Kutanga: Nzvimbo Yakavanzwa Yehondo Yemari Yemagandanga

Nhamburiko dzokudzivisa ugandanga dzakananga kare pamabasa ehondo, ungwaru, uye emitemo. Zvisinei, chimwe chezvombo zvinobudirira zvikurusa mukurwisana namasangano amagandanga ungwaru hwemari (FININT). Nokunzvera, uye kudzongonyedza mari inonyandura denho, uye mashoko anoparadzirwa, zviremera zvinogona kukanganisa masangano emagandanga pasina kupfura rimwe. Ungwaru hwemari hunogovera hwindo rakasiyana, mashoko anoshandiswa mugadziriro yemari uye mibato yemapoka aya epachivande. Pahunonzvera zvakarurama, hahungodzivisi bedzi kudenha asi hunobvisawo upfumi hwenyika yose. Nyaya inonzvera kuti uchenjeri hwemari hunoshanda sei, basa rahwo rinovhiringidza kudzongodzongodzosera mari, uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira kuvhiringidza kuumba masangano ezvokushandisa mari.

Uchenjeri Hwemari Chii?

Ungwaru hwezvemari hunonongedzera kukuunganidzwa kwakarongwa kwemari, kunzvera, uye kuparadzira mashoko ane chokuita nekutengeserana kwemari nezvinhu zvokuziva, kudzivisa, uye kupomera mhosva dzemari, kubatanidza mari yezvougandanga. Kusafanana nokuungana kwegamuchidzanwa, FINT inonangidzira pa mari [ , pepa, mapepa, uye zvinyorwa zvisina kurongwa izvo zvinozivisa kuti mari inoyambuka sei miganhu, kupfurikidza namabhangi, makambani echidhiramu, mapepa, uye mamiitiro ehayala. Ibasa chairo rinobatanidza kuzvidavirira, mazita, mabhineti, uye kushandira pamwe chete kwemitemo kuti zviwane ufakazi hunovakire ufakazi hunorwisana nezvitsigiri zvemaganda.

Pamavambo payo, uchenjeri hwemari hunogona kuchinja mashoko ezvokutengeserana kuva nzwisiso huru. Kutamisirwa kwebhangi, kutsinhaniswa kwemari, kana kuti kushambadzwa kwemari kunotsigirwa nebhizimisi kunosiya mirambo inonyorwa pafoni nekombiyuta. Kupfurikidza nokuyera nokunzvera idzi tsoka, mitaro yemari (FUs) inogona kuzivisa masangano anonongedzera kumibatanidzwa yemari. Somuenzaniso, nhevedzano yezvisaririra zviduku, zvisingachinjiki kubva mumaakaundi akawanda kuva chinhu chimwe chapamhene ingaratidzira “kuisa nokudzikamisa kushambadza kudzika kwapamberi kwemari kunoitwa nokuda kwemibato yamagandanga.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zveuchenjeri Hwemari

Ungwaru hwemari hunobudirira huri pambiru dzinoverengeka pamwe chete dzinoita kuti pave nokuongorora kukuru uye kuongorora zvinhu.

  • Monitoring International Transactions: Masangano emari enyika yose anoshandisa mamirioni emadhora zuva nezuva. FINT inonangidzira ngwariro pakutakurwa kwemikoto yemitsetse yemabhangi, ukama hwemabhangi, uye mari yokutengesa kuzivisa kutengeserana kunotsauka mumiitiro yenguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, kutamiswa kukuru kubva kudzoro yemari yepamusoro penhau yomunhu oga munzvimbo yemari yakaderera kungavamba mushumo webasa.
  • Kubvisa Movement of Funds Mheuva dzeMazambuko: Magandanga anowanzofambisa mari kupfurikidza nemitemo inoverengeka kudzivisa kubatwa. Ungwaru hwemari hunotevera kuunganidzwa kwemari (muunganidzwa wemari, mubato woutsotsi) kufambiswa (kubhanga, michina yemari) kubvisa (mari inoshandiswa, mibhadharo, zvombo). Saka “mabhaisiti okushandisa magetsi" anobetsera kuisa muyerevo uku kufamba kwamarudzi ose.
  • Kupinza Shell Companies neMaakaundi eMadokero: Makambani e Shell nechivimbo zvinowanzoshandiswa kuvanza kuvadzikwa kwechokwadi kwohuzvinangwa hwemari. Masangano ezvemari anonyoresa mashoko esangano rokunyoresa, mapepa okunyoresa zvinhu zvinobetsera, uye mishumo yenyumwiro kuti zviboorwe muidzi zvinyorwa zvapamutemo uye kuratidzira vanhu vanodzora mari.
  • Mipimo inodzongonyedza yeMubato weChikomborero: Kudzidza michina uye kufambira mberi kwemichina zvino zvinogonesa FIUs kuziva mitoo iyo vanzveri vohunhu vangapotsa. Ikoku kunobatanidza kudzokororwa kwechienzi, kupfuudzwa kwemari kunokurumidza kupfurikidza nenhau dzakawanda, kana kuti chinjo dzakamwe kamwe mumiitiro inotevedzerwa pashure pezvinoitika zvikuru zvenyika.

Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinotsamira pamitemo yakasimba, kugoverana mashoko emarudzi ose, uye kuda kwemasangano ezvemari kushuma mabasa anonyumwira nokukurumidza. Pasina iyi fandesheni inobatira pamwe, kunyange zvishandiso zvakaisvonaka zvikurusa zvemishonga zvingava zvisina mazino.

Kuderedza Kunoita Ungwaru Hwemari Manetsi Kushandisa Mari

Shoko rokuti “kupesana” mumari inorwisa ugandanga rinopfuura kungoongorora. Kunobatanidza matanho anoshanda anoderedza, anononotsa, kana kuti kuparadza mano eboka okusimudza, kufambisa, uye kushandisa mari. Matanho aya anowanzoitwa maererano nezviito zvegamuchidzanwa zvokudzika mutemo uye anogona kuva netapuro huru kupfuura kusungwa kwoga.

Masuouest Nemisika

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvinodzongonyedza zvikurusa kuoma kwepfuma. Kana sangano remari kana kuti chiremera chinozivisa nhauro yakabatana nesangano rakasarudzwa ramagandanga, inogona kuisa chinyararire mari, kuchidzivisa kumwe kudyidzana. Ichi chiito hachisati chichingonyima bedzi kuwanika kweboka nemari asiwo chinotumira chiratidzo chakasimba kuvamwe vapfumi vanobvira. Mumativi akawanda, zvinhu zvakaomeswa nechando zvinogona pakupedzisira kuraswa kupfurikidza nokuitwa kwehurumende kana kuti utsotsi, kuchigovera kuvadziko yemari yakananga kusocinete.

Kupomerwa Kwemhosva Dzemari

Ungwaru hwezvemari hunogovera hwaro hwakajeka hwokuedza vanhu mumitemo yemari inopiwa mari. Mitongo yakadai sokupa mari, tsigiro yokunyama kuugandanga, uye kurangana kunobata zvirango zvakakomba. Kupomera kunobudirira kunobatira sechidziviso uye kunoparirawo pfuma youchenjeri, sezvo vakwirirwi kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira pamwe mukutsinhana nokuda kwokuva anoregeredza. Somuenzaniso, mari yakaderera ingazivisa mutengesi mukuru wepafini pashure pokupomerwa, kuchitungamirira kukupinda mukusungwa.

Kugadzirwa Kwakaitwa uye Kurongwa Kwacho

Hurumende uye masangano amarudzi ose seUnited Nations Security Council zvinochengeta mitsetse yamasangano akasarudzwa emagandanga navanhu vamwe navamwe. Kana asarudzwa, kutengeserana kwose kwemari neaya mapoka kunofanira kuomeswa. Ungwaru hwemari hunokosha mukuvaka izvi nokuda kweizvi zvitatidzo, kuchipa ufakazi hwokuti munhu kana kuti sangano rinobatanidzwa nokushingaira mukutsigira mari yougandanga. Izvi zvitatidzo zvinova zvinova zvakaomawo nokuda kwaavo vakarongwa kuti vashande mumasangano ezvemari.

Kushatisa Zvibvumirano Zvokushandisa uye Maketani Okugovera

Mapoka amagandanga anoda zvirongwa zvokurarama nazvo: zvokufambisa, zvokufambisa, zvokufambisa, dzimba dzakakotsekana, motokari, uye zvombo. Zvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvinotengwa kupfurikidza namakambani emberi kana kuti kushandisa kutengesa mari yakavakirwa pabhizimisi. Ungwaru hwemari hunofamba - famba makwara eboka rinogona kubvumira zviremera kumisa zvinhu, kuvhara makambani anotengesa zvinhu, kana kuti kudzongonyedza cheni. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwepakarepo mukutengwa kwefetiraiza kungaratidzira kugadzirwa kwechinhu chinoputika.

“Kutevera mari hakusi chishandiso chinongova hacho chiya chamazango; ichinhu chinodeya kuzivikanwa. Nokunzwisisa kuti magandanga anozviwanira mari sei, tinogona kukarira kufamba kwavo kunotevera ndokuparadza pfuma yavo vasati varova.][
.] . . . . . . . Aichimbova Mutungamiriri weAnficial Intelligence Unity Unity Unit)

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nezvinobudirira

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira simba roungwaru hwemari mukushatisa mamwe amasangano ane ngozi zvikurusa munhau.

AlkóQaeda uye Kurwisa 9/11 Zvakazoitika

Mukupera kwedenho dzaSeptember 11, United States navasonganiri vayo vakatanga hondo yemari yenyika yose paugandanga. Hofisi yeTreasurer yeManegest Control (OFAC) yakashanda nehurumende dzokumwe kutonhora mamirioni $200 000 mupfuma yamagandanga mukati megore rokutanga. Ungwaru hwemari hwakabetsera kuronda mipiro yakabva kuruwa rwamapfumi rweGulf kusvikira kuAlâge Qaeda muAfghanistantist, kuchitungamirira kumbiriso nokushusha kukuru kwebioti yebinancicis se Maham yakaisa Algradigdhi uye Amplim

Mikoto Yezvimvura Mazambiringa Inoshatisa

Hurumende yeIslam (ISIS) yakava nembiri yemipimo yayo yemari yakaisvonaka, iyo yaibatanidza kushambadzira oiri, ugororo, uye kusasarura. Ungwaru hwemari, yakabatanidzwa nendege dzehondo, zvakaronga kuronga mabasa eISSIS . Nokunyora kufamba kwengarava dzeoiri nemifananidzo yemasatellite nezvinyorwa zvemari, mubatanidzwa wacho wakakwanisa kugadzira mabhomba ISTALLD nokudzorwa kwenzira dzokunyengedza. Panguva imwe cheteyo, uchenjeri hwemari hwakaziviswa nemari inoshandiswa neISSIS kubhadhara varwi varwi vayo muIraq neS. FUDFFFFFD, intective manyuko okudzora mari yebhangi.

Muitiro weHayala Nemari Inotyisa muSomalia

MuEast Africa, boka ramagandanga Al̆Shabab rakavimba zvikuru negadziriro yokutumira mari [[FLT: 0]. Masangano ezvemari akashanda neSomali diaspora nenzanga dzemitemo yokudzosa kuvhura. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mitoo yokutamisa kunozivikanwa neAlâbab nhare, zviremera zvave zvichikwanisa kudzongonyedza kuvhozhokerwa kwedenho dzakadai seWestgate Mall revlet Nairobi. [[FLT:][FT]] Active Active Motation Mask Game [FFFF:][FFFF] [FLT][FFF]]

Zvinetso Muruzivo Rwemari

Varwi vemagandanga vanokurumidza kugadziridza nzira itsva dzokuziva nadzo zvinhu, uye mari yenyika yose yakakura uye yakakamuka.

Kuwedzera KwemaCryptocurrecture

Masheya akavanzika akafanana naBitcoin, Monero, uye mari dzakavanzika dzinopa munondo wakapetwa kaviri unonakwa. Nepo mabhuroko anopa kuoneka. Majekiseni anogadzira mabhureki anodzorwa navashandisi vakasiyana - siyana ave achinonoka kugamuchira macomputerrective mari inofambiswa nePNYC, uye zvikwama zvakavanzika zvenzira dzinovharanwa. Kunyange zvazvo mari inovhaira yakana, mano okubudisa mashoko enhema anoramba ari denho. Magandanga ave achinonoka kutora mabhii anodzorwa mabhii anodzorwa nezvinorongedzerwa, asi zvinoitika zvakafanana ne .[FLT]

Magadziriro okufambisa zvinhu anokosha emasanga (IVTS)

Hawala, hundi, uye mimwe miitiro isina kurongwa inoramba iri musimboti wemari yemagandanga murwisano munzvimbo dzinovedzerwa nokuchengetedzwa kwadzo. Iyi gadziriro inoshanda pakuvimba nokuvimba nemibatanidzwa yavakwadari vanogadzikisa nhau kupfurikidza namazambuko asina kurongwa, vachisiya nzira duku dzepepa. Kutora nzvimbo dzinotakurwa dzepepa kunoda uchenjeri hwavanhu, kushuma nzanga, uye kuongororwa kwemari yechienzi inoyerera pamucheto wemitezo yemitengo inodzorwa. Chinetso chiri kudzora masangano aya pasina kugura masangano omutsa kana kuti magomagariro emhuri kunharaunda dzakafanana neSouth Asia neHornage yeAfrica.

Trandingidzo Yakakomberedzwa (TBML)

Trade . Trade . Trade inokweverwa mari iri imwe yezvimiro zvakaoma zvikurusa zvemari inopinzwa. Inobatanidza kupinza mari yezvokutengeserana nejekiseni , pasi pekushandisa mari, kupfuudza, kana kuti kurondedzera zvenhema zvinhu, kuendesa zvinhu pamiganhu. Boka ramagandanga ringabudisa mari yakaderera yakaderera asi munyu inoiswa muyamu inorema semaelectronicle ane ukoshi, zvinobudirira kuendesa mari kune imwe nyika pasina kufambiswa kwemari. Nyanzvi dzemari dzinofanira kunzvera magwaro okushambadza, kutengesa zvinhu zvinooneka, uye tsika, kazhinji kazhinji kacho munguva yeTBMLM, kubvisa mitoo yeTB. [[FLT:][FLD1][FFFF][FF][3]

Kuwedzera Kwemitoo Mitsva Yokubhadharwa

Mari yemotokari, makadhi anobhadharwa, uye madhigineti zvinowedzera kukurumbira munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa aya achisimudzira kuva pamwe chete mune zvemari, anoitawo nzira itsva dzokutakurwa kwemarefu ane "%urefu yakakwirira ine remagiramu akaderera angabhururuka pasi perada yezvikumbaridzo zvegamuchidzanwa. Magweta ari kuvhiringidzwa nemashandiro eantivregitain framending (AML) mitemo yemitero yenhare yemari pasina kuvandudzwa kwechinhu chisingadzoreki.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwenyika Dzose Nemabasa Acho

Kushanda kwemakambani ezvemari munyika yose kunoda kuti nyika dzose dzirambe dzichishandira pamwe, dzichida kupiwa mashoko anozivikanwa, uye kutaurirana nokukurumidza.

Basa Remari (FATF)

FATF itsika yenyika yose inogadza mupimo unopesana nemari nokurwisa kupiwa mari yezvougandanga (AML/CFT). Inorumbidza kuti mativi anopfuura 200 akavimbisa kushandisa. FATF mufambiro unoyera kunzvera kuti nyika dziri kusanoshandisa mipimo iyoyi, kubatanidza kudzorwa kwoutsotsi kwemari yougandanga, murairo wezvinhu chaizvoizvo, uye kujeka kwounani hwezvinhu zvinobetsera. Nyika dzinokundikana kusvitsa mipimo yeFATF dzinogona kutarisana nemigumisiro yemukurumbira nemari, izvo zvinoparira sundo dzakasimba dzokuteerera.

Boka Ramasangano Ezvemari

[FLT] Group'[[FLT]] inogovera nzvimbo yakachengeteka nokuda kwevaFiU vanobva 170+ nyika kuti vatsinhane nouchenjeri hwemari. Kupfurikidza neiyi windaneti, mushumo wezvokutengeserana unonyumwirwa unochengetwa munyika imwe unogona kunyandura nokukurumidza kunzvera mune imwe. Hwindo rwakachengeteka rweEgmont runobvumira vaongorori kukumbira nokugoverana mashoko pazvinofungidzirwa kuva vapari vemagandanga, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupfuudza mikoto yemikoto. Iyi inhau kana mari ichifamba nomumabumbiro makurusa.

Zvisarudzo Zvedare Rezvechengeteko reUN

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) uye zvisarudzo zvinotevera zvinoda nyika dzose dziri mitezo kuti dzipedze mari yezvougandanga, dziimbe tsvina, uye kudzivisa gadziriro yemari kumagandanga. Kutarisira kweSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMitezo reSangano reNyika yose kunofanira kuumba hwaro hwemagandanga, ayo ipapo anova anosimbiswa munyika yose.

Vashandi Pamwe Chete

Mabhangi, kutsinhana kwoungwaru, mabhizimisi emari, uye mamwe masangano ezvemari ndiwo anopinzwa mberi kwokuwana. Anofanira kunyora mishumo yemibato inonyumwira (SARS) uye mishumo yokutenga inonyumwira (STS) nemishumo yawo yepisvo. Ushamwari hwemunhu oga hwenyika, hwakadai seUK’S SHENTSSET SLATS LAUNING ITUS (JMLIT)[FML:1], uunze kuchengetwa kwomutemo pamwe namasangano emari kuti vagoveri vatsi venhauro yenhau munguva yeChakare. Uku kutungamirira kuzivikanwa kwemibatanidzwa yemari isingazivikanwi namamirioni emadhori emaganda.

Mupedziso: Nguva Yemberi Youngwaru Hwemari Mukurwisana Nougandanga

Ungwaru hwezvemari hahusi chitsigiso chinongova chishandiso chokurwisa ugandanga; chishandiso chehwakananga chinoumba mugumisiro wemasangano anorwisana nougandanga. Nokutevera mari, zviremera zvinogona kuronga mibatanidzwa yose, kufanofanotaura kurwisa, uye kuderedza mano azvinoita munguva. Kubudirira paAlǒQaeda, ISSIS, uye mamwe mapoka anoratidza kuti dzvinyiriro yemari inoshanda. Zvisinei, tyisidziro ine simba. Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemabhii, kugadziridza masangano okuendesa zvinhu zvisina kurongwa, uye unyanzvi hwebhizimisi hunoda kugadziriswa nguva dzose.

Nguva yemberi youchenjeri hwemari icharondedzerwa nemitoo mitatu: kuwiriraniswa kwomutemo (AINCOUDRN shoo yezvokutengeserana), kukuru kwokubatanidza [ kwemazita avose neakavanzika, uye kwemibatanidzwa yepamutemo yepasi pose [ kuvhara mhindu. Nyika dzinoisa mari muFATF, uye dzinobatira pamwe chete dzichava nzvimbo yakanakisisa yokudzikisa mari inogonesa uganda. Hondo inorwisana nouganda haitongowanwa kamwe chete, inongopfuurira. Asi upfumi hunogona kuramba huripo.