Mhiko youpurezidhendi yehofisi inomira seimwe yemiitiro mikurusa inogara uye ine simba zvikuru muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika muAmerica. Inhambo yetsika yakakomba nenjo, inoparadzirwa inorarama munyika yose, inocherekedzwa navagari vemo navatungamiriri vokumwe zvakafanana. Nepo mutambo wacho umene unogara miniti imwe chete, mashoko anotaurwa anosunga purezidhendi ari kuuya kunheyo dzinokosha dzakaumbwa nemitemo inokosha dzakaumba rudzi rwacho kwamazana maviri amakore. Kupfuura mutemo wemitemo, mhiko chiratidzo chipenyu chokutsigira hurumende yehurumende, chipikirwa chavose kutsigira mutemo, uye kutaura kunyika iyo United States inoramba iri mukuvambwa kwayo. Nyaya iyi inonzvera kuti mhiko youpurezidhendi wenyika inoumba yakasimbisa sei nyika yeAmerica yehurumende yepasi penyika yose uye mipimo yayo, zvinobatira zvose zviri zviviri mukuwirirana nesimba rokudzora munyika yose.

Midzi Yebumbiro Remitemo Renzvimbo Yapasi Pamambo

Chinodikanwa chemhiko youpurezidhendi chinosimbiswa zvakananga muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheUnited States Constitution. Rugwaro rwacho rwakananga: “Asati apinda pakuitwa kweHofisi yake, achatora chikwaniriso chinotevera kana kuti chibvumikiso: — ‘ Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti nditsigire) kuti ndichaita Office yaPresidente yeUnited States nenzira yokutendeka, uye ndichasvika kukwakanakisisa kweHwaro, anochengeta, anodzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States." Uyu mutongo mumwe uchasimbisa mhiko sechinodikanwa chisiri chigadziro chokurangarira kuva purezidhendi. Hachisi chipikirwa kana kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika; ibasa romuteopuko.

Vagadziri vemiitiro vakaisa noune ichi chinodikanwa muBumbiro reMitemo kuva nechokwadi chokuti purezidhendi, somusoro webazu guru, aizosungirwa zvakajeka kumutemo mukurusa wenyika. Kusafanana namambo anogara nhaka simba kupfurikidza noudangwe, purezidhendi weAmerica anogamuchira chiremera bedzi pashure pokupika kuvimbika pachena kubumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa. Ichi chiito chinoshandura munhu kubva kumunhu wacho kuva mubatiri womutemo. Mhiko yacho inoparirawo nguva yakarongwa yokuzvidavirira: kana purezidhendi gare gare gare akaputsa Bumbiro remitemo, gwaro rimwe rinogovera mitoo yemitemo yakadai serati yedare, kurangarira kwokutonga, kurangarira mutungamiriri. Nokudaro mhiko yacho inoshanda somutsetse wokutanga wokudzivirira mutungamiriri anorwisana nomukuru.

Munhau dzakaitika, mhiko yacho yave ichiitika apo mashoko ayo anoramba asina kuchinja. George Washington akakurumbira akawedzera mashoko okuti “ndibetserei Mwari” pamugumo wokutsaurira kwake kwokutanga, tsika iyo inodokuva purezidhendi ari wose akatevera kubvira ipapo. Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadi nongedzero yorudzidziso, muitiro wacho wave wakadzika midzi zvikuru mumutambo. Uku kuwedzera kunosimbisa kuoma kuri pakati peBumbiro remitemo yenyika netsika dzechitendero. Vamwe vapurezidhendi vakasarudza kusimbisa pane kupika, vachisimbisa kuchinjika kwemhiko nokuda kweavo vane scrupss. Chivi, zvisinei, chinoramba chiri: chipikirwa chokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo, kwete mubato, chiteshi, kana kuti tsika dzorudzidziso dzomunhu oga.

Kubva kuWashington Kuenda Kuzuva Ranhasi: Muitiro Nokuzvipira

Kutsaurirwa kwokutanga muna 1789 kwakagadza muenzaniso wakaumba chinoitika chiri chose chakatevera. Washington akaita mhiko paberere reFederal Hall muNew York City, ruoko rwake ruchizarurwa kunzvimbo isina kurongwa. Mufananidzo iwoyo(a mutungamiriri anoteerera pachena mutemo (wwwww.) wakatevedzerwa munguva dzorugare, hondo, uye njodzi. Kupfuurira kwetsika yacho kunopa pfungwa yokutsiga mugadziriro iyo kana zvisizvo inochinja zvikuru nechisarudzo chimwe nechimwe. Kunyange pashure penhinhimbe dzokukakavara, chibvumirano chacho chinoratidza kugadziridzwa kwakachena, kuchiyeuchidza vanhu vose kuti masangano ehurumende anopfuura munhu upi noupi oga oga oga.

Mumakore akapfuura, nzvimbo noudzame zvakasiana. Bhaibheri reWashington rakashandiswa navatsivi vanoverengeka; vapurezidhendi vakabva kuna Thomas Jefferson kusvikira kuna Donald Trump vakasarudza maBhaibheri akasiana. Vamwe vakaita mhiko paCapitol, vamwe paWhite House kana kuti kunyange paAir Force One. Mhiko yakakurumbira zvikurusa yakaitwa panzvimbo yapamberi pevhuro yakaitika muna 1963, apo Lyndon B. Johnson akapikirwa muMurwi weAir Force Omwe pashure paJohn F. Kennedy. Mufananidzo iwoyo wakajeka noruoko rwake rwakasimudzwa, wakaratidzirwa kuti mhiko yacho ingagona kutorwa kunzvimbo ipi neipi, panguva ipi neipi, kusimbisa kupfuurira kwehurumende. Nguva dzakadaro dzinosimbisa kuti mhiko yacho hadzisingori bedzi tsika asi pamutemo inodzivirira nyika inobatanidza kunyange nyika inokamukana kumativi ose.

Kusimbisa Nheyo Dzehurumende Dzinosarudzwa Nehurumende Mumhuri

MuUnited States, mhiko yapurezidhendi inoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chezuva nezuva chokuti purezidhendi haasiri pamusoro pomutemo. chinosimbisa nheyo nhatu huru dzehurumende yedemocracy: mutemo, kuzvidavirira, uye kuchinja kwerugare kwesimba. Imwe neimwe yenheyo idzi inokosha kuutano hweRepublic, uye mhiko yacho inoisa purezidhendi kwavari pachena pakutanga kwehurumende iri yose.

Mutemo unoreva kuti hapana munhu, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo, anosunungurwa paganhuriro dzapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokupika ku “chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo,” purezidhendi anogamuchira ukuru hwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvomunhu oga kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunopesana zvakananga negadziriro dzoudzori umo vatungamiriri vanogona kunyorazve mitemo padanho. Mhiko yacho inorevawo kuti purezidhendi achaita mitemo yose nokutendeka inopiwa neDare nokutsigirwa nematare, kutoti ivo vanorohwa sevasina kuzviisa pasi pomutemo. Kuvimbika kwomutemo kunoparira kutevererwa nokuvimbwa, zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha nokuda kwebudiriro yemari neterano yavanhu.

Mutsipa Senzvero Pasimba Rine Simba

Mhiko yapurezidhendi haisati iri musengwa bedzi wetsika; ine miuyo chaiyoiyo yapamutemo. Purezidhendi anotora mhiko uye gare gare anoita chiito chokushatisa Bumbiro reMitemo anogona kupiwa mhosva nokuda kwe “Utsotsi Hukuru neMisidhemu.” Kuedza kwokupindwa mhaka kwaAndrew Johnson, Richard Nixon (uyo akarega pamberi povhoti), Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump vose vakabatanidza kutaura kwokuti purezidhendi akanga aputsa mhiko yake yebasa. Mumhaka imwe neimwe, mhiko yakagovera mupimo uyo Congress aigate mufambiro woukuru.

Uyezve, mhiko yacho inoparira basa rokusabvumirana kurudzi rwacho. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti mhiko yacho inoisa musengwa webumbiro remitemo kudzivirira nyika patyisidziro dzokumwe nedzemhuri (/uye kuti basa iri harigoni kupiwa kana kuti kufuratirwa. Somuenzaniso, mukati mechinyadziso cheWatergate, House Judiary Committee yakataura zvakajeka kuti Purezidhendi Nixon aishandisa simba zvisina kufanira sekupunzwa kwemhiko yake. Nenzira yakafanana, kudenha Capitol kwakatungamirira kukusatenderwa kwechipiri kwaPurezidhendi Tru, neImba yaakadzorera iyo iye akanga ane “mumatoko muCrime neMisverevemo yakakwirira kupfurikidza nokunyandura masimba masimba mukurwisana neHurumende yeUnited States jains. Iyi muenzaniso wacho idenho chibvumirano chapamutemo, kwete chisungo chapamutemo.

Kuchinja Kworugare Munyika Yose Semuenzaniso

Kutamisirwa kune rugare kwesimba chiratidzo chokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye mutambo wemhiko yapurezidhendi ndiwo kuratidzirwa kwawo kunooneka zvikurusa. Pashure pesarudzo iri yose, purezidhendi anofamba napurezidhendi ari kuuya anomira pamwe chete chete.(kazhinji kazhinji panzvimbo imwe cheteyo) kupupurira mhiko. Uku kupfuudzwa kwapachena kwechiremera kunotumira shoko rine simba iro makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika anoguma pabhokisi rehurumende uye kuti anokundwa anobvuma kumukundi. MuUnited States, iyi gamuchidzanwa yave inogara, ichiripo, kuuraya, uye kunyange chisarudzo cha 2000 chakapedzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro.

Muna 2020, gamuchidzanwa rakatarisana nomuedzo waro wakakomba zvikurusa apo Purezidhendi Trump akaramba kubvuma uye vatsigiri vake vakadenha Capitol pana January 6, 2021. Pasinei zvapo nokupunza ikoko, muitiro webumbiro remitemo wakaitwa. Pana January 20, 2021, Joe Biden akaita mhiko panhanho imwe cheteyo dzeCapitol dzakanga dzapera mavhiki maviri pamberi pezvi. Mutambo wacho umene wakanga uri chiyeuchidzo chikuru chokuti democracy yehurumende yaigona kushata asi pakupedzisira yachengetwa. Chinjo ine rugare, kunyange zvazvo yakaoma, ichiripo. Iyi ndiyo chaizvoizvo mhiko yeBumbiro remitemo inomirira padariro imwe neimwe. Mufananidzo waBiden unoita mhiko nokuvapo kweNational Guverceswol yakare yakashongedzerwa zvikuru yakanga iri chiyeuchidzorevo chokushatsa mazvo.

Kupesvedzera Kwenyika Yose Nokubatanidzwa Kwehurumende Inotonga Nyika Yose

Munyika yose, mhiko yapurezidhendi inobatira sechinhu chinobatsira chinyoro cheUnited States. Apo mutungamiriri worudzi rune simba zvikurusa rwenyika anopika pachena kuti achatsigira bumbiro rehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inoratidzira kumarudzi anowirirana uye anokwikwidzana zvakafanana kuti hurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica yakatsiga uye inoruramisa. Mutambo wacho unotepfenyurwa mumitauro mizhinji, unodzorwa paIndaneti, uye unoongororwa nezvinobudisa nhau. Nyika dzinotambura nokuchinja kwoutongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, mufananidzo wokutamiswa kworugare kwesimba unogona kuva manyuko okufuridzwa kana kuti bhendi regwenya kuti rishandurwe.

Mhiko yacho inosimbisawo basa reUnited States somutsigiri wokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Agency yeU.S. nokuda kweNdengedzero yeNyika Yose, National Endowment for Democracy, uye mamwe masangano anowanzodudza muenzaniso weAmerica pakutsigira kuvimbika kwechisarudzo uye kutonga kwebumbiro remitemo kune dzimwe nyika. Mhiko yapurezidhendi inowanzoshandiswa muzvinhu zvedzidzo nokuda kwokubudisa hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kuti aenzanisire kuti mutungamiriri anofanira kuzviisa pachena kumiganhuro yemitemo. Munzvimbo dzakadai seIraq, Afghanistan, uye Ukraine, miitiro yokugadzira bumbiro remitemo yakaumbwa nemitemo yakateverwa yeAmerica yemhiko yemhiko yechiremera. Nepo marudzi iwayo achitarisana nezvinetso zvawo amene, U.S. chinoitika chinogovera kuti mutungamiriri azvidzorerwe nenzira yokuti anofanira kuzvidavirira panhambo yokutanga zvikuru yokutora basa.

Simba Risingatani uye Kutumirwa Mashoko

Joseph Nye’s “simba rapamberi” rinonongedzera kumano okupesvedzera vamwe kupfurikidza nokukweverwa panzvimbo pokumanikidzwa. Kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi iratidzirwo yakaronzeswa yesimba rakapfava reAmerica. Mhiko yacho imene inokudzwa uye inokudzwa, inopa pfungwa yesimba rinokweverwa rinoremekedzwa nemamwe marudzi. Apo purezidhendi anoshandisa kero dzavo dzokutanga kusimbisa mipimo yedemokrasi.[1] Sezvo Joe Biden akaita apo akadana nokuda kwe “kubatana” uye kudzivirirwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (jerefu) shoko racho rinosiswa pasi pose.

Chisarudzo chomutauro nerondedzero. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akapika achishandisa Bhaibheri reLincoln, akazvibatanidza amene noune napurezidhendi uyo akachengetedza Union. Purezidhendi Trump akashandisa zvose zviri zviviri Bhaibheri reLincoln neBhaibheri raakapiwa naamai vake, achivavarira kubatanidza nenhau dzose dziri mbiri nehwaro hwake hweevhangeri. Izvi zvisarudzo zvokufananidzira hazvirasikirwi pavateereri vamarudzi ose; zvinokurukura kupfuurira, kutenda, uye zita rorudzi. Mumarudzi umo vatungamiriri vanowanzotora simba nesimba kana kuti utsotsi, chinoitika cheAmerica chinomira sechiyeuchidzo chokubvumirana nehurumende, kwete kubva pachigaro choumambo kana kuti kudzorwa kwemauto.

Masangano Anokwezva Edemocratic Akapararira

Mumazana ose amakore 20 ne21, mhiko yapurezidhendi weU.S. yave iri manyuko ekurudziro nokuda kwavatsigiri vehurumende yezvehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende kupota nyika. Mukati meHondo yeRuzha, Inzwi reAmerica kurukurirano dzokutanga dzakasvikwa seri kweIron Keract, dzichiratidza vagari venyika dzeSoviet kuti kuchinjwa kwakasununguka uye kune rugare kwesimba kwaibvira. Muna 1989, vadzidzi veChina muTianamen Square vakavaka mufananidzo weChisiko cheLiberty, asi vakatarirawo kumuenzaniso weWashington woutungamiriri hwemitemo.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mukati meArabian Spring, vashingaitiri vazhinji vakadudza tsika dzehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica semienzaniso. MuEgipita, Tunisia, uye Libya, vachinji vakasunda nokuda kwezvigadzikiso zvehurumende zvakaganhurirwa nemhiko dzetsika nemhiko dzebasa. Nepo masangano iwayo akava nemiuyo yakavhengana, muenzaniso weAmerica unoramba uri pfundo renongedzero. Muna 2014, purezidhendi weUkraine Petro Porohenko akaita mhiko yake yebasa nechanzarati yeU.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Maoath Mudzimwe Nyika

United States haisati iri yoga mukuda mhiko youpurezidhendi, asi shanduro yayo inonanga zvikuru uye inonangidzirwa pabumbiro remitemo. Nenzira inopesana, purezidhendi weFrance anopika kuti “kuremekedza nokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo,” asi anowedzerawo“ kuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kworudzi rwacho uye kuvimbika kwendima yarwo.” Mhiko yapurezidhendi weIndia inobatanidza chipikirwa choku “chengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo” uye “kuzvipa ndimene kubasa negarikano yavanhu veIndia.” purezidhendi weGermany anovimbisa ku“ kudzivirira Mutemo unokosha” uye “kodzero dzevanhu veGermany.

Chinosiyanisa mhiko yeUnited States kurambwa kwayo kwakananga kworuvimbiko rupi norupi kuna mambo, mubato, kana kuti simba rokumwe. Mhiko yacho ndeyokukubudisira kuBumbiro reMitemo yoga .(8) Kwete kuvanhu, rudzi, kana kuti mwari. Ikoku kunoratidzira nyumwiro huru yesimba guru. Muhurumende dzamagariro dzamasangano ehurumende ehurumende, vafundisi vakuru havasati vachitora mhiko yetsika yebasa chose chose chose; panzvimbo pezvo, vanopika ruvimbiko kuna mambo. Mutenzi weU.S. nokudaro mupikichapupuri chinobva chokuvambwa chenyika yeAmerica uye kutaura kunopfuurira kuti Hurumende inotonga, kwete kutongwa nomunhu oga oga.

Mutambo Munguva Dzenjodzi Yerudzi Nokumutsidzirwa

Munhambo dzakadaro, mashoko apurezidhendi nechimiro chake zvinonzverwa nokuda kwezviratidzo zvokutsunga, chinzwano, kana kuti kuzvininipisa. Mhiko yacho inova pfundo rinotenderera: nguva yakapfuura yapera, uye ganhuro idzva rinovamba.

Chirevo Chechipiri chaLincoln: Kudzorwa Kwetsika

Abraham Lincoln akaita mhiko yake yechipiri pana March 4, 1865, sezvo Hondo yavagari vemo yakanga ichiswedera kumugumo. Hurukuro yake yokutanga inorangarirwa kuva imwe yehurukuro hurusa munhau yeAmerica, asi mhiko imene yakanga iri pfupi. Zvisinei, mashoko akapoteredza akaiita kuti ive yakakwirira. Lincoln akanga atotungamirira rudzi rwacho mumakore mana ehondo; Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga raedzwa serisina kumboitika. Kupfurikidza nemhiko yacho, Lincoln akasimbisazve kuti kunyange muhondo, muPunician akaramba akasungwa negadziriro yemitemo. Ayake, nokudana kwayo kuti “muponesi kumunhu upi noupi” uye“ Chirangaridzo, chakaumba chipikiso chacho sechibvumirano chokuporesa. Chimiro ichocho chapurezidhendi wenguva yehondo chakaisazve ruoko rwake paBhaibheri nokupika kuti achengete mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa worudzi rwose.

Nheyo DDR Yakaoma: Kutsiga Mumoto

Franklin Roosevelt akatangwa kana, kupfuura mumwe purezidhendi upi noupi. Kutanga kwake kwechitatu muna 1941 kwakasvika sezvo Hondo yeNyika II yakarwiwa muEurope neAsia, kunyange zvazvo U.S. yakanga isati iri murwi. wechina muna 1945 yakaitika mwedzi mishomanene pamberi porufu rwake, nehondo ichiri kupfuurira. Muzviitiko zvose, mhiko yacho yakagovera nhambo yetsigiso nokuda kworudzi rwakatarisana nokusava nechokwadi kukuru. Rooselt hurukuro yakanga iri pfupi zvikuru, asi chipikirwa chake choku “chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo” chakatakura uremutungamiriri akanga atowedzera simba roukuru kupfurikidza neNew Deal uye zviito zvenguva. Mutambo wacho wakavimbisa kuti vagari vemoruzhinji vaipfuurira kunyange pakati perwisano yenyika yose.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino: Kusarudza 2020 uye Tsika Yakadzvinyirirwa

Chitsauriro 2021 chakanga chiri chiyeuchidzo chakasimba chokuti simba remhiko rakabviswa zvikurusa apo gadziriro iri pasi pedzvinyiriro. Pashure penyongano yeCapitol, chengeteko yakanga isina kumboitika. Mutongi Brett Kavanaugh, uyo akapa mhiko kuVice Purezidhendi Kamara Harris, akanga ave ari mutsigiri wenharo. Mutambo wacho wakabviswa pamapoka enguva dzose nemhaka yehosha nechengeteko. Kunyange zvakadaro mhiko yacho yakanga ichiri kudzokororwa. Mashoko acho akanga asati achinja. Purezidhendi mutsva akavimbisa kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo, uye muchina wehurumende wakapfuurira. Inguva iyoyo yakaratidzira kuti mhiko yacho haisati iri kutsamira pambiriso kana kuti tendero; chibatiso chapamutemo chine mirangariro icho chine chokuita chokuita chokuita nezvinonetsa.

Mugumo: Simba Risingaperi Rechipikirwa Chenguva Dzose

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chebasa chinopfuura zvikuru chisaririra chetsika. Chitendero chebumbiro remitemo chinobatira sohwaro hwokuzvidavirira kwechiremera, muitiro unosimbisa tsika dzedemokrasi, uye chiratidzo chenyika yose chechibvumirano cheAmerica kukutonga kwomutemo. Kuvambira paruoko rwokutanga rweWashington kuBhaibheri kuCapitol ya2021, chirevo chemhiko chakaratidza kusimba kwayo. Chinoudza nyika kuti mipimo yeUnited States inopfuuridzirwa pamusoro pohunhu, mutemo pamusoro pesimba, uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pamusoro pomutemo. Sezvo mamwe marudzi anorwisana nokuderera kwedemokrase uye kukwira kwavatungamiriri vakasimba, mhiko yeAmerica inova chiyeuchidzo kuti basa rokutanga romutungamiriri harisi simba asi kuti itsika yakakwirira. Mupfungwa yacho haisi kungova tsika yetsika dzapamutemo.