Kutanga: Kubatsira Kunobva Kune Dzimwe Nyika Sechishandiso Chokuderedza Urombo

yamuro yokumwe yave iri chishandiso chikuru chenyika yose chokuderedza urombo. Kwamakumi amakore, hurumende, masangano amarudzi ose, uye masangano asina hurumende zvakapinza pfuma kubva kumarudzi akapfuma kuenda kunyika dzichiri kubudirira nechinangwa chokunyandura kukura kwezvemari, kuvandudza utano nedzidzo, uye kusimudzira kudzikamiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Pfungwa yacho iri yakananga: nokuendesa mari, zvinhu, unyanzvi, kana kuti mitoo yokubatsira, nyika dzinopa dzinogona kubatsira kukwidza vanhu vose kubva mukushaiwa kukuru. Asi chokwadi chacho chakaoma zvikuru. Kubudirira kweyamuro yokumwe kunopfuurira kukwidziridza kurukurirano pakati penyanzvi dzemari, vagadziri vemiitiro, vagadziri vemibato, uye varapi, nokunongedzera kuzvose zviri zviviri kubudirira zvinoshamisa uye kundikano huru. Kunzwisisa basa reyamuro mukurwisa urombo hwenyika nyika yose inoda kuoneka nenzira yokubetsera.

Mwero weyamuro yokumwe wakakura. Mukuwirirana neSangano reZvokubudirira kweCo-operation and Development (OECD), betsero yehurumende yebudiriro (ODA) inobva kunyika dzinopa yakasvika paanenge $2022 mabhiriyoni US $202, yakakwirira. Iri dzimbahwe rinoyerera mumhatsa yakafara yepurogiramu, kubva kuzvokudya zvekurumidziro mukati mepereji kusvikira kukuiswa kwemari yegore rakareba mumitengo nemubatanidzwa wehurumende. Vatsigiri vanoramba vachipikisa kuti yamuro yakaparira kuderera kukuru muurombo, uko kwakadzika kubva pa 36% yavagari venyika yose muna 1990 kusvikira pasi pe10%. Vanotsoropodza, zvisinei, vanonongedzera kuhupinyiriro inopfuurira, uori, uye kundikano yezvirongwa zvakawanda kuti vapedze kuchinja kwenguva refu. Nyaya iyi inonzvera mativi ose ari maviri, kumiuyo, , zvinetso, uye kwezva kwezva zvourombo zvomunedziridzi womunguva yemberi.

Kunzwisisa Yamuro Yokumwe: Tsananguro Nekukura Kwadzo

Yamuro yokunze, inozivikanwawo seyamuro, inobatanidza kusimudzirwa kwamapindu api naapi uko kunoitirwa kubatsira kufambira mberi kwenyika kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvomuyamuri. Inogona kugoverwa pamitemo inobvumirwa, kureva kuti inobatanidza mipiro yapachivande kana kuti mitero yemari inobva kunheyo neNGOs. Chitsauko chikuru ndecheyamuro inogoverwa pamitengo inobvumirwa, kureva kuti inobatanidza mitero kana kuti mari yezvikwereti yemubereko iri pasi pemwero yemusika.

Kukura kweyamuro dzokunze kwakawedzera munguva yakapfuura. Munhambo yapashure peHondo Yenyika II, yamuro yakanga yakabatanidzwa zvikuru kuvakazve Europe uye kuva nechikomunizimu. Pakasvika ma1970 na 1980, donzo rakasimudzirwa kukukura kwezvemari munyika itsva dzakazvimirira. Nhasi, yamuro dzinokurukura purogiramu yakafara yevavariro: kuderera kwourombo, kuenzana kwavarume, mamiriro okunze, uye Hurumende yakanaka. United Nations Sustatilizable Development Requement Zoumbies (SDGs), yakagamuchirwa muna 2015, kukumbira zvakajeka kuyamura kuwedzerwa kuti uwanduro yemarirwe mune zvemari, dzidzo, uye mibatanidzwa munyika dzine urombo zvikuru. Pasinei zvapo neiyi nharidzano, vapi navapi vakundikana kusangana nechipfuva chenguva refu chavanhu vose. .7% yemari yakaisvonaka yamarudzi ose yaiwanika kuOD, bhendimagedhi yokutanga muna 1970.

Kuti munhu anzwisise simba reyamuro, anofanira kunzwisisa zvimiro zvayo. Aid haisi chibudiso chimwe. Inovambira mukupindira kunoponesa upenyu kwapakarepo kusvikira kukuchinja kwamakumi amakore. Kuvhengana kwamarudzi eyamuro anoshandiswa mumashoko akapoteredza akapiwa kunopesvedzera zvikuru simba rawo mukuderedza urombo.

Marudzi Makuru Eyamuro Yokumwe

Yamuro Yomutsa

Ruyamuro rwevanhu ndeimwe nzira inooneka zvikuru uye inoda kukurumidzira yeyamuro yokune dzimwe nyika. Ruyamuro rwekurumidziro panguva yenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, hondo dzezvombo, zvirwere, uye nzara. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuponesa upenyu, kuderedza kutambura, uye kuchengeta chiremera chavanhu. Ruyamuro rwevoruzhinji runobatanidza zvokudya negoverwo rekurumidziro, tarisiro yezvokurapa, pokugara, uye tsigiro yezvokushandira. Masangano akaita seUnited Nations World Food Programme (WFP) neDare reInternational of the Red Cross (ICRC) ari pamberi pei eidzirwo.

Nepo yamuro yomutsa yakakomba munjodzi, ukama hwayo nedzinoderedzwa kwenguva refu dzourombo hahuna kunanga. Kukatyamadzwa kwakakomba kwakadai sokudengenyeka kwapasi kana kuti hondo kunogona kuparira makore adzokera shure ekubudirira. Kudavidza kwomutsa kunoshanda kunobetsera nzanga kudzikamisa nokukurumidza, kuchideredza bviro yokuti njodzi dzechinguvana dzinosundira mhuri muurombo husingaperi. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunyanyovara mari yeyamuro yekurumidziro kunogona kutsausa zvinhu pakubudirira. Uyezve, kuyamura kusina kutsinhirana kunogona kuparira kushatisa upfumi hwomunharaunda, zvakadai sokuwedzera mitengo yezvokudya kana kuti kuderedza vagadziri vezvokugadzirwa kwomunzvimbomo.

Yamuro Yokubudirira

Yamuro yokuvandudza inonangidzira ngwariro pauvako, kuvandudza kwenhambo refu. Iyi gadziriro dzemari dzeboka dzakadai semigwagwa, mabhiriji, uye nzvimbo dzemagetsi; zvirongwa zvenzanga zvakadai sezvikoro, zvipatara, uye gadziriro dzemvura dzakachena; uye betsero younyanzvi yokuvandudza udzori, miitiro yokurima, kana kuti gadziriro dzemari. Rukudzi rwokubudirira rwakagadzirirwa kuvaka simba renyika dzinogamuchira kuti dzive nokukura kwadzo dzideredze rutsamiro rwadzo patsigiro yokunze.

Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa yeyamuro yebudiriro inobatanidza Green Revolution muAsia, iyo yakagamuchira tsigiro huru kubva kunheyo navapi vemigove, zvirimwa zvinowedzera zvikuru nokuderedza nzara. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Global Fund yokurwisa AIDS, TB neMalariya yakaponesa mamirioni oupenyu kupfurikidza nokupindira kwoutano kwakatapurwa. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), sangano reyamuro reU.S. rinoshanda pamichina yemipiro inotusa zvakanaka inodzora nemipiro mikuru, ichiratidza miuyo yakasimba mukuderera kwourombo.

Yamuro Yehondo

Yamuro yehondo zvichida iboka renharo hurusa. Inobatanidza mari, rovedzo, midziyo, uye tsigiro yakananga nokuda kwezvikwata zvehondo zvenyika kana kuti mapurisa zvinogamuchirwa. Kunyange zvazvo isinganangirwi kuderedza urombo, yamuro yehondo inogona kubetsera kuterama, uko kuri kudikanwa kwokubudirira kwezvemari. Somuenzaniso, mabasa okuchengeta rugare anotsigirwa neSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose anodzivisa rwisano inodzivisa kudzokerazve munyika dzisina kusimba. Zvisinei, yamuro yehondo inowanzosundwa nefariro dzinofanira kunzvimbo yokukura kwomugamuchiri. Inogona kusimudzira hurumende dzine simba rehurumende, makwikwidzano ezvo zvombo, kana kuti itungamirire kushatiswa kwamaruramiro avanhu. Nyanzvi zhinji dzehondo dzinotaura kuti betsero yehondo dzinofanira kutsaurwa zvakajeka kubva kuOA kuti dzichengete perero yourombo.

Betsero Dzinobvumikisa Dzokuyamura Muurombo Dzinoderedzwa

Payakagadzirwa uye yakashandiswa zvinobudirira, yamuro yokumwe yakavandudza zvikuru kuderedza urombo.Ufakazi hwacho hwakasimba zvikuru muutano nedzidzo, umo mapurogiramu anogadzirwa nokuda kweyamuro akaponesa upenyu uye mikana yakawedzerwa.

Dzidzo Nokuwedzera Kwemari

Kugadzirwa kwemibato yemari. Migwagwa yakagadzirwa neAid inobatanidza varimi nemisika, ichideredza ndyiko dzezvokufambisa nokurasikirwa pashure pokukohwa. Mitambo yemagetsi inoita kuti pave nesimba remabhizimisi maduku uye igone kuita kuti zviteshi zvemichina zvigone kuita kuti zvifambiso zvive nyore. Chidzidzo chenyika yepasi chinoonekwa neWorld Bank chakawana kuti kuyamura kunogoverwa kumitengo kune mibayiro yazvo, kunyanya kana kwakabatanidzwa nokudzora kwakanaka. Somuenzaniso, kuyamura kwechiChina kunyika dzeAfrica dzakatenga mabasa makuru okufambisa ayo, nepo dzimwe nguva achitsoroporwa nokuda kwemitoro yemitero, kwakawedzera mipaipi yokutengesa yomuruwa.

Kukura kwezveupfumi kunokonzerwa nokugadzirwa kwegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvinogona kubvisa mamiriyoni muurombo. Commission on Growth and Development yakagumisa kuti kukura kwenguva refu kunoda zvinhu zvakarongeka, uye yamuro inogona kuzadza nzvimbo dzinoda mari shoma munyika dzinowana mari shoma. Zvisinei, mugumisiro wacho haungoerekani wangoitika chete; zvirongwa zvisina kurongwa kana kuti zviya zvisingagadziri mari inogona kuva nzou chena.

Utano Nedzidzo Zvinowana

Kubudirira kwakajeka zvikuru kweyamuro dzokunze kuri muutano. Global Fund, Gavi (Vaccine Alliance), uye Emergency Plan yeAIDS FRAN) zvakachinja fungu mukurwisana neHIV/AIDS, marariya, uye tibhii. Kubvira muna 2000, zvirongwa izvi zvakaponesa upenyu hunofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 50. Kufa kwavana kwakawedzera zvikuru, uye kufa kwaamai kwaderera. Kubatsirawo kutsigira kurwisa kuuraya vanhu vakabvisa chibhokisi cheHIV/AIDS, uye chirwere chemakemikaria.

Mudzidzo, yamuro yakabetsera kuwedzera kunyoresa kwezvikoro zvepuraimari muAfrica yepuraimari kubva pa 58% muna 2000 kusvikira ku 78% pa2020. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neGlobal Partership for rovedzo yemari yedzidzo, kuvakwa kwechikoro, uye mari yokudzidza nokuda kwavasikana. Dzidzo igweta renyika ine simba: gore rimwe nerimwe rokuwedzera dzidzo rinogona kuwedzera mari inotambirwa nomunhu pa 10% uye kuderedza bviro yeroorano yapakuvamba nebasa ravana.

Izvi zviitwa zvinoratidza kuti kuyamura ikoko, kana kukatangwa nepurogiramu dzinobva pauchapupu ndokuwirirana nemazano outano hwenyika nedzidzo, kunogona kuchinja.

Matambudziko Anogara Achinetsa

Pasinei nokubudirira uku, vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vakamboshorwa chaizvo.

Kuvimbika uye Kuchengetedza

Chavanodzokororwazve ndechekuti vatsigire kutsamira payamuro. Kana hurumende dzichivimba nemari yokunze nokuda kwemari dzadzo, dzingava dzinozvidavirira zvishoma kuvagari vemo vadzo. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, yamuro inogona kudzongonyedza muunganidzwa wemari yomumba ndokuderedza sundo yokuvandudza. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika muAfrica yokumaodzanyemba dzinogamuchira inopfuura 50% yemari yadzo inopedzwa nevoutano navapi, dzichivasiya vasina dziviriro kukuwana mari. Kubudirira kunodzivisa kunoda kuti betsero iwirirane zvishoma nezvishoma nemari yomumba, asi upfumi hwezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji hunoshanda mukurwisana naikoku.

Uori Nokutadza Kutarisira Zvinhu

Uori chinetso chisingagumi. Mari dzinoitirwa kuderedza urombo dzingatorwa nenyanzvi, mungava muhurumende inotambirwa kana kuti munhevedzano yokupa yamuro. Kutarisirwa kwezvirongwa zvokuyamura kunogona kuva kwakakomba, nokutarisira kwakaganhurirwa. Muenzaniso unodudzwa zvikuru kushatisa mari muOiri-Food Program yeIraq, kana kuti misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, tsoropodzo dzinobatanidza mari yeyamuro yeyamuro muAfghanistan. Pasina kuzvidavirira kwakasimba, yamuro inogona kusimbisa nenzira yokusakurumidza kubvisa masangano emari akashata. Zvisinei, kubvisa mari nokukurumidza kukunda basa rakafanira, zvikurukuru munjodzi dzomutsa.

Kukurudzira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Neyamuro Yakapinzwa

Aid haisati iri inongova isina udyire bedzi. Hurumende dzinoshandisa yamuro kufambisira mberi zvamatongerwe enyika nezvokutengeserana. Yamuro, umo mugamuchiri anofanira kutenga zvinhu kana kuti mabasa kubva kunyika inopa, inoderedzawo ukoshi hwebetsero ne 15-30% inofungidzirwa kuva. Inoshatisawo misika yomunzvimbomo ndokuderedza kuva muridzi. Somuenzaniso, yamuro yezvokudya inowanzotumirwa kubva kunyika dzinopa mutengo panzvimbo penzvimbo dzayo, izvo zvinogona kudzongonyedza kurima kwomunzvimbomo. Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogonawo kutungamirira kubetsera kuiswa munzvimbo dzinokosha dzinotendwa panzvimbo dzine tsvina huru zvikuru. Kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kuyamura kunokwira kunyika nezvigaro zveSangano yemauto echiuto, panzvimbo pokuda.

Zvirongwa Zvokuwedzera Kubudirira Kweyamuro

Vachiziva izvi zvinetso, varapi vokubudirira vakashanda kuchinja miitiro yokuyamura.

Kuziva Zvinonyanya Kukosha Munzvimbo Yacho

Gadziriro dzeyamuro dzinoshanda zvikurusa apo dzinosundwa nezvirongwa zvokubudirira zvenyika dzimene dzinogamuchira. Iyi nheyo yokuva mupi inoda vapi kuteerera vatengi vomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza nzanga yevagari vemo nenzanga dzakaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, bhajeti yetsigiro (panoiswa mari zvakananga kumari yehurumende) inosimbisa masangano omunzvimbomo kana akabatanidzwa nokutarisira kwakasimba. Sangano renyika, zvakadai semari nerokutarisira upfumi, zvinofanira kushandiswa apo zvichibvira kudzivisa kugadzira zvivako zvakafanana.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Kuona chitarisiko kunokosha kuderedza uori uye kuvaka chivimbo. International Aid Transparency Initive. The International Indation (IATA) inobudisa mashoko ane udzame pakufamba kweyamuro, kuchigonesa vagari vemo nemharadzano kuti vadzore mari inoshandiswa. Vagadziri vanofanirawo kuita mirangariro yakakomba kuti vanzwisise kuti chii chinoshanda. Miedzo isingadzorwi, yakapindwa nenyanzvi dzezvemari dzakafanana naEsther Duflo na Abhit Banerjee, yakaratidza kuti kupindira kwakaderera kwakadai semahwendefabheti anocheketi kana kuti yunifomu dzechikoro dzakasununguka dzinogona kuva nemiuyo yakashatapurira kumikoro yakabudirira.

Kuvaka Kwakanaka uye Kushandira Pamwe

Aid inofanira kuvavarira kuvaka nzvimbo refu mukati menyika dzinogamuchira. Ikoku kunoreva kuisa mari mukurovedza vashandi vehurumende, kusimbisa gadziriro dzoutano, uye kutsigira masangano okunzvera omunzvimbomo. Zvikwata pakati pavapi, hurumende, NGOs, uye chikamu chavanhu voga zvinogona kubatanidza unyanzvi nezviwanikwa. Somuenzaniso, muenzaniso weGlobal Fund wemitengo inoumba mibato yenyika inobatanidza mibato mizhinji inovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo hazviitwi bedzi navapi. Nenzira yakafanana, kubatira pamwe kwavose kunogona kubhadhara nokutarisira mabasa ezvokubetsera zvakanaka zvikuru kupfuura miitiro yeyamuro yamagamuchidzanwa.

Nguva Yemberi Yeyamuro Yokumwe

Nzvimbo yeyamuro dzokunze dziri kuchinja. Vapi veyamuro vanobuda mudenga seChina, India, Brazil, uye nyika dzeMiddle East vava vatambi vane revo, vachipa dzimwe nzira dzinosimbisa kusawirirana negadziriro dzemitengo yenzvimbo. Kukwira kwemari yezvemamiriro okunze nokudikanwa kwokugadzirisa zvinetso zvenyika yose zvakadai sedenda uye kutama zviri kugadziridza zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, denda reCOVOVID-19 rakasimbisa kudikanwa kwokukurumidza zvikuru nokupiwa yamuro itsva, kubatanidza kutumira mari inoita kuti vagamuchiri vagoda kuzviita zvisarudzo zvavo vamene.

Ruzivo rwemichina rwuri kuita basa riri kuwedzera. Mari inofambiswa nemotokari inoita kuti zvinhu zviendese mari zvakananga, inopfuura nzvimbo dzinoburitswa zvinhu uye ideredza kubuda kwemvura. Michina inodzivirira kubereka inogona kupfura mhuri dzine ngozi zvikurusa. Zvisinei, maturusi aya anofanira kushandiswa mutsika, pamusoro pezvakavanzika uye kudzivisa kubviswa kwemichina.

Pakupedzisira, yamuro yokumwe haigoni kupedza urombo pachayo. Inofanira kuva rutivi rwenzira huru inobatanidza mitemo yebhizimisi inoruramisira, nyaradzo, kudzorwa kwechikwereti, mari inoiswa mumitengo, uye kuunganidzwa kwemitengo yepamba. Nyaya dzourombo dzinobudirira zvikurusa ($in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, uye dzimwe nzvimbo) dzakasundwa nokuchinja kwedzimba, kwete kuyamura. Kunyange zvakadaro kunyika dzine urombo zvikuru, zvikurukuru idzo dzakabatwa mumibango, yamuro dzinoramba dziripo.

mhedziso

Yamuro yokumwe chishandiso chakaoma uye chisina kukwana mukurwisa urombo hwenyika yose. Yakaratidzira budiriro dzakajeka mukuponesa upenyu, kuvaka masangano, uye kufutunura dzidzo, asi yakatamburawo nokusashanda zvakanaka, uori, uye kushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti betsero inotsamira pazvinotsamira pauwanduro hunopiwa kupfuura kuti inoitwa sei munzvimbo yayo, inoitwa nenzira ine chitarisiko chakajeka, uye yanangidzirwa pakuvaka simba rinotsigirwa. Kana migariro iyi ichiitwa, yamuro yokumwe inogona kuva chiteshi chine simba chokuchinja. Sezvo nyika inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva(nzverwa nemhindu yemhindu), asi basa rayo gurusa rinoramba richikosha: kubetsera vanhu vasingagoni kuvaka upenyu huri nani. Nokuti basa racho ringabudirira, vose varidziviri vanofanira kuva vagamuchiri voruremekerero, vanozvidavirira zvikuru nokuda kwokuva nechiremera nokuda kwechiremera chavanhu.

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peyamuro dzinoshanda: CD paIAFFIT Effective ``[FLT']] Bank renyika yose rinobereka basa reFrame[ . . . . . . .N] Univertificity Development [ .] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .