Table of Contents

Dare rehurumende rinomirira imwe yembiru nhatu dzinokosha dzehurumende yeUnited States, dzinobatira sebazu rinotonga iro rinorondedzera mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinodzivirira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa basa negadziriro zvamatare ehurumende zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti basa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica rinoitwa sei uye kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei pamwero wenyika. Aya matare anoshandisa simba rinokosha mukuumba mitoo yapamutemo, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuchengeta dzikamo yakakomba yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende.

Tsika Yebumbiro Remitemo Rematare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende akaumbwa muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo kuti ashandise ruramisiro nenzira yakaenzana uye isina kusarura, mukati mesimba rakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo neDare. Article III, Chikamu I chinotaura kuti "Simba rorutongeso reUnited States, richaiswa muDare rimwe gurusa, uye muMatare akaderera akadaro seCongress angapiwa nguva nenguva ndokutangwa".

Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakatanga gadziriro yechienzi yegadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica. Dare Gurusa idare bedzi rehurumende rakatangwa zvakajeka neBumbiro reMitemo, nepo Congress yakapiwa chiremera chokuumba matare akaderera sezvinodikanwa. Iyi gadziriro yakaratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwokungwarira pakati pavaFramers, avo vakakurukura zvikuru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira negadziriro yedare rehurumende rejajidia.

Mukati mamazuva apakuvamba eFederal Convention muna 1787, nhume dzakabvumirana kuti gadziriro yadzo yehurumende itsva yaizobatanidza dare rehurumende renyika, uye Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chakanyoresa kuti zhizha racho rakavamba Dare Rapamusorosoro ndokusiirwa kuCongress kusarudza kana mamwe matare ehurumende aizova rutivi rwejaji renyika itsva. Ichi chisarudzo chakadzikamisa kudikanwa kwegadziriro yakasimba yedare rehurumende ine itiro hanya pamusoro pokuva nesimba rakanyanyokosha muhurumende yorudzi.

Mutongo waVafundisi wa 1789

Congress yakatanga kushandisa simba iri muMurayiro weJudiciary Act wa1789, wakaumba Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rine vatongi vatanhatu ndokutanga gadziriro yedare rehurumende yakaderera. Iri mutemo wakatanhamara wakaisa hwaro hwedare redare rehurumende sezvatinoziva nhasi, uchiumba gadziriro ine mativi matatu yakavapo asi yakachengeta chimiro charo chikuru kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri.

Murayiro weJudiciary Act wa 1789 wakanga uri chiitiko chinokosha munhau yegadziriro yokutonga yeUnited States, uchitanga gadziriro noutongi hwedare rehurumende, kuchiguma nokuumbwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikuru nematare matanhatu, matare amaruwa ane gumi namatatu, uye matare matatu amatunhu.

Zvirongwa Zvinotsigira zveDare Rehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoshanda segadziriro yedare yakatanhamara ine mwero mikuru mitatu, rimwe nerimwe richiita mabasa akasiyana mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Sangano iri rinovimbisa kuti mhaka dzinonzwiwa pamwero wakakodzera uye rinogovera miitiro yokuhwirudzura nokukwirira.

Matare Oruwa eUnited States: Mwero Wokutongwa

Matare 94 oruwa kana kuti edare redare reruwa reU.S. matare aya anobatira senheyo yegadziriro yedare redare rehurumende, umo mhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende dzinovamba. matare eruwa anopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo.

Dare reruwa reUnited States matare okutonga edare rehurumende, uye mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa neCongress neBumbiro reMitemo, matare oruwa ane chiremera chokunzwa anodokuva mapoka ose emhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi. Aya matare anotonga chinhu chiri chose kubva kumhosva dzoutsotsi dzemhosva dzehurumende kusvikira kumhosva dzehurumende dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende kana kuti mhatsa yevagari vemo.

Dare reruwa rimwe nerimwe rine anenge mumwe Mutongi weruwa weUnited States, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare nokuda kweshoko roupenyu. Zvebasa, maruwa makuru zvikuru angava navatongi vazhinji kuti vatakure mhaka yacho. Vatongi vedare reruwa vanotungamirira pamsoro pemitongo, kutonga pamibato, vanokwanisa kuwana, uye kubudisa rutongeso. Ivo ndivo vanowana maidi mutsika yomubatanidzwa, vachisarudza chaizvoizvo chakaitika mumhaka dzenhau dzakapokanidzwa kupfurikidza nokuedzwa, chipupuriro, uye mharidzo youchapupu.

Matare oruwa anoshandisawo vatongi vamajaji vanobetsera namabasa akasiana - siana okutonga. Muna 1968, Congress yakabvumira matare oruwa kugadza vatongi (zita rokuremekedza rakachinjwa kuva "mutongi anonyoresa" muna 1990). Ava vakuru vakuru vanotonga vanobata nhau dzokutanga, vanotungamirira nhau dzokutanga mumhaka dzoutsotsi, uye vangatoita matare nemvumo dzamapoka.

Dare Rokukwirira reUnited States: Sayenzi Yepabonde Yepanyika

Dare redare repamusorosoro reUnited States rine matare 13 anogara pasi peDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, uye anonzi matare okukwirira.

Maruwa makumi mapfumbamwe namapfumbamwe ane zvikamu zvina zvokutonga zvinoumbwa nematare 13 apakati ehurumende anozivikanwa seDare reZvikwiro reUnited States, pane dzimwe nguva rinonongedzerwa kwariri sematare ehurumende enharaunda. aya matare anonzwa denho kuchisarudzo chedare chakaderera chedare reRefulet reU.S. chiri mukati medunhu, pamwe chete nokukwirira kunobva muzvisarudzo zvemasangano ehurumende, zvakadai sematare echengeteko yenzanga kana kuti matare okubhurotsa.

Basa redare redare redare rinopa mashoko nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rinodzora rehurumende. Kusafanana nematare eruwa, matare ekwidza haaiti nyaya itsva kana kuti kunzwa uchapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, anoongorora chinyorwa chacho kubva kudare rakaderera, anonzvera mipfupi yakanyorwa kubva kumapato, uye kazhinji kazhinji anonzwa zvibvumikiso zvokutaura zvinobva kugweta.

Kune matunhu ane gumi namaviri akavakirwa panzvimbo dzapasi nedunhu rimwe rehurumende rine udzori hwehurumende munyika yose hwokunzwa zvikumbiro munhau chaidzoidzo, zvakadai seizvo zvinobatanidza mitemo ine unissi, uye nhau dzinosarudzwa neDare reNyika reNyika reNyika yose reUnited States. Matunhu eProcture anoverengwa Kutanga kusvikira ku115, kubatanidza District of Columbia Centreares. Court of the Federal Treartle ine simba rokunzwa zvikumbiro mumhaka dzakati, zvakadai seidzo dzinobatanidza mitemo yekodzero nenhau zvakasarudzwa neDare reInternational Trade and the Courters of Federations.

Dare redunhu rimwe nerimwe rine vatongi vazhinji, kubva pavatanhatu paForverst paNhambo Yokutanga kusvikira kumakumi maviri nemana paNyn Territor. Kukwirira kumatare edunhu kunotanga kunzwiwa neboka, rakaumbwa navatongi vatatu vedare redunhu. Mumhaka dzisingawanzoitiki dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikuru, dare rose ringanzwa mhaka yacho "chirambidzo," kureva kuti vatongi vose vanoshingaira vanotora rutivi muchisarudzo chacho.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States: Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nokukurumidza pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, nhamba yezvigaro paDare yakamiswa padare racho yakaiswa pamakore mapfumbamwe, uye nhasi, kune Mutongi mumwe Mukuru uye Vatongi Vasere Vanowirirana veDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.

Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States idare rokupedzisira, uye rinowanzonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare ezvikumbiro (uye pane dzimwe nguva matare ehurumende), kushanda mukuhwirudzurwa kwokungwarira, uko kunoreva kuti Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinogona kusarudza kuti imhakai dzokunzwa, kupfurikidza nokupa mikumbiro nokuda kwekuchemera kweceretiorari. Isingasviki 1% yezvikumbiro nokuda kweceretori kuDare Rapamusorosoro zvinopiwa nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa; ruzhinjisa rwemhaka dzasara runogona kufuratirwa kana kuti zvimwe kurambwa, kuita zvisarudzo zvinobudirira mumatare akaderera pakupedzisira.

Dare rapamusoro rinoshandisa marudzi maviri okudzora. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba (mhaka inotongwa pamberi peDare) pamusoro penhau dzakati, somuenzaniso, sutu pakati pehurumende mbiri kana kuti dzakawanda ne/mhaka dzinobatanidza nhume navamwe vashumiri voruzhinji. Zvisinei, mhaka dzehurumende dzapakuvamba hadziwanzowaniki. Dare rine chiremera (Dare rinogona kunzwa mhaka yacho pakukwirira) painenge mhaka ipi neipi inobatanidza pfundo rebumbiro remitemo ne/mutemo wehurumende.

Matare Ehurumende Anokosha

Kunze kwematare matatu eruwa, matare okukwirira, uye Dare Repamusorosoro, sangano rehurumende rinosanganisira matare anoverengeka anokwanisa kubata nyaya dzakati.

Kune matare 90 okubhuroka eUnited States, ayo anobetsera vanhu namabhizimisi avo vasingagoni kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo kuwana mavambo matsva.

Mamwe matare munyika yose ane simba nokuda kwenhau dzakadai semutero (United States Trutho Court), anotaura mukurwisana nehurumende yeUnited States (Dare reMabasa reFederal), uye bhizimisi ramarudzi ose (United States Court of International Trade). aya matare chaiwo anova nounyanzvi munharaunda dzakaoma nedzine unyanzvi dzomutemo, achigovera zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa zvikuru uye zvisingachinji munzvimbo dzawo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kurayira: Simba Rokunzwa Mhaka

Kunzwisisa simba redare rehurumende kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti tsika yokutonga yehurumende inoshanda sei. Juriscion inonongedzera kuchiremera chapamutemo chedare chokunzwa ndokusarudza nhau. matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa marudzi akati enhau sezvinorondedzerwa neBumbiro remitemo nemirau iri muhurumende.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwokupomerwa Kwehurumende

Simba redare richatambanukira kuNgozi dzose, muMutemo nomuMaperembudzi, kuMitemo iyi, Mitemo yeUnited States, uye Tsamba dzichaitwa, pasi peChiremera chadzo; kuMatanho ose anotapura vamiririri vavanhu, vamwe Vamiririri naVanotonga; kuMagariro ose eHurumende; kuMatanho ose eMitemo neNhengo dzeMari; kuVagari vemo veNyika; kuMamiriro Enyika; kuMakurukota kuManyika aichave; kuMasangano eUnited States; kuMasangano pakati peMitezo miviri kana kuti mizhinji; pakati peHurumende neVagari veNyika; pakati pevagari veNyika vakasiyana; pakati penyika imwe cheteyo munyika dzinotinyika dzinotinyika, uye pakati peHurumende, kana kuti vagari vemo vedzimwe nyika, kana kuti vagari vedzimwe nyika.

Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogadza miganhu yokunze yehurumende yedare rehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira Article III serinogadza miganhu yokunze yehurumende: Congress haigoni kupa chiremera kupfuura icho Chikamu III chinobvumira, asi haidikanwi kupa matare ehurumende chiremera chakazara icho ingasarudza kuwirirana nebvumirano yebumbiro remitemo.

Kubvunzurudzwa Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Claus anogovera dare rehurumende pamusoro penhau dzinoparirwa neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mitemo kana kuti zvibvumirano zveUnited States (dzimwe nguva inonzi chiremera chenhau). Rudzi urwu rwehurumende runobvumira matare ehurumende kunzwa nhau dzinobatanidza kududzira kana kuti kushandiswa kwomutemo wehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Hurumende yeFederal inovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unodudzirwa zvakafanana munyika yose uye kuti fariro dzehurumende dzinodzivirirwa.

Nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo woutsotsi womubatanidzwa, denho dzebumbiro remitemo kumitemo kana kuti yehurumende, kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo mumitemo yomubatanidzwa, uye gakava pamusoro pemirau yehurumende zvose zvinowira muchiremera chenhau chehurumende. Uku kudzora kunokosha kumatare omubatanidzwa mukuchengeta ukuru hwomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Kusarudza Kwakasiyana - siyana

Masangano pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana (vanozivikanwa sedzose dzemhatsa) anomirira rimwe boka rinokosha rehurumende. Kutonga kwamarudzi akasiyana - siyana kunobvumira mutevedzeri wenyika imwe kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende apo mukwirirwi anenge ari munyika yakasiana, uye kuunza maruramiro ehurumende mudare rehurumende, vose vapamberi vanofanira kuva munyika dzakasiana - siana kupfuura vose vakwiridziridziridzi, uye "apo mugakava" vanofanira kuva vanopfuura $75 000.

Kudzora kwemarudzi kwakatangwa kugovera kupindirana kwenharo pakati pavagari venyika dzakasiyana - siyana, kuchitaura itiro hanya idzo matare ehurumende angada vagari vemo vavo vamene.Idzi simba rinobvumira matare ehurumende kushandisa mutemo wehurumende mumhaka dzakati, kuvimbisa chisarudzo chakarurama chegakava rehurumende rinodarika mitsetse yehurumende.

Kusarudza Nokupedza Kudzidza Kunogutsa

Kudzora kwapanguva imwe cheteyo kuripo uko matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende ane chiremera chokunzwa rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwenhau, nhau dzehurumende dzakasiana - siana muenzaniso wavose, uye gakava pakati pamapoka anobva munyika dzakasiana - siana rinogona kuiswa mungava dare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, uye chisarudzo chisarudzo chisarudzo chakafanira.

Kudzorwa kwakatanhamara kuripo apo gadziriro imwe bedzi yedare inogona kunzwa nhau dzakati, kubhuroka, kuva pamutemo, uye maruramiro omubatanidzwa inhau dzomubatanidzwa chose chose, uye chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, uye purobhete ihurumende yakananga. uku kukamukana kwesimba kunoratidzira zvisarudzo zvemitemo pamusoro pegadziriro yedare pamusoro payo yakafanirwa zvakanakisisa kubata marudzi akati ega ega ega ega ega.

Mabasa Anokosha Namasimba eDare Rehurumende

Matare makuru anoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka anopfuura kungosarudza nyaya imwe neimwe chete.

Kududzira Mutemo Wehurumende Nebumbiro Remitemo

Rimwe ramabasa makuru ematare ehurumende nderokududzira mitemo yomubatanidzwa, mirau, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Apo mitemo inenge isina kujeka kana kuti apo kushandiswa kwayo kumigariro yakati kunenge kusina kujeka, matare ehurumende anopa tsananguro dzine chiremera dzinotungamirira mufambiro womunguva yemberi nokuita zvisarudzo. Iyi dudziro dzinova mienzaniso iyo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera, achivimbisa kusachinja mukushandiswa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Kutsanangura uku kunoita kuti Bumbiro Remitemo rirambe riri gwaro benyu rinochinja mamiriro ezvinhu asi richichengetedza nheyo dzaro dzinokosha.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga: Kunzvera Mamwe Mapazi

Simba rinozivikanwa zvikurusa reDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa kuhwirudzura, kana kuti mano eDare kuzivisa chiito choMutemo kana kuti Chiremera mukuputswa kweBumbiro reMitemo, uye hachiwaniki murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo rimene; Dare rakasimbisa iyi dzidziso mumhaka yeMarbury v. Madison (103).

Munhau iyi, Dare raifanira kusarudza kana Mutemo weCongress kana kuti Bumbiro Remitemo rakanga riri mutemo mukurusa wenyika yacho, uye Dare Rapamusoro Rakacherechedza kuti Bumbiro Remitemo harina kubvumira Dare kuva nechiremera chapakuvamba munhau iyi, uye sezvo Chikamu VI cheBumbiro Romutemo chichigadza Bumbiro Remitemo soMutemo Mukurusa weNyika, Dare racho rairangarira kuti Chirevo cheDare chinopesana neBumbiro Remitemo hachigoni kumira.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunomirira rimwe ramasimba anokosha zvikurusa ematare ehurumende, kuchiabvumira kushatisa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinopunza Bumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba rinobatira senzvero yakakomba pamapazu emitemo neanotonga, richivadzivisa kupfuudza chiremera chavo chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuputsa maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe.

Nemhaka yesimba rayo rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga, inoita basa rinokosha mukuva nechokwadi chokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoziva ganhuriro dzesimba raro rimene. Iri basa rinokosha kugadziriro yecheki nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe uye Kusunungurwa

Kunodzivirira kodzero dzavanhu nerusununguko kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. matare eFederal akaita basa rinokosha munhau yose yeAmerica mukudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe mukuputswa kwehurumende. Kuvambira pakuregeredzwa kusvikira kudziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura, kubva pakodzero dzemuitiro woutsotsi kusvikira kuvimbiso dzakaenzana, matare ehurumende ave ari pamberi kurondedzera nokushandisa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Iri basa rinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwokudzivirira kodzero shomanana padzvinyiriro dzevatongi, sezvo vatongi vehurumende vane upenyu hwose vachidzivirirwa padzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa panheyo dzemitemo panzvimbo pomurangariro wakakurumbira.

Kupedza Makakatanwa Pakati Penyika

Mimwe mienzaniso yenhau dzinodzorwa nedare rehurumende inobatanidza mhaka dzedare rehurumende uye dzezvikepe, nhau idzo United States iri Boka, uye makakatanwa pakati pehurumende. matare ehurumende anogovera nzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera yokupedza rwisano pakati pehurumende, kudzivisa rwisano idzo dzingagona kukura kuva rwisano dzakakomba. Idzi mhaka dzingabatanidza gakava remiganhu, maruramiro emvura, kana kuti dzimwe nhau umo hurumende dzine fariro dzinokwikwidza.

Kusimbisa Kushandiswa Kwemitemo Yehurumende kwakafanana

Dare rehurumende rinovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoshandiswa nenzira isingachinji murudzi rwose. Pasina gadziriro yedare rehurumende, nyika dzakasiana - siana dzingadudzira mutemo womubatanidzwa nenzira yakasiana, kuchitungamirira kunyongano nokusaenzana. Mugariro wedare rehurumende, neDare Rapamusorosoro, unobvumira kutangwa kwenheyo dzapamutemo dzakafanana dzinoshanda munyika yose.

Vatongi Vehurumende: Kugadzwa, Kutongwa, uye Kuzvitonga

Vatongi vanoshanda mumatare ehurumende vakasiyana nevakuru vakuru vehurumende munzira yavo yokusarudza uye dziviriro dzinopiwa kukuzvimirira kwavo.

Gadziro

Article III inotaura kuti vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa napurezidhendi nemvumo yeDare rokubatira kutozosvikira varega basa, vanopinzwa mhaka ndokupiwa mhaka, kana kuti kufa.

Muitiro wokugadza unotanga zvikurukuru nokuzivisa vaungada, kazhinji kazhinji nemubatanidzwa unobva kuvamiririri vedare, masangano emitemo, uye vamiririri. Purezidhendi ipapo anotora mudariki, uye Dare reDare reDare reMutudi rinotonga kuti riongorore zvikwaniriso zveminese, uzivi hwedare, uye ugwinyi hwebasa. Kana dare richibvumira, kuva muroora kunoenda kuDare rose nokuda kwevhoti.

Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti vatongi vomubatanidzwa vane tsigiro yezvose zviri zviviri mapazu avakuru vakuru neanotonga, vachisimudzira kuva pamutemo nokuzvidavirira nepo vachichengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga kwakagadzwa.

Nguva Yokurarama Nedziviriro Yokutengesa

Vatongi, vose vari vaviri veMatare makuru naakaderera, vachachengeta Hofisi dzavo mukati moMufambiro wakanaka, uye, panguva yakataurwa, vachagamuchira nokuda kweMabasa avo, Musangano, uyo usingazoderedzwa mukati meKubatira kwavo muHofisi.

Ivo, zvikurukuru, vane nzvimbo youpenyu, miripo yavatongi haigoni kuderedzwa mukati menguva yavo yebasa, uye iyi ganhuriro inoitirwa kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwedare ramatare pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika ehurumende.

Nguva youpenyu ihwaro hwekuzvimirira kwokutonga. Kupfurikidza nokubatira "kuchengeta Mufambiro wakanaka," vatongi vehurumende vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa panzwisiso yavo yomutemo neBumbiro remitemo pasina kutya kurasikirwa nenzvimbo dzavo. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira vatongi kuita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi asi zvakarurama pamutemo, kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma uye kuisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange pakuita kudaro kuchirwisana nezvinodikanwa zvavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakakurumbira.

Kurambidza kuderedza mibhadharo yokutonga kunogovera dziviriro yokuwedzera nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga, kunodzivisa Congress kana kuti Purezidhendi kushandisa dzvinyiriro yemari kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvokutonga.

Kubviswa Nokusava Nechinhu Chakawanda

Vatongi vangava nenzvimbo yavo kwoupenyu hwavo hwose, asi vazhinji vanorega basa kana kuti vanorega basa pakuvamba, vangabviswawo nokusatevedzerwa neImba Yavamiriri nokupwiswa neDare, uye munhau yose, vatongi vomubatanidzwa gumi navashanu vakapomerwa nemhaka yokupomerwa chakaipa.

Muitiro wokusatendera unogovera mutoo wokubvisa vatongi vanopinda mumufambiro wakakomba, asi mukana wakakwirira wokubvisa / kukumbira vhoti zhinjisa muImba kuisa mutezo uye vhoti mbiri muDare kuti vape mhaka (inovimbisa kuti vatongi havagoni kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwokuita zvisarudzo zvisingadaviriki. Uku kudzikama kunochengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga uku kuchigovera kuzvidavirira nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata wechokwadi.

Ukama Huri Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa gadziriro iyi yemativi maviri kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei muUnited States.

Kutonga Kune Miganhu Kunoganhurirwa

Matare ehurumende ane simba rakaganhurirwa, anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumidzwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mitemo yehurumende, uye dzinobata mhaka dzomuhurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. matare ehurumende ane simba rose zvaro uye anonzwa kupesana kukurusa kwapamutemo muUS.

Matare ehurumende anoisa ngwariro panhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi, nhau dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende yeAmerica.

Kushandira Pamwe uye Kupindirana

Aya mapazu matatu — anotonga mumutemo, mukuru, uye anotonga — anoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ye "checks nedzinodzikama," izvo zvinoreva kuti kunyange zvazvo bazu rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana nenzira yapamutemo namamwe maviri, Bumbiro remitemo rinowanzoda batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. Nenzira yakafanana, matare ehurumende nehurumende anofanira kubatira pamwe uye kubatira pamwe munzira dzakasiana - siana.

Dare rehurumende rinowanzodudzira ndokushandisa mutemo wehurumende, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzinobatanidza kudzorwa kwehurumende kwakabatana. matare eFederal pane dzimwe nguva anofanira kutsanangura mutemo wehurumende pakushandisa chiremera chemhatsa. Dzidziso yeErie inoda matare ehurumende kushandisa mutemo wehurumende wakaderera kuti ataure kuti anobva mumutemo wehurumende (uyo unganzwiwa mumatare ehurumende mukutonga kwokuwedzera kana kuti kwemhatsanangudzo), uye mumhaka dzakaoma, matare ehurumende anofanira kufungidzira kuti dare rehurumende iroro ringasarudza sei nhau yacho kana kuti, kana hurumende iyoyo ikagamuchira mibvunzo inotenderwa kubva mumatare ehurumende apo mutemo wenyika unenge usina kujeka kana kuti usina kujeka, kubvunza dare rehurumende rehurumende kuti risarudze nhau yacho.

Kutapura Kwezvisarudzo Zvedare Rehurumende

Zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvine miuyo inosanosvika iyo inotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura mativi apedyo kunhau. izvi zvisarudzo zvinoumba dzidziso yapamutemo, pesvedzero mirau yavose, uye zvinotapura upenyu hwamamirioni avaAmerica.

Kunyengera Kwokutanga Nekwenyeredzi

Dare rehurumende rinoshanda mudzidziso yokutarisisa, uko kunoreva kuti "kumira kupfurikidza nenhau dzinosarudzwa". Muiyi dzidziso, matare anowanzotevera mienzaniso yakagadzwa munhau dzapakuvamba apo anosarudza nhau dzakafanana. Uyu muitiro unotsigira kusachinjana, kufanodeya kutaurwa, uye kutsiga mumutemo.

Dare rehurumende rakaderera rinosungwa nemienzaniso yematare akakwirira mukati moudzori hwaro. matare oruwa anofanira kutevera mienzaniso yedare rawo redunhu rokukwirira neDare Rapamusorosoro. Dare reNhenhare rimene rinofanira kutevera mienzaniso yaro rimene.

Kuchinja Kunoita Magariro Evanhu uye Kuchinja Mumutemo

Zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvakabatsira pakuchinja nzanga uye pamutemo munhau yose yeAmerica. zvisarudzo zveLandmark Court Supreme zvakabvisa kusarurana kwezvikoro, zvakaziva kodzero itsva dzebumbiro remitemo, zvakakudza rusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye zvakagadziridzazve ukama pakati pehurumende nevagari vemo.

Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachitsoropodza matare nokuda kwokuita zvinhu nenzira yaanosarudza, vamwe vanoti kutarisirwa kwekodzero dzepamutemo kunokosha kuti vanhu uye vanhu vashoma vadzivirirwe paudzvinyiriri hwevatongi.

Kuita Kuti Mutemo Uve Wapamutemo uye Une Chinzvimbo

Apo matare anorova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende sezvisiri zvehurumende, anomanikidza mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika kuhwirudzura mitoo yawo. Apo matare anodudzira mirau munzira dzakati, Dare ringapindura kupfurikidza nokureverera mutemo kujekesa vavariro yawo kana kuti kuchinja muuyo.

Zvisarudzo zvematare zvinotungamirirawo masangano anotungamirira mukushandisa mitemo nemirau, zvichipa tsananguro dzine simba dzezvinodiwa nemitemo uye kuganhurirwa kwemitemo.

Matambudziko Nokutsoropodza Kwedare Renyika

Nepo gadziriro yedare rehurumende yave ichibudirira zvinoshamisa mumativi akawanda, inotarisana nedenho dzakasiana - siana nokutsoropodza izvo zvinofanirwa nerangariro.

Kuitira Hanya Kuitwa Kwokutonga

Vatsoropodzi pane dzimwe nguva vanopomera vatongi vehurumende kuti "chiito chemitemo"" — kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pazvakanakira mutemo womunhu oga panzvimbo pokududzira mutemo nenzira yokutendeka. Ava vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vatongi vasina kusarudzwa nenduramo havafaniri kuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo izvo zviri zvoga zvavamiriri vakasarudzwa.

Vanotsigira kuzvitonga vanopindura kuti dzimwe nguva vatongi vanofanira kuita zvisarudzo zvakaoma zvinodzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange kana zvisafarirwa nevanhu.

Nharo Pamusoro Penhambo Youpenyu

Kune vatsoropodzi venduramo vanotaura kuti nduramo inoparira vatongi kugara munzvimbo dzavo kwenguva refu kupfuura zvavanofanira kuita — pashure pokunge vanyanyokwegura zvokusagona kuita basa ravo zvakanaka, zvimwe nemhaka bedzi yezera kana kuti nemhaka yokuti havachazivi nguva dzazvino uno, uye zvichida, ava vatsoropodzi vanoti, vatongi vanofanira kugadzwa nokuda kwenhambo yakagadzwa yamakore 28,56 kana kuti 18 yemakore.

Vatsigiri venduramo vanotaura kuti kunokosha nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga, kuchibvumira vatongi kuita zvisarudzo pasina kutya matsive ezvematongerwe enyika.

Kuwana Ruramisiro Nedzvinyiriro Dzakawanda

Dare rehurumende rinotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru, nezviuru zvemhaka dzakaitwa gore rimwe nerimwe. uku kuwanda kunogona kutungamirira kukunonozeka muchisarudzo mumhaka neitiro hanya pamusoro pokuti vatambi vose vanogamuchira ngwariro yakakwana kunhau dzavo here.

Zvisinei, kudzikamisa kudiwa kwokunyatsoongorora nyaya dzacho nokuda kuita chisarudzo chakakodzera nguva kunoramba kuri chinetso chinoramba chichiramba chichinetsa.

Matare Anotonga Mamiriro Ezvinhu Mugadziriro Yemitemo Yakapararira

Kuparadzana kwemasimba inzira inokosha iyo hurumende yedu inodzikamisa nayo simba kuitira kuti rimwe divi rehurumende risakurira rimwe, uye pfungwa yacho ndeyokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rine mabasa aro nenzvimbo dzechiremera.

Kusiyana nemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, ayo anozvidavirira zvakananga kuvavhoti kupfurikidza nesarudzo, bazi rinotonga rinowana kuva rapamutemo mukuzvimirira kwaro uye kuzvipira kwaro kusarudza nhau maererano nomutemo panzvimbo pezvido zvematongerwe enyika.

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Dare rinoita kuti pave nemasimba anokosha padare rinodzora nokuronga matare ehurumende pasi peDare Repamusorosoro, sezvakarongwa muChikamu III, uye Congress anewo simba rokurondedzera nokuganhurira simba rematare omubatanidzwa.

Dare rinodzora bhajeti yedare rehurumende, rinosarudza nhamba yavatongi, uye rinogona kubvisa vatongi nokuda kwokusazvibata. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, achipesvedzera kuumbwa nenhungamiro zvedare. Izvi zvinonzvera kuti bazi rinotonga rirambe rine mutoro mukati megadziriro yemitemo nepo richichengeta kuzvimirira kwakakwana kuita mabasa aro.

Kutsamira Pamamwe Mapazi Kwematare

Dare rehurumende rinotsamira pabazu guru kuti riite zvisarudzo zvaro. Dare rinogona kupa mirairo nerutongeso, asi ivo vanoshaiwa simba rokuzvigombedzera zvakananga. Bazu guru rine mutoro wokusimbisa rutongeso nezvisarudzo zvematare ehurumende, uye iri basa rinobatanidza kuita mirairo yedare nemitemo mukuwirirana nomutemo mumasangano omubatanidzwa namasangano.

Kutsamira kwouyu musengwa kunoparira nzvero pasimba rokutonga − matare anofanira kupa zvisarudzo izvo bazu guru richaremekedza nokushandisa.

Nguva Yemberi Yematare Anotonga Nemabhapatidzi

Sezvo chaunga cheAmerica chinopfuurira kushanduka, matare ehurumende achatarisana nedenho itsva nemikana. Tsitsiro dzemitengo dzinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva yapamutemo pamusoro poungwaru, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye zvinhu zvoungwaru. Kuchinja kwezvimiro zvenzanga kunoparira kuraira kutsanangurwa kutsva kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kubatana kwepasi pose kunopa nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wamarudzi ose nekakavadzano dzinobatanidza muganhu.

Dare rehurumende richada kuchinjira kuiyi migariro inochinja nepo richichengeta mabasa aro makuru okududzira mutemo, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kunzvera simba rehurumende. dzikamo pakati pokuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende ichapfuurira kukurukurwa, sezvo mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare mukupedza zvinetso zvenzanga.

Kunzwisisa Matare Ehurumende: Anokosha Nokuda Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Cheroorano

Zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvinotapura anenge mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva pakodzero dzatinofanira kufarikanya kusvikira kumitemo yatinofanira kutevera.

Vagari vanonzwisisa gadziriro yedare rehurumende vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutora rutivi mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kutsigira maruramiro avo, uye kuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pematare ehurumende, pawebsite yeUnited States Dare reSangano inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pemarongerwo edare, miitiro, uye zvinoitika zvazvino uno. Dare reSangano reSangano reSangano [[[FLT:]] rinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti matare anoshanda sei uye nei achivako.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwematare Enyika

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru mugadziriro yedu yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, uye kutanga, sedare rakakwirira zvikurusa munyika yacho, idare rokupedzisira raavo vanotsvaka ruramisiro. uku kutaura kunoshanda zvakafara zvikuru kugadziriro yose yedare rehurumende, iyo inobatira somuchengeti wenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo uye dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga.

Basa rematare ehurumende yeAmerica rinotambanudza kupfuura kungosarudza mhaka. Aya matare anodudzira Bumbiro remitemo, anonzvera simba ramapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika, anodzivirira maruramiro mashoma, anovimbisa kushandiswa kwakafanana kwomutemo wehurumende, uye anogovera nzvimbo yokupedza nayo nharo norugare mukuwirirana nomutemo panzvimbo pokumanikidza. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinoumba kukura kwomutemo nenzanga yeAmerica, achipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kukodzero dzevagari vemo kusvikira kumitemo yemari kusvikira kururamisiro youtsotsi.

Chivako chedare rehurumende chepanyika nemwero yaro mitatu, matare ayo chaiwo, uye chiremera charo zvinorondedzerwa nokungwarira(zvinoratidzira uchenjeri hwavaFramers mukutanga bazi redare rakazvimirira asi rine mutoro, rine simba risingamanikidzwi. Dziviriro dzinopiwa kuvatongi vomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza upenyu hwose nedziviriro yomubhadharo, dzinova nechokwadi chokuti vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo nenheyo panzvimbo pedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti fariro yomunhu oga.

Sezvo United States inopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka ndokutarisana nedenho itsva, matare ehurumende acharamba achikosha kukuchengeta mutemo nokudzivirira hurumende yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa aya matare ($maumbirwo awo, masimba awo, ganhuriro dzawo, uye basa rawo mutsika yakafara yebumbiro remitemo (hwunokosha kunzwisiswa kwoubati ushe hwehurumende yeAmerica imene. judiary yehurumende inomira setestamende youkoshi husingagumi hwematare akazvimirira munzanga yakasununguka, uye simba rayo rinopfuuridzirwa rinokosha mukuchengetedza maruramiro norusununguko runorondedzera kuedza kweAmerica muhurumende inotonga.