari inodzorwa. Kuchinja uku kwakadzorwa murutivi nomhiyo yeLDP kuhurumende duku uye imwe rutivi nedzvinyiriro inobva kuvatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo kuNippon Non Kai.

Mapoka anoshora akanyevera kuti kupesana kwenzvimbo kwaigona kuwedzera kusiyana kwenzvimbo, sezvo manisiparati akapfuma aizokwezva vadzidzisi vari nani nezviwanikwa. Zvirokwazvo, nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mikaha yemiuyo yedzidzo pakati pemaguta namaruwa yakawedzera chifo chechinjo. Uku kusawirirana pakati pezvigaro zvomunzvimbomo nekodzero dzenyika kunoramba kuri kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dzidzo Yetsika Senzvimbo Yehondo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nhau shomanene dzave dziri dzegakava sedzosero redzidzo yetsika senhau yakarongwa muna 2018. LDP yakasundira nokuda kwechinjo kuroverera kutsigira upfumi hwenyika nerunako rwenzanga, nepo vashori vakakutsoropodza sedzokerero kudzidziso dzapamberi pehondo. JCP neCDP dzakaronga kutsutsumwa uye dzakabudisa nhungamiro dzedzidzo yetsika dzinonangidzirwa pakodzero dzavanhu nedzemarudzi ose.

Muuyo wakanga uri kubvumirana: Ministry of Education yakaita zvidzidzo zvenyika zvedzidzo yetsika asi yakabvumira zvikoro kugadziridza zvinhu. Mabhuku zvino anobatanidza zvidzidzo pamusoro pemisoro yakadai sokuenzana kwevarume, tsika dzemhoteredzo, uye ngwavaira kugadzirira (kuramba kuratidzira zvinobatanidzwa kubva kumativi akawanda. Kunyanguvezvo, mitezo yeLDP inosida inopfuurira kumanikidza nokuda kwezviri mukati morumano rwourudzi, nepo inonyandura ngwariro inofambira mberi kuLGBTQ+ nhau nedzidziso yetsika.

Miitiro Nezvinetso Zvazvino

Nhau ina dzinooneka: dzidzo yetsika, kubatana kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kushayikwa kwemasangano enyika yose, uye kushayikwa kwevadzidzisi.

Dzidzo Yetsika Nokuzivikanwa Kwerudzi

Kuitwa kwe ōkuta (dzidzo yetsika) senhau yegiredhi muna 2018 yakanga iri chinjo yechiratidzo. LDP inorangarira sebanza kukusakurira "mudzimu weJapan" uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwechiremera. Vapapati racho vakatsigira kuimba kwapamutemo kwenziyo yenyika nokusimudza mureza pamitambo yechikoro. Nhau dzinotopararira asi dzinomutsa nharo. Mukupesana, CDP naJCP dzinoramba kuti dzidzo yetsika inofanira kusimbisa mipimo yetsika yose nokufunga kwakakomba [ [Brimbs Sututions)].

Iyi rwisano inodzokazve nguva dzose, zvikurukuru apo vezvamatongerwe enyika vanokarakadza kuraira vadzidzi kupfugamira mifananidzo yamambo kana kuti kufunda Imperial Rescript on Education.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mukamuri Dzekirasi

Denda reCHOVAD-19 rinokurumidzisa kugamuchirwa kwemipimo muzvikoro, asi Japan ichiri inononozeka shure kwenyika dzakawanda dzeOECD muEdech convenciation. LDP neKomeito zvakatsigira pamwero mumwe kutsigira GiGA School Program, kuparadzira makombiyuta kuvadzidzi vose vechikoro uye kuvandudza intaneti. Zvisinei, LDP inokombamira pakushandisa ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti iwedzere unyanzvi hwokunzvera uye kushanda kwezvokutungamirira, nepo CDP neJCP zvichisimbisa kudikanwa kwokurovedza vadzidzisidzira mu Diturectracy pedagogy uye kuvimbisa kusvika kunosvika kunoitwa kumhuri dzinowana mari shoma.

Nippon Ishin no Kai inotsigira kushandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti igone kuita kuti vanhu vakwanise kutengesa dzidzo uye kuwedzera kuongorora vadzidzi, kusanganisira makirasi epaIndaneti uye mabhuku anonyorwa pafoni. Panguva ino, JCP yakanyevera kuti kuvimba nedhigirii remarikirini kungaita kuti vadzidzi vakwanise kutengesa uye kuwedzera kuongorora.

Kuchinja Nyika Dzakawanda Nedzidzo YechiNgezi

Gadziriro yedzidzo yeJapan yakatsoropodzwa kare nokuda kwokusawirirana. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anobvumirana pamusoro poukoshi hwokuchinja nyika yose asi anosiana pamitoo. LDP inosimudzira mapurogiramu echinjo nokuwedzera chiverengero chezvikoro zvechiNgezi pamayunivhesiti. MuAbe, hurumende yakagadza chipfuro chavadzidzi vamarudzi ose 300 000 panosvika 2020(a chipfuro chisina kusangana, asi kukwikwidziridza kunopfuurira.

CDP inosimbisa kutsinhanazve: inoda vadzidzi vazhinji veJapan kufunda kune dzimwe nyika uye vadzidzisi vokumwe vakawanda muzvikoro zvavose. Zvisinei, JCP, inoramba kuti kuchinjwa kwenyika dzose hakufaniri kuuya nendyiko yedzidzo yetsika netsika mukati meJapan, ichicherekedza kuti vagari vazhinji vokumwe (zvikurukuru vanobva China, Korea, uye Brazil). Boka racho rakakarakadza kurwisana nediscrinio rechikoro muchikoro chose.

Kuwana Basa Romudzidzisi Nezvirongwa Zvebasa

Kuperevedza kusingaperi kwavadzidzisi, kunosundwa nemiripo yakaderera nedzvinyiriro huru, kunotyisidzira mwero wedzidzo. Mapati ose anobvuma njodzi, asi mishonga yavo inokarakadzwa inodzikira. LDP inotambanudza zvibvumirano zvomudzidzisi, inopa mabasa okushanda kwemabhonasi, uye inopfavisa mabasa okutarisira kupfurikidza noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. CDP neJCP zvinoraira mubhadharo wepabhodhi remari inobhadharwa. Kuwedzera kwemibhadharo yeboka duku, uye miganhuro yepashure pechikoro.

JCP yakakarakadzawo chiziviso cherudzi che "perevedzo yomudzidzisi yekurumidziro" kudzoserazve ndyiko dzavose ndokuderedza zvinodikanwa zvokuedza zvakati dyikei, izvo vanopomera nokuda kwokunyanyoshanda. Mukupesana, Nippon Ishin noKai anoda kutanga gadziriro yomubhadharo wakavakirwa pafanidzo inowirirana nemhindu kumiuyo yavadzidzi (8) chikarakadzo icho mubatanidzwa wavadzidzisi unoshora nesimba.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi: Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedzidzo

Chimiro chenhau cheJapan chiri kuwedzera kuva noruwa, uye dzidzo icharamba iri nhandare yehondo. Udzori hweLDP hunodenhwa namapoka matsva akadai seCDP naNippon Ihin no Kai, govera rimwe nerimwe zviono zvakajeka. Demographic destric manani ari pasi pe15 aderera kusvika ku 11.7% yavagari vemo .Ichagombedzera zvisarudzo zvakaoma pamusoro pekuvhara chikoro, mari, uye zvokuisa pakutanga.

Imwe nzvimbo yebvumirano yebipartis inoita kuti dzidzo yapakuvamba youhwana netarisiro (ECEC). Mapati ose anotsigira pamutemo chikoro chekireshi chakasununguka nokuda kwa 3 kusvikira ku 5 zera ramakore, muitiro wakatoitwa muna 2019. Zvisinei, kusabvumirana kunoramba kuri pamusoro pokuti purogiramu yacho ichawedzera kuvana navana vaduku, uye kana kuti kubvumira munhu oga kuti vagoveri vemari inobhadhara.

Imwe nhau iri kumuka ibatanidzwa kwoungwaru hwokuisira (AI) mudzidzo. LDP inotarira zvakanaka pakushandisa AI kuvandudza kudzidza ndokuderedza mapepa omudzidzisi, nepo mapoka anosiiwa achinetseka pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemashoko uye kurasikirwa nokubatana kwavanhu. Chirongwa che 2024 cheAI Education chinobatanidza zvinhu zvose, asi kushandiswa kuchatsamira pakuti ipati rinodzora Diet.

mhedziso

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika muJapan akaita uye achapfuurira kuita basa guru mukuumba muitiro wedzidzo. Kuvambira panhambo yeMeiji kusvikira kusimudziro yapashure pehondo yedemocracy, uye kubva kudzoresa kwamakumi amakore kusvikira kutsika dzapamapato azvino uno dzakakamuraniswa, kuchinja kumwe nokuchinja musimba kwakasiya chiratidzo chakwo pane izvo uye madzidzire avana veJapan. Kushingaira kwaLDP kunomirira urudzi, Komeito kunanga pawirirano, musengwa weCDP kudzidzo yavose, chibvumirano chaJCP kutsika yezvipoteshina, uye Nippan Ishin hai requen rechin rechine.

Kuvadzidzisi nevagadziri vemiitiro, kuziva idzi pesvedzero dzinoparadzanisa ndidzo nhano yokutanga kukuyambuka nejeko rokuchinja (/a gadziriro inofanira kudzikamisa gamuchidzanwa nokuchinja zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvenyika. Gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro pedzidzo yetsika, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, dzidzo yenyika dzakawanda, uye garikano yevadzidzisi zvicharondedzera dzidzo yeJapan kwemakumi emakore anouya. Kunzwisisa masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika ari shure kwavo hakusi kungova kudzidza chete; kunokosha kuti munhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi mukuumba chizvarwa chinotevera chevagari veJapan.