Hurumende dzinobatira semitemo mikuru yokuita mitemo muUnited States, kugadzira mitemo inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwamamirioni eAmerica. Nepo Congress inowanzodzora misoro mikuru yamarudzi, izvivako zvehurumende kubva kuSacramento kusvikira kuTallahas kuona apo zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvikurusa zvinotevera pamusoro pedzidzo, tarisiro dzoutano, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, uye miraudzo yemhoteredzo zvinoitwa. Hurumende inochengeta masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende, anopa zviremera zvehurumende zvakafara kuumba mumiganhu yayo. Nyaya inonzvera gadziriro yezvoutano, ruramisiro yemitemo yezveregeredzo, uye migariro yehurumende, ichishandisa mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika munyika yose kuenzanisira pesvedzero yazvo kusimba razvo kuAmerica.

Zvinyorwa Zvemitemo yeHurumende

Kukurira Mutsika Nokusatendeseka: Mienzaniso Miviri

Makumi mana nemakumi mashanu enyika dzinoshanda mugadziriro yemabharameral, kureva kuti masangano avo emitemo akakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri akasiana: imba yakaderera (inowanzonzi Imba yaVamiririri, Assembly, kana kuti Imba yeVamiririri) uye imba yepamusoro (Dare reHurumende). Chikamu chimwe chinosiiwa iNebraska, iyo yakagamuchira unicaral, isiri mutemiteoti wemitemo muna 1937. Nebraska Legislature, inowanzonzi Unica, inoumbwa na49 vavambi vedare retsoro vasina mapepa, kuedza kwakasiyana nokurerutsirana kwakaitwa naSante George Norris senzira yokuwedzera nayo kuoneka nokuderedza mutsetse.

Mabhii okugadza matende anoda kuti mutengo upfuure makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wagona kutumirwa kuna gavhuna nokuda kwesigina. Ichi chivako, chakafanana neCongress yomubatanidzwa, chinogovera gadziriro yechekero dzomukati nedzinodzika. Imba yakaderera inowanzova huru mukuva mitezo (ichibva pa 40 muAlaska kusvikira ku 400 muNew Hampshire) uye inoshanda mashoko mapfupikidzwa, ichivimbisa kuti chinoramba chakasanowirirana nokuchinja mirangariro yavose. Imba yepamusoro inowanzova duku, nemitezo inoshanda mukuwirirana kwenguva refu, ichiwedzera dzikamo nerevo huru zvikuru kutsika yokubvumira mutemo.

Nguva yeChikamu v. Mitemo yeNguva Yakazara: The Professional Spectrum

Chinonyanya kukosha pakuti mabasa ehurumende ndeekuti vairongwa senyanzvi, vavheneka, kana kuti masangano evagari vemo. . , seyavo vari muCalifornia, New York, uye Pennsylvania, vanosangana gore rose, vane vashandi vakawanda, uye vanobhadhara mari inobvumira kuti vashande pasina basa. [[FLT:] Mapoka edzimba [[FLT:], anozivikanwa navose seWyhoming, New Hampre, uye Vermont, nokuda kwemitezo shomanene (inowanzova mwedzi mishomanene chete pagore), vane migove mishomanene, uye vanobhadhara mitengo inofa. [[FFFF] inotoiterswo inoda mamwe mabasa.[4]

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva Pabhiri Kuenda Kumutemo

Nepo zvakananga zvichisiyana muhurumende nehurumende, rwendo rukuru rwemutemo kupfurikidza nedare rehurumende runotevera nzira yakasanogadzwa. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunokosha kukunzwisisa kuti mitemo yenyika inoumbwa sei.

  1. Kupinza nokubudisa mashoko: Muiti wemitemo, pane dzimwe nguva nebetsero yavashandi vemitemo vasina partistiki kana kuti Galislative Council Bureaudius Councial, anonyora mutengi. Mune dzimwe nyika, mutezo upi noupi unogona kusuma bhiri, asi miganhu nemirairo zvinoganhurira chiverengero chezvikwereti mumwe mutezo mumwe anganyora purogiramu imwe neimwe.
  2. Committee Review: Pashure pesumo, dare rinonongedzerwa kudare rimwe kana kuti akawanda ayo anoshanda munharaunda ine chokuita nenhau yakafanira (g., Dare reDzidzo, Utano neMabasa). Iri idanho rakakomba zvikurusa. Matare anova nokutonga kwapachena, gamuchira uchapupu kunyanzvi navagari vemo, uye angadzorera mari yacho nenzira inokosha. Kana dare rikakundikana kuita chiito papepa, rinofa nenzira inobudirira – muitiro unozivikanwa se “matsotsi."
  3. [ Floor Action: Kana dare rikatendera mutongo wacho, unoenda kunzvimbo yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano nevhoti. Vaiti vemitemo vangapazve kugadziridzwa pauriri. Kupfuvura kazhinji kazhinji kunoda voruzhinjiwo zvavo, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzakati dzingada kunyanyisa.
  4. Dare rakakomba Kurangarira: Mutengo ipapo unoenda kune imwe imba, umo unofamba nomugadziriro yakafanana yedare nouriri. Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza shanduro yakasiana, dare redare remitezo yemisangano rinofanira kuyananisa misiyano.
  5. Governor’s Action: Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura muganhu wakafanana, anotumirwa kuna gavhuna, angasaina mumutemo, kwairi, kana kuti mune dzimwe nyika, ibvumirei kuva mutemo pasina siginicha kana mutemi wemitemo usati uri murusando. Munzvimbo dzose kunze kweNorth Carolina, gavhuna ane simba remutsetse-vheto nokuda kwezvikwereti, achibvumira mukuru mukuru mukuru kurova zvinhu zvakati zvinoshandiswa apo anenge atendera zvasara.

Nguva inosiyana zvikuru: Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTexas, dzinosangana murusando rwenguva dzose makore maviri bedzi ari ose (muchiverengero chamakore chechienzi, kwamazuva 140), nepo dzimwe, kufanana naMassachusetts, dzinosangana gore negore pasina musi wakagadzwa. Uku kusiyana kwegadziriro kunogona kutapura zvikuru mwero nokuwanda kwokugadzira pamutemo.

Mitemo yeHurumende Semasangano Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” pfungwa inoramba ichikosha nhasi. Apo imwe hurumende inotonga inogona kucherekedza, kuchinjika, uye kuiramba yakavakirwa paufakazi. Kuedza uku kwakanaka kunobvumira kutanga muitiro pasina ngozi yenyika.

Muitiro Wemhoteredzo: California Inotungamirira, Vamwe Vanotevera

California State Legislature inoratidzira iri basa riri nani zvikuru. California State Raglature yakaita mimwe yemitemo yezvakapoteredza ine shungu zvikuru munyika, kazhinji kazhinji ichiita mipimo yedecoto nokuda kwenyika yose. California Global Hotuting Solutions Act ya 2006 (AB 32) yakatanga chirongwa chakakwana chokuderedza kubudiswa kwegasi inodzisa kusvikira ku 202020. Yakanga iri purogiramu yokutanga yenyika yose yepea-trade muU.S. uye yave yateverwa ne [FLT:] Energy and Repution Act [20] [20]

Nemhaka yokuti musika wenyika mukuru kwazvo, vagadziri vemotokari nemidziyo yemagetsi vanowanzosarudza kuwirirana nemipimo yorumano yokubudisa zvinobudiswa yeCalifornia munyika yose.Ichi chinoitika, pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi “California tapuro,” chakatungamirira mamwe matare emitemo omutemo – zvikurukuru muNew York, Washington, uye Massachusetts – kutevedzera mirau yemhoteredzo yakafanana, kuumba boka renharaunda rinodzvinyirira hurumende yenyika kuti itsigire mipimo yenyika.

Kuchinja Dzidzo: Texas uye Kumanikidza Mari yeChikoro

MuTexas, mutevedzeri wemitemo wave uchirwisana kwamakumi amakore nenhau yemari yechikoro. Kuvimba kwehurumende mitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo kwakaparira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pemaruwa ezvikoro zvapfumi nearombo. Mumhinduro, Texas Legislature yakagadza nhevedzano yemitemo pasi pomutemo unozivikanwa se “Robin Hood,” inoda maruwa epfuma kuti agoverane mari neruwa dzine urombo. Hurumende yapamutemo yakapfuudzawo nzvimbo dzemitero pakati peimba yezvikoro yapanyika. Imba Bill 3 (2017) , kuchinja kukuru kwemari inodzorwa nemari kunoitwa nebhiriyose mabhiriyoni emadhorandi, kuderedza mitero yezvinhu, uye yakatungamirira zvimwe zvinhu kuti vadzidzi vawane mari shoma. Mutemo uyu unoratidza kuti nyika ishande sei kuti ishande mapirwe mudzidzo.

Somuenzaniso, Kansas Legislature yakaita kuwedzera kwemari yechikoro muna 2017 pashure pokunge dare guru rehurumende rawana kuti gadziriro iripo yakanga isiri youtongi, uye Washington State Legislature yakapfuudza bipartisan Students Transformation Act muna 2017 kuti ipe mari yokutsigira dzidzo inokosha sezvaidiwa nechisarudzo chehurumende cheMcCleeary.

Mitemo Yepfuti: Pest - Parkland Shift yeFlorida

Misa inowanzonyandura chiito chemitemo yehurumende, uye 2018 kupfura paMarjory Douglas High School muParkland, Florida, kwakanga kusinosiana. Florida Legislature, yairangarirwa munhau, yakapfuudza maruramiro ezvibhamu, nguva Marjory Douglas High School Public Safety Act [[FLL:1] muvhoti yebirtarisan. Mutemo wakakwidza zera duku kuti utenge pfuti kubva pa 18 kusvikira ku 21, wakaisa nhambo yezuva rokumirira kutenga pfuti dzose, wakarambidza matura, uye wakagadzira “miraundi yeback Douglas Leak Public Safety Act [[Folman] Source Act [[Foffrance] mumutemo mutsva) unobvumira matare kubvisa pfuti kuvanhu vanozvipinza mungozi kana kuti vawandi vadzore zvimwe. Chirongwa chechikoro chinotsigirwa chinoitwawo chinoitwawo chinoitwa chinoitwa kuti chisharo chaitwa kuchikoro chisharo chaitwa kuitirwa ku

Uyu mutemo wakabatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwedzimwe nyika. Kutevera kutungamirira kweFlorida, dzimwe dare rehurumende dzinenge gumi namashanu, kubatanidza idzo dziri muVermont, Maryland, uye Washington, dzakagadza mitemo tsvuku yomureza. Muenzaniso weFlorida unoratidzira kuti mutezo wemitemo wehurumende unogona sei kuita chimwe chinhu kungwavaira nechinjo yetsika duku, uye kuti chinjo iyoyo inogona sei kupinda nomugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Kutanga Kwezvoutano: Kusvika Kwomukudziridziri weNew York

. . . . . . . . . . New York Health Act, iyo yapinzwa yapinzwazve muGungano, inokarakadza gadziriro youtano imwe yaizotsiva inishuwarenzi yavanhu vose inobhadharwa. Nepo dare racho risati rapfuudza Dare, mutezo wapamutemo wabudirira mukufutunura kupfurikidza nemimwe mitoo. Muna 2018, New York yakapfuudza mitemo inoda kuti vashuvisvuri vabhadhari vemikoro, kubatanidza kuvhara nokubvisa mimba, kubatanidza , pasina kubhadhadha. Muna 2019, chibvumirano chamasangano chapamutemo chapa , chakapfuudza Chitekoso chipfumbavara.[FT]

New York yaitawo chiito chokugadzirisa njodzi yeOpioid. Chibvumirano chehurumende chakaisa mitemo inoganhura mirau yokutanga kumazuva manomwe uye kuraira vanyorereri kuti vanzvere purogiramu yezvokuyera nyika yose. Iyi mipimo yakadudzwa semiitiro yakanakisisa neNational Gavanars Association uye yakapesvedzera mitemo yakafanana munyika dzakadai seOhio, Massachusetts, uye Kentucky. Chinoitika cheNew York chinoratidza kuti mirau yehurumende inogona sei kushandisa simba rayo pamitemo yeinishuwa uye varapi vezvoutano kuti igadzirise migumisiro youtano hwavanhu vose.

Kuita Mutemo Womugari Wemo: Basa Revatambi

Mumaruwa akawanda, mutevedzeri wedare anogoverana simba rokuita mitemo zvakananga navanhu kupfurikidza nokutanga nokupa runhare. Nyika makumi maviri nemana dzinobvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza nokugadza mitemo kupfurikidza nokukumbira nokuvhota. Uyu muitiro unogona kukurira kuisa mitemo yetsinga kana kuti kufuratira gavhuna. Somuenzaniso, muna 2018, vavhoti muFlorida – pasinei zvapo nokukundikana kwechidzokoro chechiito chePremendement 4, iyo yakadzorera maruramiro okuvhotera kuvanopfuura 1.4 miriyoni dzevafarini avo vakanga vapedza mitongo yavo. Nenzira yakafanana, Missouris Legislature yakaona chiremera chayo chakadenhwa nezvirongwa zvavagari vemo pamusoro pembanje yezvokurasaizi uye mari inota shoma.

Ukama pakati pevatungamiriri vehurumende nevagari vemo hungava hudzori hwezvirongwa zvehurumende. Mabhuku anowanzoedza kuganhurira muitiro wokutanga kana kuti kupfuudza mutemo kuti udzore simba rezvirongwa zvakatenderwa. Muna 2020, Arkansas Legisplature yakaisa mwero papepa rezvingakuomera kupfuudza zvigaro zvevagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo vavhoti vairamba. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuoma kwepfungwa pakugadzira mutemo: dzikano pakati pehurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Basa Rinonyanya Kukosha Rokutarisira Mitemo Nemitemo

Seri kwomutemo uri wose unopfuudzwa nedare rehurumende ikokurongerwa kwavashandi vanodzidzira nyora - nyora dzemitemo, vanzveri vemiitiro, mabhii edare, uye vaongorori vemiitiro yezvemitemo vane basa rinoumba chigadzirwa chemitemo. Mahofisi okunzvera asingaparati muhurumende dzakadai seCalifornia, Wisconsin, uye Colorado anorangarirwa zvikuru seanopa mari yakakwirira, kunzvera kwevavambi vemitemo kunobetsera kuita zvisarudzo zvezivo. Muhurumende dzine masangano emitemo ane unyanzvi hushoma, vanoisa mitemo inowanzotsamira pavashandi vechikwata chechibvumirano chemasangano, kana kuti masangano ebazu makurukota nokuda kwemashoko, izvo zvinogona kurangarirwa sezvirongwa zvekugadzira miitiro yenhaka yezvirongwa.

Mukuwedzera, mitemo yomutemo – yakadai sezvinodikanwa zvokudzivisa (kana kana kugadziriswa kuchifanira kuwirirana nenhau yemutengi), mitemo yokurava, uye zvikumbaridzo zvokuvhara - zvinogona kushandiswa kufambisira mberi kana kuti kuisa mutemo mungozi. MuTexas House, somuenzaniso, “dare rerefu” muTexas Dare rine simba rokusarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinosvika pauriri nokuda kwekurukurirano, kuchipa pesvedzero huru yechigaro papurogiramu yemitemo.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nezvekushanda Munzvimbo Dzakabudirira Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Munhambo yemiitiro yehurumende, masangano ehurumende akava anotsinhana nomutoo unowedzera mumuitiro wokuumba panhau dzaimborangarirwa kuva nzvimbo yakatsaurwa yehurumende yenyika. Ikoku kuri pachena munharaunda dzakadai senzvimbo dzakavanzika dzenhau (California Consumerficial Act of 2018), kusatora rutivi mune vhati (Mitengo yakadai seOregon neWashington yakaita dziviriro dzavo vamene pashure pemiraudzo yehurumende yeFC repealed), uye kubuda munyika (hurumende dzakawanda dzakapfuudza mitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe nokuchengetwa kwehurumende yokubudisirwa kwezvifambidza).

Iyi kombamiro inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira yesimba mugadziriro yehurumende. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti masangano ehurumende anogamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo uye anogona kushanda secherekedzo panyanzvi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti basa rakamanikana remitemo yehurumende rinoparira mitoro inodzorwa yemabhizimisi uye rinosekesa mipimo yenyika yakafanana. Pasinei zvapo nomurangariro womunhu, kwakajeka kuti masangano ehurumende ari kuita basa rinokosha zvikuru nguva dzose mukuumba mutemo weAmerica. Dare gurusa reU. rakakurudzira iyi kombamiro muchisarudzo chakafanana ne .[A[FLT][FLD]] [A] [FLT]] [20], iro rakarova mutemo unorambidza pamutemo kuroverera mitambo, richiita kuti basa remubato wemitemo.

Matambudziko Achatarisana Nematare Ehurumende

Masangano ehurumende haasati ari asina zvinetso zvawo. Partisan gerymaning, umo miganhu yoruwa inoiswa kuti ibetsere mumwe mubato, inogona kuisa miganhu mikurusa ndokuderedza kuzvidavirira kwakasarudzwa. Marusando mazhinji emitemo anodzorwa nenjodzi dzemari, nemirairo inomanikidzirwa kuita mitero inorwadza kana kuti kukwidziridza mitero mumhoteredzo dzakasiana----mbimbimbiki. Pestora pesvedzero yemipiro yenhimbe iitiro inopfuurira, zvikurukuru mumitemo ine mitemo yakaneta. Kupfuurirazve, kukura kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende – nemiripo yakakwirira namarusando akakweverwa – yakakweverwa kuti vaiti vemitemo vave vanobatanidzwa zvishoma kunzvimbo dzavanoshandira nzanga dzavanomiririra.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, masangano ehurumende anoramba ari masangano anokosha ehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu. Anopa nzvimbo iri pedyosa yokuwana vagari vemo kuti vaite mitemo, uye anopa nzvimbo yokuvandudza mitemo iyo hurumende yehurumende inowanzosagona kuwirirana nayo.

mhedziso

Basa remisika yehurumende mutsika dzinoumba mitemo rinoshanda sezvainokosha. Kubva pakunyorwa kwegweta mudare riri kure kusvikira kusinwa kwagavhuna, muitiro wemitemo unoshandura zvinodikanwa zvavose kuva mirau yakarongwa inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva paukuru hwekirasi kusvikira kuuremu hwecarbon. Kusiyana kwezvinenge zvichiitika panzvimbo dzine makumi mashanu dzemari dzechikoro kuTexas kugadziridzo dzemamiriro okunze kumitemo yeFlorida kusvikira kumitemo mitsvuku yomureza yeFlorida - zvinosimbisa simba rehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa. Munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda sei muUnited States, kutarisisa mitemo yehurumende hakungodzidzisi kudzidzisa; kunokosha; iyi mitumbi, inowanzofuratirwa muhurukuro yenyika, apo mitemo yeAmerica inonyorwa, panguva imwe chete.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pegadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende, shanyira Conference yeNyika yeState Legistrations. Kuronda mabhiri ehurumende namabhiri emitemo nekarenda dzemitemo, kubvunza LIGSKAN. Kunzvera kwakajeka kwemitemo yemhoteredzo yeCalifornia kunowanika kubva ku Caliniafornia Environmentation Agemental []