Table of Contents

Dare rinoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, richibatira savachengeti verimwe remisero mikurusa yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau runodzivirira kodzero yokuunganidza mashoko ndokuashuma kune vamwe, rusununguko runokosha runobatsira kudzivirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nokuongorora nokungwarira uye zvisarudzo zvemajeri, matare anovimbisa kuti vatori venhau namashoko okubudisa nhau vanogona kushanda pasina kudzongonyedzwa kusingakodzeri kana kuti kuongororwa. Kuongorora uku kwakajekeswa kwakajeka kunoongorora kuti matare anodzivirira sei kodzero iyi inokosha, nheyo dzemitemo dzaanoshandisa, uye zvinetso zvinoramba zvichitarisana norusununguko rwokubudisa rusununguko mumazuva ano.

Kunzwisisa Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Rusununguko rwenhau ivimbiso yeBumbiro reMitemo iri muFirst Amendment, iyowo iri rutivi rweBill of Rights. Iyi rusununguko runodzivirira maruramiro okuunganidza mashoko ndokuashuma kuna vamwe. First Amendment inotaura kuti "Kuregeredza hakusati kuchizoita mutemo... unodzivisa rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwenhau," kusimbisa dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yakajeka nokuda kwemibato yenhau.

Nepo panguva yokukwehwa muna 1791, chitsama chamashoko chakasununguka chinonangidzirwa mumapepanhau, zvino chinoshanda kumarudzi ose okuunganidza nhau nokushuma, kusina foni. Terevhizheni, terevhizheni, vatori venhau napaIndaneti vanodzivirirwa kunyange zvazvo vasingashandisi michina yokutsikirira. Iyi mhindumupindu inoratidzira nzwisiso yematare ayo anodzvinyirira rusununguko runofanira kuchinjira kugadziridza nokuchengeta donzo rarwo guru.

Chikonzero Nei Rusununguko Ruchiisa Nhau Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Rusununguko rwokuratidzira mirangariro yomunhu kupfurikidza nokutaura kana kuti kunyunyuta pasina kutya kuongororwa kwehurumende kana kuti matsive chiratidzo chehurumende inotonga utongi hunoshanda. Nhasi, ikoku kunoshanda kwete bedzi kuvagari vemo vezuva riri rose asiwo kupepanhau, uko kunovimbisa kuti avo vane simba vanozvidavirira uye kuti vanhu vanokwanisa kuwana mashoko akavimbika nekurukurirano yakazaruka. Mapepanhau anobatira sechisarudzo chemibato yehurumende, achifumura ushati nokuzivisa vagari vemo pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose.

Hurumende dzisina dziviriro yakasimba muhurumende yokudzivirira kuhurumende, dzingagona kudzvinyirira mashoko, kushandisa hurukuro yavose, uye kushanda pasina kuzvidavirira. Dare rinoziva iri basa rinokosha pakuongorora ganhuriro pamibato yokutsikirira.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Matare Rusununguko Rwevanhu

Rusununguko rwemapepanhau muUnited States runonongedzera kudziviriro nokuda kwokubudisa, kushuma, chisarudzo chokunyora, uye kutaura kunowirirana pasi peFirst Amendment.

Kuhwirudzura Miganhu Yemapepanhau

Kana matare akawana ganhuriro dzisina kururama, anogona kudzitadzisa kana kudzibvisa, dzichivimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokubudisa runoramba rwakadzivirirwa pahurumende.

Matare anofanira kuongorora kuti zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai sokuchengeteka kwenyika, kutongwa zvakanaka, kuva woga, uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu vose.

Kutanga Zvakatangira Pamutemo

Kupfurikidza nenhau dzakaitika kare, matare akaumba mutumbi wemuenzaniso unoratidza mwero neganhuriro dzorusununguko rwokubudisa.Idzi mienzaniso inotungamirira matare echiduku, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye masangano ezvinobudisa nhau mukunzwisisa izvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira uye rinorambidza.

Mutemo wemhosva nemirau zvinoshanda pamwe chete: matare anodudzira First Amendment uye ipapo masangano emitemo pane dzimwe nguva anogamuchira ganhuriro dzomutemo kana kuti dziviriro dzinoshanda mumitemo yakati. Uku kubatanidzwa kwezvisarudzo zvokutonga nechiito chomutemo kunoparira gadziriro huru yokudzivirira rusununguko rwenhau.

Chiratidzo Chemhosva Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinotsigira Rusununguko Rwemapepanhau

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakaumba zvikurukuru dziviriro dzorusununguko rwenhau muUnited States.

Nechepedyo naMinnesota (1931): Kuramba Mitemo Inodzora

Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro reUnited States Near v. Minnesota chakabvuma rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau kupfurikidza nokuramba chose chose miganhu yapamberi pachinyorwa, nheyo yaishanda kukutaura norusununguko kazhinji kazhinji mukutonga kwakatevera. dare rakatonga kuti mutemo weMinnesota waidenha vabudisi vemapepanhau ane utsinye kana kuti anonyadzisa wakaputsa First Amendment (sezvaishandiswa kupfurikidza neKinetith Amendment).

Nemhaka yokuti mutemo waiisa ganhuriro yapamberi, Dare rairangarira kuti kwakanga kuri kupunzwa kusina murairo pakodzero yeFirst Amendment kupepanhau rakasununguka.Iyi yakaratidzira mavambo edzidziso yapamberi pezvidzo. iyi inosimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa kubudiswa pachine nguva mberi kunze kwemigariro yechienzi zvikurusa, zvakadai setyisidziro kuchengeteko yorudzi mukati menguva yehondo.

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): The Modern Malice Standard

Kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment nhasi kungapa masangano ezvinobudisa nhau rusununguko rukuru, asi ikoko kwakanga kusina kudaro muma 1960 apo kodzero dzezvinobudisa nhau dzakanga dzichiganhurirwa zvakakomba nemitemo yehurumende yaidzivirira nhamba dzavose pakuzvidzwa nokuzvidzwa. Mhaka yeSullivan yakashandura iyi nyika zvinoshamisa.

Muna 1960, New York Times yakabudisa kushambadzira kwakazara kubva kusangano ravanhu rinokumbira mipiro mukutsigira Martin Luther King Jr. Kushambadza kwaisarudza Montgomery, Alabama, mapurisa nokuda kwokubatwa kwaro zvisina kufanira kwaMambo namamwe maruramiro avagari vemo. Mukupindura, Police Commissioner L.B. Sullivan akakwidza Times nokuda kwerishel, achidudza zvisakarurama zviduku murugwaro rwekuzivisa, zvakadai senhamba yenguva dzaMambo dzakasungwa.

Dare rakataura kuti mutemo waishandiswa namatare eAlabama wakanga usina pamutemo kukundikana kugovera dziviriro dzerusununguko rwokutaura uye dzemapepanhau idzo dzaivimbiswa noMutezo wokutanga neWane gumi Nezvinaitatu mukuita chiito chemhosva chakaunzwa nomukuru mukuru wehurumende anoshora mufambiro wake wehurumende. Dare rakataura kuti kuvimbisa kwebumbiro remitemo kwaida mutemo wairambidza mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuwana chirango chenhema chine chokuita nomufambiro wavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru kunze kwokunge vakuru varatidza kuti kutaura kwacho kwaitwa nezvakaipa chaizvoizvo. Dare rakarondedzera kuvenga chaikokureva kuti kutaura kwokuzvidza kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kwakaitwa nokuzvidza kwokuzvidza kana kuti kwaiva kwenhema kana kuti kwete.

Mupimo chaiwoiwo woutsinye unogovera nzvimbo inokosha yokufema nokuda kwekurukurirano yavose yakasimba pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende uye vanhu vose.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971): Pentagons Case

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), inonziwo mhaka ye "Pentagon Papers", yakadzivirira kodzero yeFirst Amendment yerusununguko yokutsikirira pamberi pokudziviswa nehurumende. Iyi nhau yakamuka apo hurumende yakatsvaka kudzivisa kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa zvakarongwa pamusoro peHondo yeVietnam.

Dare Gurusa rakasarudza mukuda kwepepanhau, richisimbisa nheyo yokuti pamberi pezvirambidzo pakubudiswa zvakatarisana nefungidziro huru zvikuru inopesana nokushanda kwazvo kwebumbiro remitemo. Mukubvumirana kwake, Mutongi Hugo Black akadana nhamburiko dzehurumende kuti "kuomesa, kusatendeseka, uye kupunzwa kunopfuurira kweFirst Amendment," uye Justice William O. Douglas akacherekedza kuti "[t] shadose revo ringava netapuro yakakomba. Asi ikoko hakusati kuri chikonzero chokusimbisa kuganhurirwa kwekare papepanhau."

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972): Ropafadzo Yemushumo Nezvakavanzika

MuBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), mumwe mutori wenhau muLouisville, Kentucky, akabvunzurudza vanhu vakabatana nokutengesa mirimo nokuda kwenhau, uye akaramba kududza manyuko ake kumatare makuru amatare amatare.

Dare Rapamusorosa rakaita chisarudzo chokuti mashoko acho akabatira fariro inogombedzera nehurusa yehurumende iyo yakatsiva maruramiro ake eFirst Amendment, sezvo aidikanwa nokuda kwenzvero youtsotsi. Nepo ichi chisarudzo chisina kutanga ropafadzo yomutori wenhau webumbiro remitemo, chakatungamirira kuzvinoitika zvinokosha mumutemo wenyika.

Mumhinduro kuBranzburg nezvinoitika zvakazotevera, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yedziviriro iyo inopa vatori venhau dziviriro yemitemo padzimwe rondedzero dzinogombedzerwa. Iyi mitemo inosiana muukuru uye kazhinji kazhinji inorondedzera kuti idzipi vatori venhau kana kuti zvinhu zvinowana dziviriro uye kuti igadziriroi dzingapinzwa. Nemhaka yokuti mitemo yenhovo inodzorwa, kusvika kwavo kunotsamira parugwaro rwehurumende nedudziro yedare.

Miami Herald Publication Co. v. Tornillo (1974): Kuzvimirira kwaVapepeti venhau

MuTornillo, dare rakaputsa mutemo weFlorida uyo wakapa vaida kupiwa maruramiro okubudisa mhinduro kutsoropodzwa kwepepanhau nokuda kwe "tsika dzavo dzomunhu oga kana kuti chinyorwa chapamutemo". Yairangarira kuti First Amendment inodzivisa hurumende kutungamirira kushandiswa kwamapepanhau kwe "kuchenjera," ndiko kuti, zvisarudzo pamusoro pechinodhindwa uye nzira yokufukidza nayo nhau dzinoda kuzivikanwa. Pasina iyi dziviriro, dare rakati, hurumende yaigona kunzvera izvo vanhu vanobvumirwa kurava nokuziva.

Mhaka iyi inosimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kumanikidza vanobudisa nhau kubudisa mashoko akati, vachidzivirira kuzvimirira kwevapepeti venhau sechinhu chikuru chorusununguko rwokubudisa nhau.nheyo yacho inotambanukira kupfuura mapepanhau egamuchidzanwa kumamwe mapepanhau enhau uye inoramba ichikosha mukurukurirano dzapanguva ino pamusoro pemwero unogutswa.

Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976): Kudzivirira Kutongwa

MuNebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976), Dare rakatonga kuti murayiro wakaipa usati waitwa mudare redare raitonga waiputsa kodzero yeFirst Amendment yorusununguko rwevanobudisa nhau.

Mutongi mukuru Warren Burger akarangarira kuti nzanga yose haifaniri kudziviswa kukurukura nhau inotapura zvikuru upenyu mukati," nokudaro ichidzivirira mutoro wepepanhau wokugovera mashoko efariro yavose. chisarudzo chinoziva kuti kusvika pachena kumashoko pamusoro pezvinoitika zvoutsotsi kunobatira mabasa outongi hwehurumende hwehurumende yehurumende yavanhu.

Nhau Dzavose Dzapamutemo Dzatarisana Nepepanhau

Matare anoita basa rinokosha pakugadzirisa kusawirirana uku uye kujekesa kuti kudzivirira kwemitemo kunoshanda sei pane zvimwe zvinhu.

Mitemo Yokupandukira

Kuzvidzwa kunomirira chimwe chedenho dzapamutemo dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzinotarisana nenhau. Uku kupomera mhaka kwakabudisa kwakakanganisa mukurumbira womumwe munhu kupfurikidza nemashoko enhema. Matare anofanira kudzikamisa fariro yomutongi mukudzivirira mukurumbira wavo pakodzero yepepanhau kushuma pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose.

Zvisinei, mipimo yakasiana ingashanda pakushuma paine vanhu vamwe navamwe. Dare rinosanonzvera rudzi rwomupurisa, nhau yokushuma, uye mwero wemhosho inoratidzirwa nomuparidzi.

Kupfuura mupimo weSullivan, matare akakudziridza dzimwe dziviriro nokuda kwavapomerwi vanodhinda mumhaka dzokuzvidza.idzi dzinobatanidza zvinodikanwa izvo vanyengeri vanobvumikisa kuva venhema, ganhuriro pakuvadziko dzinofungidzirwa, uye mipimo yakawedzerwa yokubvumikisa dzvinyiriro yemirangariro inotaurwa mukurwisana navapomeri venhau.

Mitemo Yaiva Pamberi Neyaiva Nhevedzo

Kuzvidzora kusati kwaitika kunoitika apo hurumende inoedza kudzivisa kubudiswa kwebhuku kusati kwaitika, panzvimbo pokuranga kutaura pashure pokubudiswa kwebhuku.

Dare richabvumira bedzi ganhuriro dzakadaro mumigariro yechienzi zvikurusa, zvakadai seapo chinyorwa chichaparira zvakananga uye nokukurumidza kuvadziko yakakomba kuchengeteko yorudzi.

Kunyange zvazvo matare ane kodzero dzokuita kuti nyaya dzitengwe zvakanaka, haagoni kurambidza nguva dzose kutongwa kwenhau dzinotongwa nehurumende.

Kuwana Mashoko Anopesana

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinoverengeka rinonongedzera zvakasimba kumhedziso yokuti Free Press Claus haipi simba rokumanikidza hurumende kupa mashoko kana kuti neimwe nzira kupa vanobudisa nhau kusvika kumashoko ayo vanhu vakawanda vasina.

Kune kodzero yeFirst Amendment yokuwana dare kana kuti chinyorwa chakawirirana kana (1) kune nhau yokuwana kupfuurira kubvumwa uye (2) kukwanisa kubetsera kushanda kweichochi chinoitika pamwe chete nehurumende yedemokrasi. Iyi muedzo, wakagadzwa muRichmond Magazigs v. Virginia, unogovera gadziriro yokuyera kutaura kwokupinda.

Kupfuura dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, maruramiro mazhinji okuwana anobva mumirau seFreedom of Information Act uye hurumende mitemo yakazarukira. Rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura nokutsikirira rwaizoderedzwa zvakakomba kana hurumende ingagona kuvanza mashoko anokosha pamusoro pokushanda kwayo. Ichochi chakanga chiri chisakiso chikuru cheHumo yeInformation Act ya 1966, iyo yakagovera kuwanwa kwavanhu kumagwaro akawanda ehurumende. Madare anodudzira nokushandisa mitemo iyi, achivimbisa kuva pachena kwehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Kwevanovigwa

Mano okuvimbisa zvakavanzika kumanyuko anokosha nokuda kwenhau dzekunzvera. Nhau dzinokosha dzakawanda dzinotsamira pamashoko anobva kumanyuko angagona kutarisana namatsive kana azivikanwa. Matare anofanira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwezvinobudisa nhau kudzivirira manyuko padzimwe fariro, dzakadai senzvero dzoutsotsi kana kuti kuwana kwehurumende.

Nepo Dare Rapamusorosa muBranzburg rakaramba kuziva ropafadzo yomutori wenhau webumbiro remitemo, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yedziviriro inopa dziviriro yemitemo. Iyi mitemo inosiana zvikuru muukuru hwayo nesimba. Mimwe inogovera dziviriro yakakwana kumanyuko akavanzika, nepo mimwe ichibvumira matare kumanikidza kuzivisa pakuratidza chinodikanwa chakasimba.

Dare rinoshandisa mitemo yenhoo rinofanira kusarudza kana munhu anoda kudzivirirwa achikwanirisa somutori wenhau, kana mashoko anenge achitsvakwa achifukidzwa neropafadzo yacho, uye kana kushaikwa kupi nokupi. Kutsunga uku kunogona kuva kwakaoma, zvikurukuru serondedzero ye "vatsigiri vezvipfuro" kubatanidza vatsigiri vemakombiyuta, vatori venhau, uye vamwe vatambi venhau vasiri vegamuchidzanwa.

Kuongorora Nhau Nemaruva Anogara Achingodziya

Kuedza kwehurumende kutsvaka mashoko kana kuti zvinhu zvevatori venhau kunosimudzira kunetseka kwerusununguko rwekubudisa nhau.

Matare akarangarira kuti vanobudisa nhau havana kufarikanya kudzivirirwa chaiko kwemitemo inowanzoshanda pamusoro penzvero nepondo. Zvisinei, mativi mazhinji akawana miitiro chaiyo inoda hurumende kubudisa mamwe manyuko asati atsvaka zvinhu kuvatori venhau. The Ankhory Protection Act inopa dziviriro yehurumende pakunzverwa kwenhau mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda.

Chengeteko Yorudzi Namashoko Akarongwa

Hurumende inoti bhuku richakuvadza kuchengeteka kwenyika rinofanira kunyatsoongororwa, sezvo kutaura kwakadaro kuchigona kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kushuma zviri pamutemo mabasa ehurumende.

Matare anoda uchapupu hwakasimba hwokukuvadza kwapakarepo, uye matare anoziva kuti mamwe mashoko anotyisidzira zvechokwadi kuchengeteka kwenyika uye kuti hurumende ine zvinangwa zvakakodzera zvokudzivirira mashoko akadaro.

Kunyange zvazvo vanobudisa nhau vasingagoni kurangwa nokuda kwokubudisa mashoko akatsaurwa zviri pamutemo, vanhu vanopa mashoko akadaro vangatongerwa mhosva.

Kudzikamisa Rusununguko Rwemakombiyuta Nedzimwe Kodzero Nefariro

Matare anowanzobata nyaya dzorusununguko nokudzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu uye dzevanhu nedzinodiwa kuti vapiwe mashoko pachena.

Kodzero Dzokutonga Dzakanaka

Kufukidzwa kwenhau dzemhosva dzakawanda kunogona kukanganisa rusaruro rwedare rinobetsera vatongi uye kubvumiranisa kodzero dzedare rokutonga nokururamisira.

Panzvimbo pokuganhurira kuziviswa kwenhau, matare anoshandisa zviito zvokutsiva kudzivirira kodzero dzokutonga zvakanaka. Izvi zvinosanganisira kungwarira mukusarudza vatongi, mirayiridzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi yokufuratira kuziviswa kwenhau, kurongerwa kwematare edare, kupfuurira kubvumira kuziviswa kuderera, uye kuchinja nzvimbo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa bedzi matare acharangarira kuganhurirwa kwenhau dzenhau.

Kodzero Dzemunhu Oga

Dare rinofanira kusarudza kana nyaya dzepachivande dzichibvumira kurambidza kubudiswa kwemabhuku kana kuti kukanganisa kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvepachivande.

Dzikamo yacho inotsamira pakuti mashoko acho anosanganisira nhau yevanhu vose here uye kana munhu wacho ari munhu wehurumende.

Kusimbisa rusununguko nokuvandika kwomunhu oga hakuna kodzero dzakakwana uye kunofanira kuva kwakadzikama. Matare anofanira kurangarira kufarira vanhu kwakafanira. Uku kudzikamisa nzira kunobvumira matare kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rwamanyuko nokuvandika mumigariro yakafanira.

Kuzvidzwa Nokukuvara Mupfungwa

Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wokuzvidza uchidzivirira mukurumbira, matare anobvuma kuti kukurukurirana kukuru kwevanhu pasina mubvunzo kunosanganisira kutsoropodza kungakanganisa mukurumbira.

Kutaura uku hakugoni kushandiswa kudzivisa dziviriro dzinopiwa nomutemo wokuzvidza. Nhamba dzevoruzhinji hadzigoni kupora nokuda kwenhamo yendangariro inoparirwa nezvinyorwa zvinoshatisa kutoti chinyorwa chacho chine kutaura kwenhema kwakaitwa neutsinye chaihwoihwo.

Kodzero Dzezvinhu Zvevanhu

Mutemo wecopyright unodzivirira mabasa okugadzira zvinhu, asi rusununguko rwokubudisa runoda mano okushandisa mashoko ane kodzero dzekodzero dzokubudisa mashoko mumashoko.

Zvisinei, kushuma kwenhau kunokwanirisa kushandiswa nenzira yakarurama apo kunobatanidza kunyorwa kwamashoko kushoma kana kuti kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokutsinhira, kutsoropodza, kana kuti kushuma.

Kushanduka Kworusununguko Rwokubudisa Mabhuku Kunodzivirira

Kunzwisisa dzidziso iyi yemhindumupindu kunobatsira kuti pave nezvinetso zviripo uye kutungamirira munguva yemberi.

Nhau Dzorusununguko Dzapakuvamba

Imwe yenhau dzokutanga pamusoro porusununguko rwevatsigiri yakaedza kukwanisa kwechokwadi sedziviriro mukurwisana nenhema.Muchinoitika chino, muparidzi John Peter Zenger akaedza nokuda kwokupandukira gavhuna. Panguva iyoyo, zvokwadi haina kurangarirwa kuva dziviriro munhau dzokureurura.

Gweta reZenger rakataura kuti vatongi vaiva nesimba nebasa rokutonga mutemo pamwe chete namaidi; vatongi vakasunungura Zenger. Ichi chisarudzo chaimirira rukundo runoshamisa nokuda kworusununguko rwenhau dzokubudisa - kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho isina kutongouya pamberi peDare Rapamusoro. Mhaka yeZenger yakaumba nheyo dzinokosha idzo dzakapesvedzera dziviriro dzapashure dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza Ne Amendeji Yegumi Negumi

Pakutanga, First Amendment yaishanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvaigona kuganhurira rusununguko rwokudzvinyirira pasina kuputsa Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. Ikoku kwakachinja kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza, iyo yakashandisa dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neStatu Claus Procession ye 144th Amendment.

Mutemo wehurumende waibvumira kuganhurirwa pamberi pako wakanga usingawirirani nemitemo. iyi chisarudzo chakatambanudzirawo dziviriro yorusununguko rwokubudisa kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMenderero yeMitemo ye 144. Uku kubatanidzwa kwakakudzwa zvinoshamisa kudzivirira rusununguko rwenhau, kuvimbisa kuti mwero yose yehurumende inofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzeFirst Amendment.

Kuwedzera Tsananguro ye "Pres"

Rusununguko rwenhau rwakarondedzerwa muna 1972 Branzburg v. Hayes se "kodzero huru yomunhu oga", kwete kuganhurirwa kumapepanhau namapepanhau. MuLovell v. Guta reGriffin (1938), Mutongi Mukuru Charles Evans Hughes akarondedzera mupepanhau se "rudzi rwuri rwose rwechinyorwa chinopa chinyorwa chemashoko nomurangariro." Uku maruramiro akatambanudzirwa kumapepanhau, mabhuku, mitambo, mabhaisikopo, uye mitambo yevhidhiyo.

Tsananguro iyi yakafara inovimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokubudisa rungagadziridzwa kumarudzi matsva ezvinobudisa nhau uye ekurukurirano.Matare anoziva kuti zvinangwa zvinokosha zvokubudisa rusununguko rwokubudisa nokunzvera simba rehurumende (hwunochinja vanhu) uye kuongorora simba rehurumende pasinei zvapo nemitoo chaiyo inoshandiswa.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuti Vanhu Vasununguke

Matare emazuva ano anosangana nematambudziko matsva ekuchengetedza rusununguko rwemapepanhau sezvo ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu, mapepanhau, uye vezvematongerwo enyika ruchichinja.

Kubudisa Mashoko Pakombiyuta uye Kushandisa Utachiona Pakombiyuta

Kungofanana nezvinobudiswa paIndaneti, ongorora kuti dzidziso dzekare dzinoshanda sei mazuva ano; kusawirirana ikoko kunochinja pasina kuchinja mitemo yepamutemo yapakuvamba.

Mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti ndiani anokwanirisa sa "kudzvinyirira" nokuda kwezvinangwa zvemitemo yedziviriro. Matare anofanira kusarudza kana vatori venhau vevagari vemo, vatambi vevhu, uye vanoshandisa zvinobudisa nhau vachifarikanya dziviriro dzimwe chetedzo samasangano enhau egamuchidzanwa. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinogona kutapura zvikuru mwero worusununguko rwekubudisa nhau muzera ramagetsi.

Ita Kuti Uve Nomwero uye Ungwaru Hwokunyora

Kana iri nyaya mbiri itsva pamberi peDare Gurusa, vatori venhau uye vanobudisa nhau vanofanira kutsigira kodzero dzeFirst Amendment — kana kuti kukanganisa kodzero dzavo pachavo. Netchoice neNetChoice neMoody nem Netchoice zvose zvinosanganisira kodzero dzeFirst Amendment yezvikuva kuti zviite zvine mwero, kana kuti kutevedzerwa kwemitemo pane zvinogona kupiwa nevashandisi paInternet paInternet. Zviiti izvi zvinogona kudzorera kodzero dzePrameter First Reconmplief paImption paInthaneti.

Zvisarudzo izvi hazvizongochinji chikuva chete asiwo zvichakanganisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobudiswa paIndaneti uye hurukuro dzavose.

Kutsiviwa Nehurumende Pamapepanhau

Nyaya dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakataura nezvezviedza kuitwa nehurumende zvokutsiva masangano enhau nokuda kwokusawirirana. Chisarudzo cheMutongi Moss chinojekesa kuti kutsiva kunoparirwa nemurangariro pamasangano enhau kunoputsa dziviriro hurusa dzeBumbiro remitemo.

Chisarudzo chedare roruwa chinodzivisa hurumende kusimbisa Kurayira kwayo kusingawirirani nehurumende kunodenha NPR nePBS nemhaka yokuti Mutungamiriri wehurumende haadi kushuma kwavo nhau nedzimwe gadziriro. Sezvo dare rakazivikanwa zvakajeka, First Amendment inonyora mutsetse, uyo hurumende ingasadarika, pakuedza kushandisa simba rehurumende — kubatanidza simba rechikwama — kuranga kana kuti kudzvinyirira kutaura kusina kutenderwa navamwe.

Kusungwa Nokunetswa Nenhau

Dare rakataura nhau dzinobatanidza kusungwa kana kuti kunetswa kwavanyori venhau nokuda kwemibato yavo yokushuma. Iyi nhau inobatanidza mumwe wemiitiro mikuru zvikurusa yazvo zvose: kubvunza manyuko mukati mehurumende nokuda kwamashoko. Zuva rimwe nerimwe, vatori venhau vasingaverengeki vanotevera uyu muitiro, vachitsvaka tsinhiro, tsigiro, kana kuti kunyange vapari vehurumende.

Kana First Amendment ichireva chinhu chipi nechipi, zvechokwadi zvinoreva kuti mutori wenhau ane kodzero yokubvunza mukuru mukuru wehurumende, asingatyi kuiswa mujeri.

Dzvinyiriro Dzemari Pamasangano Enhau

Nepo zvisati zviri nhau yapamutemo zvakananga, denho dzezvemari dzakatarisana nenhau dzinotarisana nenhau dzenhau dzinodzorwa sei matare enhau kuti apedze nhau. Mhinganidzo dzemitemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika hadzisi mhinganidzo bedzi dzinotarisana nenhau. Mutezo webhizimisi wenhau, uye zvikurukuru nhau dzomunzvimbomo, dziri kukundikana. Kusvika kweInternet, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakasiyana, kwakabvumira masangano akabuda paIndaneti kukwikwidzana namapepanhau, magazini, uye kutepfenyuro dzeterevhizheni nokuda kwengwa navanhu.

Matare anofanira kurangarira kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinotapura sei kugona kubudisa nhau munguva yenhamo yemari.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pamusoro Pedziviriro Yorutongeso Yorusununguko Rwokubudisa

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kuisa pfungwa pamatare eUnited States, kuongorora mitoo yemarudzi akawanda kunogovera mashoko anokosha.

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunotonga hunogovera dziviriro yakasimba nokuda kworusununguko rwokutsinhana, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro chaidzo dzapamutemo dzichisiana. Dzimwe nyika dzine gadziriro dzamabumbiro emitemo dzinodzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau, nepo dzimwe dzichiwana dziviriro dzakadaro kubva pakodzero huru kumaruramiro avanhu akasununguka.

Kuongorora kunoitwa nematare kunogona kubatsira kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuita nadzo zvinhu izvi zvinonetsa zvisingaperi uye kuona miitiro yakanakisisa yokudzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa nyaya dzinoda kugadziriswa asi zvichiremekedza mimwe mipimo inokosha.

Basa Rematare Akaderera Mukudzivirira Rusununguko Rwokubudisa Zvinhu

Nepo zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvichigamuchira ngwariro hurusa, matare ehurumende nehurumende akaderera anobata ruzhinji rwenhau dzorusununguko rwokubudisa.

Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinogona kupesvedzera kuti mutemo worusununguko uwedzere sei, zvikurukuru apo kukamukana kwematunhu kana kuti zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvinorwisana zvinonyandura kuhwirudzurwa.

matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha zvikuru munharaunda umo mutemo wehurumende unopa dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura zviduku zvebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Mitemo yakawanda ine gadziriro dzorusununguko dzinobudisa idzo matare ehurumende anodudzira nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende yedziviriro, mitemo yakanyorwa, uye mimwe mitemo yehurumende nokuda kwezvinobudisa nhau.

Dziviriro Dzezvokunyora Dzinodzivirira Rusununguko Rwokubudisa

Mitemo iyi inoita kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti rusununguko rwokupinza rusununguko rwakakwana kunyange kana mutemo wekare uchiita kuti pave neganhuriro.

Kuongorora Kwakareba

Dare rinoshandisa cherechedzo dzakawedzerwa kumitemo inoganhurira rusununguko rwokudzvinyirira.Izvi zvinoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kuratidzira kuti ganhuriro dzinobatira fariro dzinogombedzera uye dzakasanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro idzodzo.

Mwero wokunzvera unosiana zvichitsamira parudzi rweganhuriro namashoko akapoteredza. Zvirambidzo zvakavakirwa pazviri zvinowanzogamuchira nzvero yorumano zvikurusa, nepo mirau yezviri mukati ingagona kuongororwa pakati. Matare anonzvera nokungwarira ruramiso dzehurumende ndokurangarira kana zvimwe zvinoganhurira zvishoma zvingagona kusvika nharidzano dzimwe chetedzo.

Kuhwirudzura Kwakadzivisika

Nyaya dzorusununguko dzinowanzobatanidza nhau dzinotapurika nguva, dzakadai sedzisati dzaitwa pachinyorwa kana kuti kukwanisa kutongwa nedare kunopfuurira. Dare rinoziva kuti ruramisiro inononoka inogona kunyima rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau nenzira inobudirira, sezvo fariro yavanhu inova yakareruka uye fariro yavanhu inoderera.

Miganhu yakawanda inogovera miitiro yakarongwa nokuda kwenhau dzorusununguko rwokutsikirira, ichibvumira kuhwirudzurwa kwokukurumidza kwezvisarudzo zvedare rokutonga.Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti nhau dzorusununguko runopfuudzira dzinogamuchira chisarudzo chinokurumidza, kuchidzivisa ganhuriro dzechinguvana kuva zvirambidzo zechigarire.

Mitemo Chaiyo

Dzimwe hurumende dzakashandisa mitemo chaiyo yokubudisa nyaya dzorusununguko.Idzi dzingabatanidza zvinodikanwa izvo hurumende inobvisa zvimwe zvinotsiva isati yatsvaka uchapupu hwenhau, mipimo yakawedzerwa nokuda kwokubudisa vatori venhau, kana kuti miitiro chaiyo nokuda kwemirairo inodenha.

Iyi dziviriro yetsika inogovera kodzero dzehurumende dzerusununguko, ichivimbisa kuti vanobudisa nhau vanogona kushandisa zvinobudirira dziviriro dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo. Inoderedzawo mutoro nendyiko zvokudzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa, kuchikuita kubvirira zvikuru masangano enhau kudzivisa ganhuriro dzisina kufanira.

Nguva Yemberi Yedziviriro Yokutonga Nokuda Kworusununguko Rwokubudisa

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, nzanga, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvinoramba zvichichinja, matare achatarisana nezvinetso zvitsva mukudzivirira rusununguko rwemapepanhau.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kugadzira Magazini

Sezvo ungwaru hwokunyepedzera huchiita basa rinowedzera mukuunganidzwa kwenhau nokushuma, matare achada kusarudza kuti kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwokubudisa kunoshanda sei. Mibvunzo ingamuka pamusoro pokuti zviri mukati zvakarongwa zvingava dziviriro dzakafanana seiko semagazini avanhu, nzira yokupa nayo mutoro wezvikanganiso mukushuma kweautom, uye kana kunyorwa kwenhau kweathorematiki kuchiumba uchenjeri hwakarongwa nenhau hunodzivirirwa.

Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko Nezvikamu Zvemashoko

Mano ehurumende okunzvera anopfuurira kukura, kusimudzira funganyo itsva dzerusununguko rwenhau. Matare anofanira kukurukura kana kuongororwa kwekurukurirano dzavatori venhau, mibatanidzwa yemitengo, nemimwe mibato yokutarisira zvichiputsa rusununguko. Iyi nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yeGendement yeChina pamusoro pezvakavanzika nenzvero dzehurumende.

Chiziviso Chokuverenga Journal

Ruzivo rwezvemari runogura nenzira inowedzera miganhu yenyika, navatori venhau vachishanda munyika yose uye vachibudisa kuvateereri venyika yose. Matare anofanira kusarudza nzira yokushandisa nayo dziviriro dzorusununguko rwokubudisa mumativi enyika dzakawanda, kubatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pehurumende, rwisano pakati pemitemo yenyika dzakasiana - siana, uye dziviriro nokuda kwavanyori vokumwe.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kunetseka pamusoro pemashoko asiri echokwadi uye mashoko asina kujeka kuri kuita kuti nyaya dziri paIndaneti dzinyatsotevedzerwa.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Anoita Vatori Venhau Nemasangano Enhau

Kunzwisisa kuti matare anochengetedza sei rusununguko rwekubudisa nhau kunobatsira vatori venhau nemasangano enhau.

Ziva Kodzero Dzako

Vatori venhau vanofanira kunzwisisa dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinowanika kwavari, kubatanidza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakadai semitemo yedziviriro, uye dziviriro dzetsika.iyi zivo inogonesa vatori venhau kudzivisa zvinodikanwa zvisina kururama nokuda kwamashoko, kudenha ganhuriro dzisina pamutemo, uye kudzivirira tyisidziro dzapamutemo.

Masangano enhau eNyika anofanira kunzwisisa kuti kudzivirira kunosiyana - siyana sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, saka vatori venhau vanofanira kuziva mitemo inoshanda panzvimbo yavo.

Kunyora Zvinhu Zvose

Murusununguko rwokubudisa nhau, magwaro egadziriro dzokuunganidza nhau nedzokupepeta anogona kuva anokosha. Vatori venhau vanofanira kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvamanyuko avo, nzvero, kunzvera maidi, uye zvisarudzo zvokupepeta nhau. Iyi chinyorwa chinogona kubetsera kuratidzira kuti kushuma kwakasangana nemipimo yenyanzvi uye kwakaitiswa mukutenda kwakanaka.

Marekodhi angagona kuzivisa manyuko akavanzika anofanira kusanodzivirirwa, uye vatori venhau vanofanira kubvunza zano repamutemo pamusoro pemapepa okuchengeta.

Kurumidza Kutsvaka Zano Rapamutemo

Pavanenge vachitarisana nematambudziko epamutemo kana kuti kutyisidzirwa, vatori venhau vanofanira kukurumidza kubvunza magweta agara achibudisa nhau.pa zano repamutemo rokutanga rinogona kubatsira kudzivisa zvinetso, kuchengetedza zvisarudzo zvepamutemo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzacho dzinotaurwa zvakarurama.

Masangano akawanda enhau ane zano kana kuti ukama nemakambani emitemo yenhau. Vatori venhau veFreelance namasangano maduku vanogona kutsvaka betsero kumasangano erusununguko rwokubudisa anopa tsigiro yapamutemo. Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pokubudisa zviwanikwa zvorusununguko zvapamutemo, shanyira Dare reRusununguko rwePress[[FLT: 1].

Nzwisisa Zvausingakwanisi

Kunyange zvazvo matare achidzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau, vatori venhau vanofanira kunzwisisa miganhu yokudzivirira kwepamutemo uye mamiriro ezvinhu umo matare angabvumira ganhuriro kana kuti kuisa ganhuriro.

Kunzwisisa miganhu iyi kunobatsira vatori venhau kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavanoziva pamusoro pokubhadharwa, vaone ngozi dzinovapo kana paine mutemo, uye vaone kuti masangano enhau anobatsirawo kuti pave nemitemo uye miitiro inoita kuti vanhu vasanyanya kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo asi ichiita kuti vabudise mashoko enhau.

Zviwanikwa Zvokunzwisisa Mutemo Worusununguko

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanikwa nevaya vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti matare anochengetedza sei rusununguko rwokubudisa.

Masangano Epamutemo

Masangano anoverengeka anonangidzira ngwariro zvakananga parusununguko nemutemo wezvinobudisa nhau. The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press inogovera zviwanikwa zvepamutemo, umbavha, uye mimiririri nokuda kwavatori venhau. Freedom of the Press Foundation inoshanda kutsigira nokudzivirira pepanhau rinofarirwa navose. The Students Press Law Center inonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzorusununguko dzinotapura vatori venhau vavadzidzi.

Masangano aya anopa mirayiridzo yepamutemo, anopa mashoko anofadza nokuda kwevatori venhau vanotarisana nenhau dzepamutemo, uye anorambidza kuisa nhau dzorusununguko mudare.

Zviwanikwa Zvako

Zvikoro zvemitemo nezvikoro zvokunyora mashoko zvinopa kosi, makiriniki, uye nzvimbo dzokunzvera zvakanangidzirwa pamutemo wezvinobudisa nhau uye zvinobudisa rusununguko. iyi purogiramu yedzidzo inoparira mari inonzvera zvisarudzo zvedare, inozivisa miitiro, uye inokarakadza kuchinja. Zvishandiso zvemitemo zvinogona kugovera mukunzvera kwokukurumidza nhau dzorusununguko rwenhau uye mashoko akapoteredza enhau kuti zvinzwisise zvinetso zvazvino.

Nokuda kwamashoko akakwana pamusoro pomutemo weFirst Amendment norusununguko rwokutsikirira, First Amendment Encyclopedia paMiddle Tennessee State University inogovera nyaya dzine udzame pamusoro penhau huru, mirangariro, uye nhau.

Mirangariro Yedare Nezvinyorwa Zvemitemo

Kuverenga pfungwa dzedare chaidzo kunobatsira kunzwisisa zviri mudare repamutemo rekubudisa rusununguko.Zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvakawanda zvinowanika paIndaneti zvakadai seGoogle Schor, Justia, uye mawebsite edare.

Pakurava mifungo yedare, teerera kuzvose zviri zviviri mifungo mikuru neisina kubvumirana. Mifungo yakashata inogona kuziva utera mukurangarira kworuzhinji uye pane dzimwe nguva inopesvedzera zvinoitika zvomunguva yemberi mumutemo.

mhedziso

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende, kunyatsodzikamisa zvinhu zvinoda kukwikwidzana, uye kuramba kuchienderana nezvinetso zvitsva, matare anoita kuti vanobudisa nhau vave nechokwadi chokuti vanogona kuita mabasa avo anokosha okuzivisa vanhu uye kuita kuti hurumende izvidavire.

Dziviriro yokutonga yorusununguko rwekubudisa nhau iri pazivo yokuti nhau dzakasununguka dzinokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dare rakatanga nheyo dzinokosha (8) dzichiramba kudziviswa pamberi pokuzvidzora, dzichida utsinye chaihwoihwo nokuda kwokuzvidzwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende, dzichidzivirira kuzvimirira kwenhau, uye dzinovimbisa kusvika kunhau dzehurumende. Nheyo idzi dzinogovera nzvimbo inokosha yokufema nokuda kwenhau dzakasimba uye kurukurirano yavose.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, matare anoziva kuti rusununguko rwokubudisa haruna kuganhurirwa. Anosanodzikamisa maruramiro anomanikidzira kurwisana nedzimwe fariro dzinokosha, kubatanidza kutongwa kwakarurama, kuva woga, chengeteko yenyika, uye mukurumbira. Uku kudzikamisa kunoda kunzvera kwakajeka nechisarudzo chenhau chimwe nechimwe icho chinorangarira migariro yakati uye mipimo inokwikwidzana.

Mapepanhau anogadzira zvinhu, kuongorora zvinhu, uye kubudisa nhau kunoratidza kuti dzidziso dzekare ndedzechokwadi.

Nguva yemberi yorusununguko rwekubudisa nhau inotsamira zvikuru pamashandisiro anoita matare denho idzi. Dziviriro yakasimba yedare nokuda kworusununguko rwokutsikirira inoda vatongi vanonzwisisa mabasa ehurumende yedemocracy yemagazini, vanonzwisisa zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvinobatanidzwa nokushuma nhau, uye kudzivisa kuedza kwehurumende kudzvinyirira kana kuti kuranga kutsoropodza kufumura.

Kuvanyori venhau, masangano enhau, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti matare anodzivirira sei rusununguko rwokubudisa mashoko kunokosha. Ruzivo urwu runoita kuti vakwanise kutaura zvinobudirira nezvekodzero dzavo, kuita zvisarudzo zvine musoro pamusoro pokupa hurukuro, uye kupindira zvine musoro pamagakava pamusoro pemabumbiro okubudisa rusununguko. Runosimbisawo kukosha kwokutsigira matare anozvimirira anokwanisa kudzivisa kumanikidzwa zvematongerwe enyika uye kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kubudisa rusununguko kunotsamira pakupedzisira pamasangano mazhinji navashandisi (hakusi matare bedzi, asiwo matare okugadza mitemo, vakuru vakuru, vatori venhau, uye vagari vemo vakavimbisana. Zvisinei, matare anoita basa rinokosha sevapikisi vokupedzisira verevo yebumbiro remitemo uye nzvero yokupedzisira mukurwisana nehurumende. Kupfuurira kwavo kudzivirira rusununguko rwokutsinhana kunoramba kuchikosha kuti vachengete udzori hwedemocraticism uye vagari vemo vakadzidza.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penhau dzerusununguko rwazvino uno uye kuti ungatsigira sei pepanhau ramadiro, shanyira [[FLT: 0] rusununguko rwePress Foundation ne American Liberties's Free Speak University [ peji.