Nhoroondo: Dambudziko Rekupesana

Pakazotevera chimurenga cheAmerican Revolution, nyika itsva dzinozvimirira dzakashanda pasi peZvikamu zveConfederation, chirongwa chakabvumikisa kuva chisina kukwana nenzira inosuruvarisa. Hurumende yepakati yakanga isina simba rokutera mutero, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzose, kana kuti kudzikamisa mitemo yayo. Shays’s Regation muna 1786 yakaratidzira kusawirirana kwehurumende yehurumende, inosunda kuraira hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvikuru. Constitution yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheGwaromende cha 1787 chakabudisa chinyorwa chinodzora chitsva, asi kusimbiswa kwacho kwakanga kuri kure nezvisingatati. Vatsoropo, vaidzwa saAnti-Fédalist, vaidhist, vakataura kuti Bumbiro remitemo yaidiwa yakakwirira zvikuru muchiremera chikuru uye yakanga isina chirevo chekodzero dzorudzi kuti idzivirire vanhu.

Makanga muri muiyi mhoteredzo yakapomedzwa umo Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay vakatanga kunyora nhevedzano yenhau 85 pasi pezita renhema reboka rokuti “Publius.” Rakabudiswa pakati paOctober 1787 naAugust 1788 mumapepanhau eNew York, idzi rondedzero dzakanangidzirwa kupesvedzera murangariro wavose nokuchengetedzwa, zvikurukuru munyika inokosha yeNew York. Federation Papers yakagovera dziviriro yakakomba yehuzivi uye inoshanda yeBumbiro remitemo, ichitsanangura chimiro charo, ichiruramisa masimba ayo, uye ichikurukura kutya kwaavo vakaaona setyisidziro yorusununguko.

Kuvakwa Nourongwa hwaPublius

Vhesi dzakabudiswa nokukurumidza, kazhinji kazhinji dzichioneka pashure pezuva rimwe kana kuti maviri pashure pokunyorwa. Hamilton, uyo akavamba chirongwa chacho, akanyora rondedzero dzakanakisisa(nzifie - honomendine). Madison akapa makumi maviri neshanu, uye Jay akanyora mashanu. Gare gare ruzivo rwakajekesa rondedzero dzakajeka dzenhau dzakawanda dzakakakavadzana, asi inzwi rakabatana re “Publius” rinoramba riri bvumirano yebatira pamwe yavo yepedyo. Rondefadzo imwe neimwe yakaita chirambidzo chakananga kana kuti rutivi rwakati rwebumbiro reMitemo rinokarakadzwa, kubva pakudikanwa kwomutungamiriri mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wedare kupuranidzo yedare nebazu rinotonga.

Munyoresi Wevanhu Nhamba 10: Kudzora Masimba Masimba Outsi

Zvichida inodudzwa zvikuru zvikurusa yenhauro dzose, Federalist No. 10, yakanyorwa naJames Madison, inokurukura ngozi yeboka raro(mapoka akabatanidzwa nefariro imwe cheteyo kukodzero dzevamwe vagari vemo kana kuti zvakanaka zvavose. Anti-Federalist yakataura kuti nyika huru yaizova inokombamira kuudzvinyiriri uye kuti nzanga duku bedzi, ine masangano angagona kuchengeta rusununguko. Madison akashandura iri pfungwa pamusoro payo. Iye akapikisa kuti republic hombey, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mhatsa huru zvikuru yefariro nemapoka, yaizoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kweidi ipi neipi yokuwana voruzhinji uye kudzvinyirira vamwe.

Madison akanyora, kuti: “ pesvedzero yavatungamiriri vanonyengera ingavhundutsa muNyika dzavo chaidzoidzo, asi ichave isingakwanisi kuparadzira mwoto mukuru mudzimwe nyika. Iyi nzwisiso" iyi , kuti ukuru chaihwo nemhatsa yeUnited States yaizobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri shoo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakapa ruramiso ine simba yetsika umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende, uye inoramba iri rutivi rukuru rwechiziviso cheAmerica.

Mugadziri Wehurumende Nha. 51: Macheki, Dzikamo, uye Gadziriro yeHurumende

MuFederal Federal N. 51, Madison anorondedzera mutoo uyo simba rehurumende raizoganhurirwa nawo. Chikamu chakakurumbira zvikurusa chenhau yacho chinowana pfundo guru regadziriro yebumbiro remitemo: chinzvimbo chinofanira kuitwa chokukurira chinzvimbo. rondedzero yacho inotsanangura kuti kuti kuitira kudzivisa bazu rimwe nerimwe kuva rine simba zvikuru, Bumbiro remitemo rinogovera bazi rimwe nerimwe nenzira yokudzivisa kudzorwa nevamwe. Chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye mapazi okutonga zvinofanira kupiwa masimba anotaputirwa. [[FLT] yakadai sedialveto yedare uye basa rapamberi murongedzero youdzo.]

Madison akatsanangurawo kudikanwa kwechengeteko yakapetwa kaviri nokuda kworusununguko: kukamuraniswa kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, uye kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende yehurumende imene. Iyi gadziriro yakanangidzirwa yenzvero nedzikamo inovimbisa kuti kunyange kana rutivi rumwe rwehurumende rukava rwakashata, dzimwe dzinogona kuvhara zviito zvarwo. Nheyo dzakarongwa muna No. 51 ndedzenheyo dzemitemo yeU.S. uye dzinodudzwa nguva dzose muzvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba.

Mupepeti Nha. 78: Kuzvimirira kwaJudicia

Alexander Hamilton’s Federal List No. 78 ndiwo rugwaro runokosha pamusoro pebasa redare remitemo mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Hamilton akataura kuti dare redare rakanga riri bazi risina ngozi nemhaka yokuti rakanga risina udzori pachikwama kana kuti munondo(iro raigona bedzi kushandisa rutongeso. Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwaro. Kudzivirira upenyu, Hamilton akatsigira nokuda kwevatongi vehurumende (mumumutoo wakanaka) nomubhadharo wakakwana waisagona kuderedzwa mukati mebasa ravo. Izvi, akataura, zvaikosha kugonesa matare kubatira sedziviriro inorwisana nomutemo kana kuti kudzorwa kwevakuru vakuru.

Nenzira inokosha zvikuru, Hamilton akaisa muraudzo wedare , simba rematare rokuzivisa mitemo pasina wirirano. Akanyora kuti kududzira mitemo iruwa rwakafanira norwechienzi rwematare.] Hamilton akarangarira kuti kana mutemo wakagadzwa nedare uchipokanidza Bumbiro remitemo, matare anofanira kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo seratidzirwo hurusa yezvido zvavanhu. Izvozvisarudzi zvakawana kutaura kwawo kwakazara munhau yenhau yemazaruvara [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] barbury v.[FLT3] [FG] [5] [183]), umo Mutongi mukuru John Marshalls akasimbisa pachena simba rehwirusarusa. Nezvo chirevo chirevo chinobatira senheyo chimwe chesimba gurusa rehurumende.

Pesvedzero Pamitemo yeU.S. uye Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo

Kunyange zvazvo maFederal Paper akanga ari mabhuku enhimbe akanyorwa kudzivirira kugadziriswa kwemifungo, ivo vakawana nokukurumidza chiremera chechienzi serondedzero yerevo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo. Matare, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, akaadudza mumazana enhau kuti anzwisise vavariro yeFramers. Nhau dzacho hadzisi kubatira mutemo, asi dziri pakati pamanyuko anokosha zvikurusa edudziro yapakuvamba. Mutongi Joseph Story, mu yake, tsinhiro paBumbiro remitemo [, anozvirumbidza se “tsinhiro yechiremera chakakwirira zvikurusa.

Dare Repamusorosoro Nemapeji Anoongorora Kushanda Kwenyika

Kuvambira paRepublic yapakuvamba kusvikira kuzuva razvino, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakatendeukira kuMapes kuti ripedze mibvunzo yerevo yebumbiro-mitemo. Mu [[FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], Mutongi Marshall anodudzwa naFederation No. 44 kutsigira dzidziso yemasimba anorehwa − pfungwa yokuti Congress ingasashandiswa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo kuti ipedze masimba ayo akarende. Mudare rapamhindiro. [[FLT:] muDare renyika inotonga.[19] Virginia[FF.[FLT] [12] [5] [4]], Dare rinopamhinda pamutemo rinogumisa pamutemo kuti rondedzero chinyorwa chapamhine.[4]

Mashandiro Okududzira: Kutanga uye Bumbiro Remitemo Ripenyu

Mapepa eFederalFenec Literation anopesvedzera zvikuru pakati pavatongi nanyanzvi vanonamatira kuustrist. murangariro wokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yapakuvamba yavose yorugwaro rwaro. Vadudziri vegamuchidzanwa vanowanzotaura rondedzero seufakazi hwenzira iyo gadziriro dzeBumbiro remitemo dzakanzwisiswa nayo panguva yokunatsa. Mutongi Antonin Scalia, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji akadudza mapepa echifreclest pamurangariro wake. Kune rumwe rutivi rwetsananguro, avo vanofarira “Bumbiro remitemo rinotenyurwa” vanopindawo nenhau, asi vanokomba kusimbisa nheyo dzakafararira sehurumende yeRepabulican uye simba rakaganhurirwa kupfuura zvikumbiro zvakatengwa navaFramers.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu uye Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Vatsigiri veFederali vakaraira mutengo wekodzero semugariro wokuparadza. Federalist Papers yakapindura kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti mutezo wekodzero wakanga usati uri usiri madikanwa bedzi asi une ngozi. MuFederalist No. 84, Hamilton akanyevera kuti kuronga maruramiro chaiwo kungagona kutsanangurwa sokupa simba rehurumende rose serisina kurongwa. Iye akanyora kuti: “ [Nei] kuzivisa kuti zvinhu hazvisati zvichizoitwa izvo zvisina simba rokuita?[FFLT:1] . Bumbiro reMitesitation rakapa rakapiwa simba rakaganhurirwa, masimba akaganhurirwa; simba ripi neripi neripi rakanzikwa kuhurumende, kana kuti maruramiro echidiviti, angataura kuti hurumende yakanga ine simba pamusoro penzvimbo dzinobvisa.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvirambidzo, Congress yeFirst yakakarakadza Bill of Rights ($589 inogadziriswa kwekodzero) yakatanga gumi (mu 1791, uye yakasimbiswa nehurumende muna 1791." Uku kukurukurirana kweFederalist Paper hakuna kukurira papfundo iri, asi yakaumba mutauro unopedzisira wataurwa paNight - Reformation, uyo unoti kuiswa kwekodzero dzakati “hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vaitwi navanhu.." Uku kugadziriswa kweitiro hanya kunosimbiswa zvakananga Hamilton muFederalist No. 84. Uyezve, rondedzero dzekusimbisa dziviriro kwemasangano emasimba anodzivirira, ehurumende, ehurumende, ezvokuongorora uye chiyero chakaenzana, uye kudzivirirwa nenzira inodzongedzero.

Kugadziridzwa Kwaizoitwa Gare gare uye Kuwedzerwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Nheyo dzakarongwa muFederalist Papers dzakapesvedzerawo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwapashure. Reconstructon Amendments (Thineth, 145, uye 15th) dzakashandura ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, kuchitambanudzira dziviriro yehurumende kukodzero dzayo mukurwisana nehurumende. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Nhengo yeChibvumirano cheGauriro chaNineirema ku “kubatanidza” zvizhinjisa hvuru hweBill of Rights, kuiishandisa kuhurumende. Muitiro uyu wokusarudza une midzi yawo muchiono chehurumende yeFrederation inogona kudzivirira kodzero huru dzavagari vemo apo hurumende inokundikana kuita saizvozvo. Makurukota acho pamusoro pekudikanwa yehurumende yehurumende yakasimba kuti asununge achengetedze pamutemo yehurumende.

Kuzvidzwa Kwazvino Uno uye Kupfuurira Kupokanidzana

Federal List Papers haasati achingovawo zvawo zvigadzirwa zvenhau; zvinoramba zviri rutivi rwenharo dzenguva imwe cheteyo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi, mitezo yeCongress, uye vatongi vanopfuurira kuzvinokora mashoko mukutsigira nzvimbo dzavo. Nhau dzakakumbirwa mukurukurirano pamusoro pesimba rehurumende (zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga, 70), ukoshi hwechikamu chebhizimisi (Nha. 42), basa reDare (Nhauni yaVarwi, No. 62-63), uye ganhuriro dzakafanira dzehwirudzurudzuro yedare. Muzana ramakore makumi maviri neri, nyanzvi dzakanzverazve mapepa echibvumirano mumugariro wechengeteko wehurumende, wehurumende, uye mugariro wokutarisira. Somuenzaniso, No. 51 kazhinji vanotsinhirano vanotsinhirana kukura kwesimba remitemo yemitemo. Nemhaka yenhau yehurumende inodzokororo inodzorwa musimba rePromeotemptics.

Kunetseka Nezvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Nepo Federalist Papers ichiremekedzwa zvikuru, haisati iri isina kutsoropodzwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti nhau dzacho dzakanga dzakagadzirirwa kukunda hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye naizvozvo hadzifaniri kubatwa serondedzero dzisina kutsiviwa dzebumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanocherekedza kuti chiono chavanyori chakaumbwa nefungidziro dzenguva yavo, kubatanidza kugamuchira uranda. Bumbiro remitemo iro Federali Pepas rakareverera vanhu vakasungwa savatatu kana kuti vanhu vomunhu nokuda kwedonzo romufananidzo, uye rondedzero dzacho dzimene dzinotaura zvishomanene pamusoro pegadziriro youranda. Uku kunyangira uku kwakatungamirira vamwe kupanikira kuva nomutemo kutsanangura muganhu webumbiro remitemo munzanga yakasiana - . Kunyanguvezvo, kunyange zvakadaro, vatsoropotendi vanobvuma simba rinogara pamusoro penhau pamusoro penhau, uye muganhu wokuzvimiriri.

Mashoko Anokosha Nezvidzidzo Zvawo Zvinogara

Kunzwisisa zvizere basa reFederalist Papers mukuumba mitemo nekodzero zveUnited States, kunobetsera kunangidzira ngwariro panhau huru dzinoverengeka kupfuura trio yakakurumbira. Federallist No. 9, rakanyorwa naHamilton, inokurukura kushanda kweUnion sedziviriro panzvimbo yeboka renyika nengozi yokumwe. Nhamba 23 dzinotaura nezvokudikanwa kwehurumende ine simba rakakwana rokugovera dziviriro. No. 6263 neMasson, dzinorondedzera unhu hwehurumende itsva, dzinosimbisa kuti inyika yose yorudzi uye ihurumende. Nhaka. 47 inonzvera kuparadzanya masimba, nepo nepo inonyevera pamusoro pekupindirana. Nhamba inopesana. Nhamba 640 inotsanangura basa reDare.

  • [[[Nhamba: 0] Murongi Nha. 9 - Kushandiswa kweUnion sedziviriro pakusabatana nokumukira.
  • [ Munyorero Nha. 10 – Ngozi dzedi uye betsero dzehurumende huru.
  • [ Murongi Nha. 39 – Yakavhengana, rutivi rutivi rwamagariro ehurumende uye rutivi rutivi.
  • [[[DHAKA: 0] Murongi Nhaka. 51 - cheki nechiyero, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye chengeteko yakapetwa kaviri yorusununguko.
  • [[[NHAU]] Murongi Nha. 70 – Kudikanwa kwomutungamiriri mumwe, ane simba.
  • [[[FOL:0] Murongi Nha. 78 – Kuzvimirira kwedare remhosva nesimba rokuongorora.
  • [[[DHAKA:0] Munyorero Nha. 84 – Bhegimendiss kupepa rekodzero nerokuronga masimba.

Kubatsira Kwedzidzo Nekuberekana

Federalist Papers hadzisati dziri bedzi dzamagweta navatongi; idzo dzinogoverwa zvakafara mumakosi ekoreji pahurumende yeAmerica, rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Dzinogovera vadzidzi hwindo rakananga munharo dzakaumba kutanga kwenyika. Masangano akadai se National Archives uye [[FLT:] Ribrary yeCongress [ inopa mibato yemichina yemichina yedzidzo. Mabhuku anokoshawo akatanhamara muzvirongwa zvehurumende zvinorongwa zvehurumende zvinosimudzira nzwisiso yeBumbiro remitemo. Munhambo yokuwedzera, maFocractic parates anobatira sechiyeuchidzo maFrames akarongwa nenzira yamaumbikirwo egadziriro yetsikano mugadziriro yapanguro yetsika kuidzoronze.

Mupeto: Nheyo Yakavakirwa Mutemo weAmerica

Federal List Papers inoramba iri chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa nheyo dzapamutemo nedzouzivi dzeUnited States. Vakaumba gakava pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemicheka, vakagovera ruramiso yengano yemagamuchidzanwa eBumbiro reMitemo, uye vanopfuurira kupesvedzera kududzirwa kwemitemo nedziviriro yekodzero. Njere dzehurumende, ngozi dzechaunga, kudikanwa kwechekeso nedzikamo, uye basa redare ramajaridhia anozvimirira zvakaenzana nezvazvakanga zvakaita muma1780. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo rakagadziriswa uye rakatsanangurwazve kwamazana maviri amakore, nheyo huru dzinosimudzwa naPublius dzinoramba dziripo mudhuri wemitemo yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, mashoko akazara eFederalist Papers anowanika kupfurikidza ne Canfor.gov retsipa mapeji ne Avanon Project paYale Law School. Zvinhu izvi zvinobvumira varavi kunzvera rondedzero dzapakuvamba muudzodzi hwavo uye kuronda pesvedzero yadzo pazvinoitika zvemitemo zvinotevera.