Table of Contents
Kodzero yokutaura norusununguko yakamira sechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa zvenzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. urwu rusununguko runokosha runogonesa vanhu kutaura mirangariro yavo, kugoverana mashoko, uye kutora rutivi zvine revo muhurukuro yavose pasina kutya kutsiva kwehurumende kana kuti kunzvera. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inodzivirira nokudzora kutaura kwakasununguka kunokosha sei nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kushandisa kodzero dzake nenzira ine mufungo apo achiremekedza miganhu iyo inochengeta nhevedzano yenzanga ndokudzivirira vamwe pakuvadziko.
Kubvira pakudzivirira kwemabumbiro emitemo kusvika pazvinetso zvemazuva ano, mitemo yakashanduka kuti idzikamise rusununguko rwemunhu nechengeteko yakabatana. Kuongorora uku kwakakwana kunoongorora kuti mitemo inochengetedza sei kodzero yako yokutaura wakasununguka, ganhuriro dziripo, uye zvinetso zvinoramba zvichitarisana norusununguko urwu runokosha munyika yedu yakabatana.
Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokutaura Kwakasununguka
MuUnited States, rusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura runodzivirirwa zvakasimba paganhuriro dzehurumende neFirst Amendment to the Constitution yeU.S., mabumbiro emitemo enyika akawanda, uye mitemo yehurumende nehurumende. First Amendment inoti: “Konfera haisisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurirwa rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwezvinobudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvigumbuso."
Uyu mutongo mumwe chete muBill of Rights wazova musimboti wehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu, uchidzivirira vagari vemo pakunzverwa kwehurumende uye uchigonesa kurukurirano yavose yakasimba panhau dzoukoshi hworudzi. Vamiriri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaziva kuti kutaura kwakasununguka kwakanga kusati kuriwo zvako ropafadzo asi rutivi runokosha rwouzvitonga uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga.
Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika: Kutaura Kwakadzivirirwa Zvikurusa
Kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika ndicho chimiro chinochengetedzwa zvikurusa chekutaura nemhaka youkoshi hwacho kuRepublic inoshanda.Icho chinobatanidza maruramiro okutsoropodza pachena hurumende navatungamiriri vayo, sezvingabvira mumashoko outsinye zvikuru kana kuti anogumbura. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika inofanirwa nomwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo, kuchiziva kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inotsamira pamano avagari vemo okukurukura norusununguko mitemo yehurumende, nhau dzavose, uye kurangarira vapamberi vezvamatongerwe enyika.
Mutongi William Brennan, mumurangariro wake woruzhinji nokuda kweDare muTexas naJohnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1999), akataura kuti "[i] pane nheyo inodzivirira inotangira First Amendment, kunoreva kuti hurumende ingasadzivisa kutaura kwepfungwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti nzanga inowana pfungwa yacho imene ichishora kana kuti isingagamuchiriki.
Mupimo weBrandenburg Wokunyandura
Imwe yefambiro mberi dzapamutemo dzinokosha zvikurusa mukutaura kwakasununguka yakauya nechisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro muBrandenburg v. Ohio. Mhaka yaBrandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), inomirira chikarakadzo chokuti kutaura kunogona kudziviswa bedzi kana kutaura kuchiitirwa, uye sezvingabvira kuchaita chiito chekusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo. Iyi chinyorwa chakakwirira nokuda kweganhuriro yehurumende, ichida zvose zviri zviviri donzo nebviro yekuvadziko yekutaura isati yagona kurambidzwa.
Murangariro muBrandenburg wakarasa muedzo wakapfuura we "clear neapa ngozi" ndokuita maruramiro kurusununguko rwedziviriro dzekutaura muUnited States. Uyu mupimo wazova chinhu chikuru chefiti yeFirst Amendment, uchidzivirira kunyange chisakafanira chechiito chisiri pamutemo kutoti wasangana nenzvero yeBrandenburg yakakurumbira.
Kodzero Dzevanhu Dzamarudzi Ose Dzinoshandira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Kubva pabumbiro remitemo renyika yose, kutaura kwakasununguka kunodzivirirwa pasi pomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu, kuchiita kuti nyika yose ive nekodzero iyi inokosha.
Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), yakaziviswa neSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose muna 1948 pashure pokuparadza kukuru, yakaratidzira musengwa nenyika wokusimudzira ndokuchengeta musengwa wakazara wekodzero dzavanhu. Chikamu 19 cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, chakagamuchirwa muna 1948, chinodudza kuti: Munhu ari wose ane maruramiro orusununguko rwomurangariro nokutaura; kodzero iyi inobatanidza rusununguko rwokuva nemirangariro pasina kudzongonyedza uye kutsvaka, kugamuchira ndokupa mashoko kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvipi nezvipi nezvipi nezvipi uye pasinei zvapo neganhuro.
Bhuku rinokosha munhau yekodzero dzevanhu rinonzi Universal Declaration of Human Rights rakatanga kubudisa pfungwa yokuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha dzinofanira kudzivirirwa munyika yose.
Tsamba Dzamarudzi Ose Dzinodzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Kubvira painobatanidzwa muChikamu 19 cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, kodzero yorusununguko rwepfungwa nokutaura yakadzivirirwa muzvibvumirano zvose zvinowirirana zvekodzero dzevanhu zvomunyika yose.
Voruzhinji zvikuru venyika vakatendera Convention yaMarudzi Ose pamusoro pokubviswa kwezvimiro zvose zveRusaruro Rwedzinza (ICERD, Chibatanwa chaMarudzi, Chinoyera Chinofungidzirwa 1965), Sungano yaMarudzi paChivility Namagariro Avanhu (ICCPR, United Nations, profectorial 1666), Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRCRC, United Nations, CRPD, CHECHIPD, CHECHIREONCU 2006), uye Convention on the Rights of the Human faception of the Human Inccificial (CPD, United Nations, CREAD, CREAR2006), imwe neimwe inodzivirira rusununguko rwepfungwa uye kutaura.
Ruramisiro yacho inonyorwa muChikamu 19 cheSangano reNyika Yose pamusoro pekodzero dzechiningwa nedzematongerwe enyika, Chikamu 10 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights, Chikamu 13 cheAmerican Convention on Human Rights neChikamu 9 cheAfrican Charter on Human and People’s Rights. Iyi purogiramu ine mashoko akawanda yezvishandiso zvomunharaunda nezvemarudzi akawanda inoratidza kubvumirana kwepasi pose pamusoro poukoshi hwokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka.
Kukosha Kwokutaura Usingatyi Mumutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda
Mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda, rusununguko rwokutaura pfungwa dzinoonekwa sedzinokosha pamwero womunhu mumwe nomumwe, dzichiita kuti munhu anyatsokura, uye kuva dombo renheyo renzanga inosarudzwa nevanhu.
Kutaura kwakasununguka chinhu chiri madikanwa kukufarikanya dzimwe maruramiro, zvakadai sekodzero yokuvhota, kuungana kwakasununguka uye rusununguko rwesonganiro, uye kunokosha kuva nechokwadi chorusununguko rwokubudisa. Pasina mano okutaura norusununguko mirangariro uye kugoverana mashoko, dzimwe maruramiro edemocracy anova asina maturo uye asingashandi. Rusununguko rwokutaura runovawo namamwe maruramiro avanhu akadai sekodzero yorusununguko rwomufungo, hana norudzidziso – uye runoabvumira kukura.
Ganhuriro Dzinonzwisisika Pakutaura Kwakasununguka
Nepo kutaura kwakasununguka kuchifarikanya dziviriro yapamutemo yakasimba, haisati iri yakakwana.
Marudzi Okutaura Kusingadzivirirwi
Marudzi makuru akadaro kunyandura, kuzvidza, kunyengera, zvinonyadzisa, zvinonyadzisira zvevana, kurwa, uye tyisidziro. izvi zvisipo zviduku zvokutaura kudzivirira kwakasununguka zvakasanorondedzerwa kupfurikidza namakumi amakore omusi wapamutemo.
Marudzi okutaura anopiwa dziviriro shomanene kana kuti isina kudzivirirwa neFirst Amendment anobatanidza ushati (sezvakasarudzwa neFirst Amendment), kunyengera, zvinonyadzisira zvevana, kutaura kunokosha kumufambiro usiri wapamutemo, kutaura kunonyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, uye kudzora kutaura kwezvokutengeserana kwakadai sokushambadzira. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe cheizvi chinomirira dzikamo pakati pekutaura kwakasununguka nezvimwe zvinhu zvinopesvedzera.
Kupandukira uye Kutaura Kwenhema
Nhema dzokuzvidzwa (dzinonzi dzinonzi "ribheri" kana dzikanyorwa ne"shevedzeri" kana dzikataurwa), kureva nhema pasi pemhiko, uye kunyengera zvingarangwawo. Zvisinei, mutemo unosiyanisa nhema dzechokwadi nekutaura kwepfungwa. Kusiyana kwakadaro, zvisinei, kunotambanudzira bedzi kunhema dzenhema; kutaura kwemurangariro kungasarangwa kunyange kana murangariro wacho uchirangarirwa wakafara sewakaipa mutsika.
Mutemo wacho unobvuma kuti kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzingava dzakaipa kana kuti dzisingafari, dzinomiririra pfungwa dzomukurukuri uye dzinoda kudzivirirwa kunyange padzinenge dzichiitiranwa nharo.
Kutyisidzira Kwechokwadi Nokunyandurwa Kumasimba Masimba
Kazhinji, First Amendment haidziviriri vanhu kuti vasaita chisimba, vasatyisidzirwa zvechokwadi, kuti chisimba nokunetswa zvisaitike.
Seizvo Dare Rapamusorosa rakaitirwa muBrandenburg v. Ohio (11996), hurumende ingarambidza "kunyandura" --_rech" uye "sezvingabvira kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro" (sekutaura kunyongori inokurudzira kudenha chivako chiri pedyo). Asi kutaura kunokurudzira chiito panguva isina kujeka yenguva yemberi kungasarambidzwa. Ichi chinodikanwa chapashure chinovimbisa kuti kutemerwa kwomutemo kunoramba kuchidzivirirwa apo kunenge kuchidzivisa kutaura kunoparira ngozi.
Mipimo Yamarudzi Ose Yeganhuriro
MuICCPR, rusununguko rwokutaura runogona bedzi kuganhurirwa nomutemo uye uko kuri madikanwa kuremekedza kodzero kana kuti mukurumbira wavamwe; kana kuti nokuda kwedziviriro yechengeteko yorudzi kana kuti yenhevedzano yavose, kana kuti youtano hwavanhu vose kana kuti tsika (United Nations, profect 19(3). Iyi mipimo yamarudzi ose inogadza miganhu yakajeka nokuda kweapo hurumende dzingaganhurira nenzira yapamutemo kutaura kwakasununguka.
Nemhaka yemipimo iyoyo, kuzvidza uye mitemo yokutaura yoruvengo zvinogona kururamiswa sokudzivirira mukurumbira nekodzero zvavamwe, chero bedzi zvisati zvichinyanyowandisa. Chinodikanwa chokuti ganhuriro hadzisati dzichiva dzakanyanyisa chinovimbisa kuti hurumende hadzigoni kushandisa itiro hanya dzapamutemo sepembedzo dzokudzvinyirira kana kuti kudzora hurukuro yavose.
Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu
Kunyange kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kungava pasi pemirau ine mufungo pamusoro pokuti ndirini, kupi, uye seinoratidzirwa. iyi ganhuriro yezviri mukati inobvumira hurumende kutarisira nzvimbo dzavose ndokudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa apo inochengeta maruramiro makuru okutaura kwakasununguka.
Mitemo Isina Kupindira
Kutanga, hurumende ingaganhurira kazhinji kazhinji nguva, nzvimbo, kana kuti mutoo wokutaura, kana ganhuriro dzacho dzisina batano neizvo kutaura kwacho ndokusiya vanhu vane dzimwe nzira dzakaringanira dzokuratidzira mirangariro yavo.
Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, hurumende ingaganhurira kushandiswa kwamagudzanzwi munharaunda dzokugara usiku, ganhurira mienzanisiro yose inovhara motokari, kana kuti kurambidza kusarudzwa kwose kwemisha yavanhu. iyi mirau inobatira fariro dzepamutemo dzehurumende mukuchengeta nhevedzano uye kudzivirira kuva woga pasina kuronga mashoko chaiwo kana kuti vakurukuri.
Kuedza Kusingawirirani Nezvinhu Zvisina Kubatanidzwa
Dare reO'Brien (1968) rakazivisa kuti, "... murairo wehurumende unoruramiswa zvakakwana kana uri musimba rebumbiro remitemo reHurumende; kana ukapfuuridzira fariro inokosha kana kuti huru yehurumende; kana fariro yehurumende isina chokuita nokudzvinyirirwa kwekutaura kwakasununguka; uye kana ganhuriro yenhambo parusununguko runofungidzirwa rweFirst Amendment isiri huru zvikuru kupfuura inokosha kukufambisira mberi fariro iyoyo.
Iyi nzvero yamativi mana inovimbisa kuti nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo zvinobatira ganhuriro dzapamutemo pasina kuva motokari nokuda kwokusarura murangariro. Kusatora rutivi kwokusatora rutivi kunowirirana urongwa hunokosha hwokusangana nemhaka yokuti kana mutemo usina kutora rutivi kunogutsa nemhaka yokudenha murangariro wakati kana kuti mutoo wokutaura nawo, kazhinji kazhinji uchaputsa dzimwe nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, dzakadai sechitsama chakaenzana chedziviriro.
Kushandisa Mumiganhu Yedzidzo
Yunivhesiti ingaisa nguva yezviri mukati nemirangariro, nzvimbo neganhuriro pamibato kuti ive nechokwadi choutano, chengeteko negarikano uye kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwekudzidzisa, kudzidza, kunzvera, basa netarisiro yokushivirira panzvimbo dzedu dzechikoro. Panzvimbo pezvo, mitemo inofanira kushanda kuvashandisi venzvimbo pasinei zvapo nechisipo kana kuti murangariro wekutaura kwavo.
Nheyo idzi dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana dzavose, dzichiva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshanda zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda pasina kutsoropodza pashoko riri kupiwa. Chinodikanwa chokusatora rutivi mumurangariro chinodzivisa zviremera kushandisa mitemo inoratidzika kuva isina kubatana kudzvinyirira kutaura kusina kutsamwiswa.
Kutaura Kwakasununguka Munguva Yemadhigirii
Hwendesheni uye makombiyuta anoshandiswa pakombiyuta akachinja mashandisiro anoita vanhu kodzero yavo yokutaura vakasununguka, zvichiita kuti pave nemikana mitsva nezvinetso zvokudzivirira zviri pamutemo.
Kudzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo Pakutaura NeInternet
Muchisarudzo cha9-10, Dare Rapamusoro rakatambanudzira dziviriro yakazara yeFirst Amendment kuInternet muReno v. ACLU, chisarudzo chakakurira zvikamu zveNhevedzano dza1996, mutemo wairambidza "kukurukurirana neInternet". Chisarudzo chedare racho chakatambanudza dziviriro dzemitemo dzakapiwa kumabhuku, magazini, mabhaisikopo, uye kutaura kuzvinhu zvinobudiswa paIndaneti.
Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidza kuti mashoko ari paIndaneti akakodzera kudzivirirwa zvakakura semapepanhau, achiramba nharo dzokuti zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zveInternet zvinonzi zvinodzivirira jira remitemo. Mutongo wacho wakaziva kuti paIndaneti panogona kunzi isimba rinoita kuti pave nedenderedzwa rehurumende rishandiswe kuti ritaure pachena.
Kuzivikanwa Kwemarudzi Ose Kwokushandiswa Kwekodzero DzeInternet
Chikamu 19(2) cheICCPR chinoraira kuti maruramiro orusununguko rwokutaura anoshanda pasinei zvapo nemiganhu uye kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvipi nezvipi zvechisarudzo chomunhu. Mukuru mukuru No. 34 anotsanangurazve kuti nyaya 19(2) inobatanidza mitoo yakavakirwa paInternet yekurukurirano. Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti dziviriro dzamarudzi ose dzekodzero dzavanhu dzinotambanukira kukutaura kwemitauro.
Kukurukurirana kuri kuitwa munyika yose paInternet kwakaita kuti nyika dzakawanda dziwedzere kushandira pamwe uye kuramba dzichitevedzera mitemo yadzo.
Kuchinja Kudzorwa Kwekodzero Dzevashandisi
Kutanga kwezvirongwa zvemasangano zvemasangano kwakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuti mitemo yokutaura yorusununguko inoshanda sei kana makambani asina basa achidzora michina yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo First Amendment ichidzivirira kuongororwa kwehurumende, haitungamiriri zvakananga zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvine chokuita nomwero.
Kuedza kudzikamisa kodzero dzekuzvitonga, kuisa kodzero dzevashandisi, uye zvinhu zvine chokuita nemitemo mumitemo yehurumende kunoramba kuchichinja sematare uye vaiti vemitemo vanorwisana nenhau idzi dzakaoma.
Venga Kutaura Neganhuriro Dzokushivirira
Mitemo yemitemo yakasiyana - siyana yakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutaura norusununguko nokudzivirira pakutaura kwokusasarura uye kunokuvadza.
Nzira Yokuvenga Nayo Kutaura yeAmerica
Kutaura kworuvengo kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment muUnited States, sezvinosarudzwa muR.A.V. muGuta raSt. Paul, (1992) umo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga kuti kuvenga kutaura kunobvumirwa, kunze kwemuitiro wemasimba masimba ava pedyo. Uku kunoratidzira kuda kwakasimba kwegamuchidzanwa remitemo reAmerica kudzivirira kunyange kutaura kunogumbura kutoti kwakapinda mumapoka asina kukotseka setyisidziro dzechokwadi kana kuti nyanduro.
MuR.A.V. neGuta raSt. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), Dare rakatsanangura kuti Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga kweBumbiro Remitemo reUnited States “zvikurukuru kunodzivisa hurumende kurambidza kutaura, kana kuti kunyange mufambiro wakananga, nemhaka yokusatendera pfungwa dzinotaurwa. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa kuita sechinopa mirangariro inogamuchirika, kunyange apo mirangariro iyoyo inogumbura zvikuru vazhinji.
Mipimo Yamarudzi Ose Pakutaura Kunovenga
Nepo zvimwe ganhuriro parusununguko rwokutaura dzingasundwa nenheyo dzemipimo yokuenzana nokusasarura, "kunyandurwa kwakananga uye kwapachena kurudzi" uye "ruvengo rworudzi, rwedzinza kana kuti rworudzidziso urwo runoumba kunyandura kurusarura, ruvengo kana kuti masimba masimba" runorambidzwa chose chose mumutemo wamarudzi ose, uye runorangarirwa kuva "zvimiro zvapanguva ipi neipi zvokutaura kworuvengo".
Hurumende dzine basa rokurambidza kutaura kworuvengo, kunonyandura asi dzakawanda dzinoshandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera chadzo kunyaradza kusabvumirana kune rugare kupfurikidza nokupa mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rwokutaura.
Kudzikamisa Kutaura uye Kudzivirira
Mitemo inorambidza kutaura kworuvengo kana kuti kumwe kunyandura kurusaruro namasimba masimba haifaniri kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana kune rugare.Musiyano mukuru uri pakati pokutaura kunogumbura kana kuti kuratidzira mirangariro yorusaruro nokutaura izvo zvinonyandura chisimba kana kuti rusaruro nenzira yokushingaira mukurwisana namapoka akadzivirirwa.
"Kuwedzera kutaura kworuvengo hakurevi kuganhurira kana kuti kurambidza rusununguko rwokutaura. Kunoreva kuchengeta kutaura kworuvengo kusingapfuuriri muchimwe chinhu chine ngozi zvikuru, zvikurukuru kunyandurirwa kurusaruro, utsinye namasimba masimba, izvo zvinorambidzwa mumutemo wamarudzi ose. ” — Munyori weSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose António Guterres, June 2019. Uyu murangariro unosimbisa kuti kudzivirira zvimiro zvinokuvadza zvikurusa zvokutaura kworuvengo kunogona kubatana nedziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru.
Kuongorora Kutonga uye Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo
Gadziriro yokutonga inoita nzvero inokosha mukudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura zviito zvehurumende nemitemo zvingaputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.
Pfungwa Yokusava Nechokwadi
Kana paine chinenge chichirambidzwa kutaura mudare, zvinofungidzirwa kuti hazvishandi uye hurumende inoremedza dare kuti ribvume kuti mutemo uri kurambidzwa unoratidza kukosha kwokutaura norusununguko munzanga inosarudzwa nevanhu uye inopa mutoro kune vaya vanotsvaka kuuderedza.
Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti ganhuriro pakutaura dzinowana nzvero huru uye hadzigoni kuiswa pasina ruramiso huru. Matare anonzvera zvose zviri zviviri donzo rakataurwa rehurumende nomuuyo chaiwoiwo weganhuriro kudzivisa kunzvera kwapamberi pekunzvera magwaro.
Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare
Zvisarudzo izvi zvakatanga kutungamirira matare epamusoro - soro uye zvakazivisa vanhu kodzero dzepamutemo.
Panhau dzinodzivirira kutaura kwokufananidzira kwakafanana nokupiswa kwomureza kuti uchengetedze kuratidzirwa kwevadzidzi uye kubudisa rusununguko, Dare racho rakasimbisa nguva dzose kuti kutaura kwakasununguka kwakafanirwa nedziviriro yakasimba kunyange apo kutaura kuri kukurukurwa kunomutsa nharo kana kuti kusingafarirwi. chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinobetsera kukunzwisiswa kunoitwa nheyo dzemitemo kupfurikidza nokushanda kwemamiriro ezvinhu matsva nezvinetso.
Kusvika Kumatare Nekugadzirisa Kunoitwa Mumatare
Kuwanikwa kwemishonga inobudirira kunokosha kuti vanhu vazvidzivirire norusununguko pane kungotaurawo zvako.
Fariro yavose namapoka erusununguko rwevagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji zvinoita mabasa anokosha mukuunza mhaka dzokuedza nokudzivirira maruramiro okuratidzira mudare.
Rusununguko Rwokufefetera Nedziviriro Dzemapepanhau
Mapepanhau akasununguka anoshanda sechinhu chinoparira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo dzevanyori venhau namasangano enhau dzinokosha mukuchengeta vagari vemo vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira.
Dziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwenhau
First Amendment inodzivirira zvakajeka "rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau" inoziva basa chairo rinoitwa nemagazini munzanga yedemocracy. Matare akadudzira iyi gadziriro kugovera dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokuunganidzwa kwenhau, kubudiswa, uye kuzvimirira kwokupepeta nhau.
Pfungwa yokuti hurumende haigoni kuongorora kana kuranga vanobudisa nhau dzechokwadi panyaya dzinoda kuteererwa nevanhu inosanganisira zvinobudiswa paterevhizheni, mabhuku ari paIndaneti, uye vatori venhau vanozvimirira.
Kudzivirira Mitemo uye Kudzivirira
Kudzivirira uku kunowanzotsamira pamanyuko achangotaura bedzi pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu okusazivikanwa, zvikurukuru pakufumura chakaipa chehurumende kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka kwesangano.
Kuenzana kuri pakati pedziviriro yamanyuko nedzimwe fariro dzapamutemo, dzakadai sokunzvera kweutsotsi kana kuti kupokana kwehurumende, kunopfuurira kuva kwechinjo.
Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuti Vanhu Vasununguke
Kuda kubudisa nhau kwemazuva ano kunotyisidzirwa nenhungamiro dzakawanda. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangashandisa kuongorora kunodzudza, kupondwa kwevapondi, kana kuti zvimwe midziyo zvepamutemo kuti vadzvinyirire vatori venhau nemanyuko avo.
Kunzwisisa kuti kudzivirira rusununguko rwemapepanhau munguva ino yokugadzira zvinhu kunoramba kuchinetsa sei matare uye vagadziri vemitemo.
Rusununguko Rwenyika uye Kutaura Kwedzidzo
Masangano edzidzo ane nzvimbo yakasiana mukutaura mutemo wakasununguka, kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvesangano nekodzero dzokuratidzirwa kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vashandi.
Kuratidzira Kodzero Dzavadzidzi
Pavadzidzi kupfeka zvisungo zvitema zvemaoko kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge hondo ("Vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo pagedhi rechikoro."). Iyi nheyo inobva kuna Tinker v. Des Moines yakazivisa kuti vadzidzi vanochengeta maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo pavanenge vari kuchikoro, kunyange zvazvo kodzero idzodzo dzingava pasi pemiraudzo ine mufungo.
Zvikoro zvingadzora ratidziro yavadzidzi kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kukuru kwemibato yedzidzo, asi hazvigoni kudzivisa kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti vadzori kana kuti vamwe vanokuona kuchimutsa nharo kana kuti kusabvumirana.
Rusununguko Rwevanhu Vane Mafungiro
Rusununguko rwezvokudzidza runorondedzerwa payunivhesiti muFaculty Rup 3335 - 01 se "Rusununguko rwevadzidzisi kuti vapindure: (1) Dzidzisa, nzvera, uye budisa zviwanwa zvokunzvera; (2) Kurukurai mumakirasi, nomutoo wavo vamene, mashoko api naapi anokosha kunhau yacho sezvinorondedzerwa mukosi; (3) Shandisai maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo savagari vemo pasina kunzvera kwesangano kana kuti chirango; uye (4) Tsvai chinjo mudzidzo nemitemo yesangano kupfurikidza nomutemo uye nenzira ine rugare."
Idzi dziviriro dzinoziva kuti dzidzo yapamusoro inotsamira pamano avadzidzisi okuronda zivo ndokudzidzisa pasina kutya kutsiva pfungwa dzinomutsa nharo kana kuti kuwana kwakaipa.
Kudzikamisa Kodzero Nemabasa
Rusununguko rwedzidzo runouya nemitoro inowirirana.Faculty inofanira kusvitsa misengwa yavo yenyanzvi, ichisiyanisa pakati penzvimbo dzesangano nemirangariro yomunhu oga, uye ichiremekedza maruramiro avadzidzi navazvipiri.
Masangano edzidzo anofanira kubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti kutaura kubva pahurukuro yakadziviridzwa kunova kunetswa kana kuti rusaruro.
Kutaura kweHurumende Nokushandiswa Kwavose
Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yokutaura yorusununguko inoshanda sei panyaya idzi kunokosha kuvashandi vehurumende uye kuvanhu vose.
Dzidziso Yokutaura yeHurumende
Hurumende inogona kugamuchira uye kutsigira maonero ainoita dzimwe nyaya dzemitemo, kutsigira mamwe mashoko painenge isingadi kutsigira vamwe, uye kutsigira zvinzvimbo zvayo.
Zvisinei, inoitawo kuti pave nokubvira kwokubatwa zvisina kufanira kana hurumende ikashandisa simba rayo rokutaura kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana kana kuti kushandisa hurukuro yavose.
Kodzero Dzokutaura Dzavashandi Voruzhinji
Vashandi vehurumende vanochengeta maruramiro akasununguka okuratidzira, asi kodzero idzodzo dzingava dzakaganhurirwa apo kutaura kune chokuita namabasa avo ehurumende kana kuti kunodzongonyedza mabasa ehurumende. Dare rinodzikamisa fariro yomushandi mukutsinhira pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavanhu nefariro yehurumende mumabasa anobudirira netsinhirano yebasa.
Musiyano uri pakati pokutaura somugari wemo panyaya dzinoitirwa hanya nevanhu uye kutaura somushandi anoita mabasa ehurumende unokosha.Vashandi vanowana dziviriro huru pavanotaura sevagari vemo panyaya dzine chokuita nebasa ravo.
Dziviriro Dzemapfuti
Kudzivirira vanoridza mhere kunoziva kuti vanhu vanofarira kufumura mufambiro usina kunaka wehurumende asi vachidzivirira vashandi kuti vasatsiva.
Kana pasina kudzivirirwa kune revo pakutsiva, kodzero dzepamutemo dzingapa chengeteko shoma yevashandi vanofumura zvakaipa.
Kutaura Kwezvokutengeserana Nokushambadza
Kudzivirira uku kuri pakati nepakati kunoratidza pfungwa yokuti kunyange zvazvo mashoko ezvokutengeserana achikosha, haanyanyi kukosha kukuita kuti uzvidzore kupfuura hurukuro yezvematongerwe enyika.
Muedzo weCentral Hudson
Matare anoshandisa muedzo wakawanda wokuongorora ganhuriro pakutaura kwezvokutengeserana, achinzvera kana kutaura kwacho kune chokuita nebasa rinobvumirwa nomutemo uye kusiri kutsausa, kana fariro yehurumende iri chaiyoiyo, kana mutemo uchifambisira mberi zvakananga fariro iyoyo, uye kana wakasanorongwa.
Iyi gadziriro inobvumira murairo mukuru zvikuru wokutaura kwezvokutengeserana kupfuura kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika apo kuchiri kuda hurumende kururamisa ganhuriro.Mitemo inofanira kushanda madonzo apamutemo uye kwete kuva huru zvikuru kupfuura zviri madikanwa.
Kushambadza Kwenhema Nokutsausa
Mitemo yokudzivirira inodzora kutaura kwevashambadzi, ichida kuti vashambadzi vasataura zvenhema uye inorambidza kunyengera.
Kunyange zvazvo vashambadzi vangabatanidzwa mutambanudzo yakati yokukwidziridza, havagoni kutaura zvenhema nezvezvinhu kana kuti mabasa.
Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Zvebhizimisi Zvinokurudzirwa
Izvi zvinodiwa pakuzivisa mashoko zvinoda kuongororwa zvishoma pane kurambidzwa kutaura, sezvo zvinowedzera mashoko pane kuadzvinyirira.
Kuchengetedza mashoko okutengesa uye kuchengetedza vatengi kunoramba kuchingoerekana kwachinja.
Kutaura Kwokufananidzira Nomufambiro Wokuratidzira
Zviito zvinoitirwa kupa shoko zvingadzivirirwa nemitemo, kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kwacho kuchisiyana nenyaya dzekutaura chaidzo.
Kupiswa Kwefurafi uye Kushorwa Kwokufananidzira
Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoziva kuti zviratidzo zvinogona kupa mashoko ane simba uye kuti hurumende haigoni kurambidza kutaura nokuti inongova nemhaka yokuti inosanganisira mufambiro pane kuti itaure.
Kuongorora kuti mashoko acho aitaurwa sei kunoratidza kana mutambi wacho aitarisira kuti mashoko acho anzwisiswe here uye kana vanhu vacho vaizonzwisisa mashoko acho.
Mupfekero Nechitarisiko
Zvikoro nevashandirwi vangaisa mitemo yemapfekero, asi ganhuriro dzinorambidza mashoko akati kana kuti mirangariro dzingaputsa kodzero dzokuratidzira.
Dzikamo pakati pefariro dzesangano mukuchengeta mipimo nekodzero dzokuratidzira kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza chaiwo norudzi rweganhuriro. Mabumbiro ezvipfeko zvezvisimbwa zvechikafu anowanzogamuchira kunonotswa kukuru kupfuura ayo anonangidzira mashoko chaiwo.
Kuratidza Unyanzvi
Hurumende haigoni kuongorora kana kuranga kuratidzwa kwounyanzvi kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti shoko rayo, kunyange zvazvo ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye tsika.
Hurumende haigoni kupinza unyanzvi muutsotsi kana kuti kunzvera unyanzvi, ingava nerusununguko rukuru mukusarudza chokutsigira.
Kuganhurirwa Kwapamberi Nokuganhurirwa
Chinodzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu asati aitika (8) hurumende isati yadzivisa kutaura kusati kwaitika), inoisa panzvimbo yakanyanya kusatenderwa nebumbiro remitemo. Chirango chinopesana nokuzvidzora chisati chaitwa chinoratidzira murangariro wokuti kunzvera kusati kwabudiswa kunoparira ngozi huru kupfuura chirango chapakarepo.
Mhaka Yechibage
Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chinobvumira kubudiswa kwePentagon Papers pasinei zvapo nokuramba kwehurumende chakatanga miganhu inokosha inoganhurira kuganhurirwa kusati kwaitwa. Mutoro wehurumende wokururamisa kudzivirira kubudiswa kwamabhuku wakakwirira zvikuru, unoda chibvumikiso chekuvadziko yapakarepo.
Iyi nheyo inodzivirira rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau uye inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kudzvinyirira nyore nyore mashoko anokwenudza vakuru vakuru kana kuti kuratidzira kusazvibata kwehurumende.
Kugamuchira Uye Kubvumira Zvinodikanwa
Hurumende ingada mvumo yemimwe mibato inonyandura, yakadai sokuratidzira kana kuti ratidziro huru, asi zvirongwa zvokugadzira mishonga zvinofanira kubatanidza mipimo yakajeka, zvisarudzo zvokukurumidzira, uye kuhwirudzura kwokutonga. Vakuru vakuru havagoni kuva nokungwarira kusingadzorwi kuti vape kana kuti kuramba mvumo dzakavakirwa pakutaura kunokarakadzwa.
Zvisinei, hazvifaniri kuva motokari dzokuongorora kana kuti kusarura maonero.
Kusangana Uye Mirayiro Yedare
Matare angarayira kuti vanhu vasataura zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu akati, zvakadai sokudzivirira kuputswa kwekodzero dzepfungwa kana kuti kudzivirira kodzero dzokutongwa zvakanaka.
Dzikamo pakati pokudzivirira maruramiro apamutemo nokuchengeta kutaura kwakasununguka inoda kunzvera mhaka nenyaya. Matare anofanira kurangarira kana zvimwe zvinotsiva zvisina kuganhurirwa zvingagona kubatira madonzo mamwe chetewo pasina kudzvinyirira kutaura.
Kuva Woga, Kuzivikanwa, uye Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Kudzikamisa zvinhu izvi zvinoda kuongorora kuti matauriro acho akadini, kuti vanhu vari papati yacho vaone kuti chii, uye kuti vanhu vanofarira mashoko acho.
Mutemo Wokupomera Nemhaka Nezvirevo Zvoruzhinji
Nhamba dzehurumende nevakuru vakuru vanotarisana nemitoro yakakwirira munhau dzokuzvidza kupfuura vanhu voga, vachiratidza murangariro wokuti hurukuro yavose pamusoro pevanhu vakakurumbira inoita mabasa anokosha ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Kusiyana kwevanhu vose nevomunhu oga, uye nyaya dzevanhu vose nedzevanhu, dzinoumba mitemo inoshanda.
Tutambo Tusina Kuzivikanwa uye Kutaura
Zvibvumirano zvakavanzika zvakasiana - siana, zvakadai sokuziviswa pachena kwamaidi akavanzika kana kuti kupindira pamusoro pokuzviparadzanisa, kungarwisana nefariro dzakasununguka.
Kuwedzera kwemakombiyuta nemakombiyuta kwakaita kuti vanhu vanyanye kunetseka nezvezvinhu zvepachivande asi mikana yokuratidza kuti ndeyechokwadi.
Kodzero Yokukanganwika
Dzimwe hurumende dzakaziva kuti "kodzero yokukanganwika" kubvumira vanhu kukumbira kubviswa mamwe mashoko kubva pamigumisiro yokutsvaka kana kuti paIndaneti. Pfungwa iyi inoparira kusawirirana nenheyo dzemitemo dzemadiro uye inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti ndiani anofanira kusarudza kuti mashoko api anoramba achiwanika.
Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero yokukanganwika kunoratidza mibvunzo yakakura pamusoro pemashoko asingaperi enguva inoonekwa nevanhu uye kuenzana kuri pakati pezvakavanzika uye kuwanikwa kwevanhu.
Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose uye Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Nhau dzechengeteko yenyika dzakashandiswa kare kururamisa ganhuriro pakuratidzira, asi ganhuriro dzakadaro dzakatarisana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.dzikamo pakati pechengeteko norusununguko inoramba ichipokanidzwa, zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzinorangarirwa kuva tyisidziro.
Kuverenga uye Kuvanza
Hurumende ingaronga mashoko ane chokuita nokuchengeteka kwenyika, asi gadziriro dzokuronga zvinhu hadzigoni kushandiswa kudzvinyirira mashoko anonyadzisa vakuru vakuru kana kuti kuvanza chakaipa chehurumende.
Varidzi vemabhomba vanozivisa mashoko evamwe vangapomerwa mhosva, asi kukurukurirana kwevanhu nezvezvavanoita kunowanzonyanya kutaura kana mashoko acho airatidza zvakaipa zvaipfuura zvakavanzika.
Mutemo WeEspionage uye Kupomerwa Kwemazai
Kushandiswa kwemitemo iyi kuvatori venhau uye vabudisi venhau kunowedzera zvinetso zvinokonzerwa neFirst Amendment, nokuti kukwidza nyaya kungaita kuti vanhu vasafarira kuendesa mashoko uye kubudisa mashoko.
Kunyange zvazvo manyuko angatarisana nokupiwa mhaka nokuda kwokuzivisa kusina pamutemo, kutambanudzira mutoro kuvaparidzi kunomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba zvikuru yebumbiro remitemo.
Ugandanga Nokuparadza
Mitemo inonangidzira kutaura kwamagandanga kana kuti iri mumashoko anonyanyisa inofanira kugadzirwa nokungwarira kudzivisa kutaura kwakadzivirirwa.Mupimo weBrandenburg nokuda kwokunyandurwa unoshanda, uchida kuti kutaura ikoko kuitwe pakuparira chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kuparira chiito chakadaro.
Kubatira pamwe kwemarudzi ose pamusoro pougandanga kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti nzira dzakasiana dzegadziriro dzapamutemo dzokubatanidza. Mitemo yetsigiro yezvinhu iyo inorambidza kutaura kwakati mukutsigira masangano akasarudzwa amagandanga yakaparira denho dzebumbiro remitemo nekurukurirano.
Kusangana Nezvinetso uye Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi
Kunzwisisa matambudziko ari kumuka kunobatsira kufungidzira kuti mitemo ingatanga sei.
Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa Nezvatinenge Tichitaura Nezvatinowana
Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira nokuda kwemwero unogutswa kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokururama, mirangariro, uye kuzvidavirira.
Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinofanira kukurukura nzira yokuva nechokwadi chokuti mwero weAl unoremekedza nayo kodzero dzokutaura apo unenge uchibatira fariro dzechikuva dzapamutemo uye kutungamirira. Kuona chitarisiko, kukwidza, uye kutarisira kwavanhu kungava dziviriro dzinokosha.
Zvinhu Zvinobudisa Mashoko Zvakadzama
Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rune mashoko akadzama runoita kuti pave nezvinhu chaizvoizvo asi zvenhema zviri muvhidhiyo, ruchimutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro penzira yokutaura nayo zvinobudisa nhau zvinokuvadza asi ruchidzivirira kushandiswa kwepamutemo kwokugadzira uye kwokutaura.
Denho iri mukupedza kuvadziko yechokwadi inobva muzvinobudisa nhau zvinonyengera pasina kugadzira maturusi okunzvera kana kuti kuvandudza kunodzvinyirira.
Kuzvidavirira uye Kupindirana Kwemashoko
Nharo pamusoro pechikuva chokuzvidavirira nokuda kwezviri mukati dzinopfuurira kushanduka. Chikamu 230 cheMitemo yeKukurukurirana muUnited States chinogovera dziviriro yakafara nokuda kwezvikuva, nepo dzimwe nharaunda dzakashandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana yokuparira mhaka.
Zvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvinotsvaka kudzikamisa kuzvidavirira kwechikuva nedziviriro yeratidziro itsva yomunhu anoshandisa uye chikuva. Denho ndeyokugadzira gadziriro dzinokurukura kuvadziko chapachokwadi pasina kuita kuti zvikuva zvive zvinokodzera nokuda kwoupi noupi ari mukati, izvo zvingagona kutungamirira kukunzvera kwakanyanyisa.
Kuratidzwa Kwemuchinjikwa Nerwisano Dzematuro
Rudzi rwenyika yose rwekurukurirano dzeInternet dzinoparira rwisano apo mitemo yenyika dzakasiana - siana inoshanda kune zviri mukati zvimwe chetezvo. Kutaura kwapamutemo mune rumwe rutivi kungaputsa mitemo yeimwe, kuchiparira denho dzokuteerera nebviro yokunzvera zvakavakirwa pamipimo inoganhurira zvikurusa yemitemo.
Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda uye kushandira pamwe kunoedza kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku, asi kusiyana kukuru mumiitiro yepamutemo yokutaura kunoita kuti kusapindirana kuve kusingabviri.
Kudzivirira Kutaura Kwako Kwakasununguka
Zivo inoshanda pamusoro penzira yokusimbisa nayo nokudzivirira kutaura pachena inopa vanhu simba rokutora rutivi zvizere muhurukuro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Ziva Kodzero Dzako
Zvirovedzane nedziviriro chaidzo dzinowanika muudzori hwako. Gadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo, uye mutemo wenhau zvose zvinobetsera kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo kwokudzivirira. Zviwanikwa zvinobva kumasangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo, masangano eyamuro yapamutemo, uye masangano edzidzo zvinogona kukubetsera kunzwisisa maruramiro ako.
Zvikamu zvakasiyana - siyana zvenhau dzehurumende, zvinhu zvavanhu, nzvimbo dzebasa, zvikoro zvinobatanidza mipimo yakasiana yemitemo.Kunzwisisa kuti mashoko akapoteredza anotapura sei kodzero dzako kunokubetsera kuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo pamusoro pokuti ndirini uye kuti ungataura sei.
Kupindira Kworugwaro Nezviremera
Kana zviremera zvichiedza kuganhurira kutaura kwako, nyorai nokungwarira. Cherekedza nguva, nzvimbo, uye ufakazi hwevakuru vakuru vanobatanidzwa. Kana kuchibvira, nyorai kufambidzana (panobvumirwa nomutemo kuita kudaro). Iyi chinyorwa chinogona kuva chinokosha kana muchida kudenha ganhuriro gare gare.
Kana usina chokwadi, unogona kuita maererano nemitemo asi uchichengeta kodzero yako yokuzopikisa zvaunenge wakumbira.
Tsvaka Rubatsiro Rwepamutemo
Masangano akawanda erusununguko rwevanhu anobatsira pachena panhau dzekodzero dzevamwe.
Kubvunza gweta kunogona kukubetsera kunzwisisa zvisarudzo zvako uye bviro yokubudirira muganhuriro dzinodenha pakutaura kwako.
Tsigira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Masangano akazvitsaurira kudzivirira kuratidzirwa kwapachena anotsamira patsigiro yavose kuti apfuuridzire basa rawo.
Kupa hurukuro yavose pamusoro penhau dzokutaura kwakasununguka kunobetsera kuumba tsika dzenzanga nefambiro mberi dzapamutemo.
Kupedzisa: Kurwira Kutaura Kwakasununguka
Kodzero yokutaura norusununguko inoramba iri huru uye ichipokanidzwa. Dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakavapo kwamazana amakore, dzakaumbwa nezvisarudzo zvedare, chiito chomutemo, uye masangano enzanga.
Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inochengetedza sei kutaura pachena kunoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kushandisa kodzero dzavo zvakanaka asi vachiremekedza kodzero dzavo.
Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvarunochinja nzira yatinokurukura nayo uye zvinetso zvitsva zvazvinoita, gadziriro dzemitemo dzinofanira kugadziridza dzichichengeta nheyo dzemitemo.
Kuzvidira kunoshanda zvose zviri zviviri utongi hwomunhu oga nehwoutongi hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu. Kunotigonesa kutanga ndokugoverana mifungo, kutora rutivi mukurukurirano yavose, kuva nesimba rinozvidavirira, uye kuronda zvokwadi.
Mitemo inodzivirira kusununguka inoratidza kukunda kwakaoma uye kuzvipira kurusununguko kunoramba kuchiitwa.
Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzapachena nedenho dzazvino uno, shanyira [[FLT: 0] American Libersion Union, REctronic Foundation, [[FLT:]] Articut 19 , [FLT], ] Amnesty'sty Urusununguko rwenyika yose rwepeji yeChirevo. [[FLT:], uye [[FT:] REP]