Basa Remapepa Asina Kubatanidzwa Mukutsigira Kutsvakurudza Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Kufunga Nezvematongerwe Enyika

Matare ezvamatongerwe enyika (PAC) ave ari nguva refu akaenzana nemari yenhimbe muUnited States, asi mubatanidzwa muduku unozivikanwa se unofambidzana nePACINUU] anoita basa rakasiana uye risingashandiswi zvikuru kupfuura kuvhota. Matare anozvimirira anosimudza ndokupedza mari yokutsigira nhau, tsigira kana kuti kushora, uye [“anoshora zvikuru] , uye [“anonzvera uye shoo inoumba gadziriro yavose. Funga kuti makambani, miitiro, uye mapurogiramu okunzvera anowedzera sei patsigini inoparira miuyo yavose.

Kurondedzera Mazita Asina Kubatanidzwa

Mumutemo weSarudzo wehurumende, PAC idare rezvamatongerwe enyika risina kutangwa, rinopiwa, kana kuti kutsigirwa nemari nomubhadharwa, mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti rimwe “rakabatanidzwa” rakadai sesangano kana kuti mubatanidzwa webasa. Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) rinodudza aya matare se“asina kubatanidzwa” chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti anoshanda panzvimbo yakasiana nomutambi upi noupi wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti sangano. Uku kuzvimirira kunovapa rusununguko rwakati kuti mukudziridza nokupinza mari.

PCAS isingabatanidzwi inogona kugamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, kunyange zvazvo vachitarisana neganhuriro dzakasimba pakupa zvakananga kuvapinduri kana kuti mapati. Vanogonawo kugamuchira mari inobva kune dzimwe PC, uye vamwe vanowana mari inobva kunheyo kana kuti mamwe masangano asingapinzi mari. Kusafanana nePCs huru, yakabuda pashure pemipiro yeDare gurusa ra 2010 Chisarudzo cheUnited uye chinogona kusimudza zvitsamazvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa zvinobva kumasangano uye masangano nokuda kwendyiko dzamabhizimisi, maPC akakurumbira anoshanda pasi pemigovero imwe cheteyo yePCC] gore rimwe nerimwe kubva kumunhu upi noupi kusvika kuPC. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvisingakwikwikwidziriswi zvinobatanidzwa zvinochengetedzawo “masangano anozvidzora kana kuti zvitsarudzo zvamaturo, maPCCCCCC anodzo adzo akasiana nea.

“ PAC dare risiri rezvamatongerwe enyika ripi neripi iro risati riri dare rinotenderwa romutezo, dare rebato, kana kuti dare rakaparadzana rinosarudzwa pamutemo resangano, sangano ravashandi, kana kuti sangano remitezo.” — Federal Evolution Commission

Musiyano mukuru ndewokuti maPUC asingabatanidzwi haarangarirwi kumunhu upi noupi anozvinyoresa, mubato, kana kuti bhizimisi. Akasununguka kugadza zvinhu zvawo amene zvokutanga, kunzvera pamusoro penhau dzingava dzinoitira nharo zvikuru nokuda kwamasangano makuru, uye tsigiro yemasangano anofunga ane mirangariro inowirirana nebasa rawo. Uku kuzvimirira ndiko zvose zviri zviviri simba rawo gurusa uye, vatsoropodzi vanopikisa, manyuko ebviro anobvira okuda kufadza nerusaruro.

Kushandisa Mari Kunoita Mari: Manyuko Nemichina

PCs dzisingabatanidzwi dzinosimudza mari zvikurukuru kubva kuvapi vamwe navamwe vanogoverana zvinangwa zvavo zvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti zvepfungwa. Ava vapi vangava vatsigiri vakapfuma, nyanzvi, kana kuti vapi vemipiro miduku inounganidzwa kupfurikidza nemitengo yokupa. Manyuko maduku asi anokosha anotamiswa kubva kune mamwe maPUC, ayo anogona kubudisa mipiro miduku zvikuru kuva mipiro miduku zvikuru nokuda kwokupinzwa kwemari yokunzvera. Vamwe vasingabatanidzwa vaPCC vanowanawo rupo rwakabva kunheyo dzavanhu, kunyange zvazvo mipiro yakadaro ichifanira kuwirirana neganhuriro dzomutemo kuti idzivise mugariro wenheyo wemitero inokomberedzo inokodzera kubvisa.

Masangano ayo asingabatanidzwi anonyoresa kunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye masuo akasiana. Mutoo wakananga zvikurusa ndiwo kugovera kana kuti mipiro kumari yetangi yokufunga 501(c)(3) kana kuti 501(c) ruoko. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti 501 (c) masangano anorambidzwa kupinda mumubato wezvamatongerwe enyika wakajeka, mazhinji anofunga kuti matangi anochengeta 501(c)(4) anogona kugamuchira mipiro yePACIC ndokuishandisa nokuda kwechipo, kuparadzira, uye nhimbe dzenhau. Non-at-at projects anogonawo kutsigira zvirongwa zvokunzvera kupfurikidza, masangano kana kuti masangano, uye kunzvera nokuda kwokuparadzira purogiramu.

Imwe nzira inozivikanwa navose kushandiswa kwe “ndyiko dzinotsamira pamunhu” dzinodudza kana kuti kusimudzira basa remotokari yokufunga. Somuenzaniso, PAC isina kubatanidzwa ingabudisa kushambadza kweterevhizheni kunodudza fundo kubva kusangano rakati, nokudaro ichikudziridza nzvero apo inotsigirawo nharidzano dzapaPaC kana kuti zvinangwa zvokusagona kubhadharwa. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, mari inotsigira nomutoo wakananga sangano rokufunga kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kujeka nechiremera chinozivikanwa chebudiso charo.

Manyuko makuru enyuchi nokuda kwePaCs Dzisiri Dzakabatanidzwa

  • Mipiro inosakisa [ — kazhinji kazhinji inobva kuvatsigiri, nyanzvi, kana kuti vatsigiri venet inoshandisika zvikuru vanowirirana nenhau dzePAC.
  • Vanobva kumasangano ebetsero — zvikurukuru kubva kumasangano okupa asingachinji kana kuti anofambira mberi anotsigira zvose zviri zviviri kunzvera kwemiitiro neapomenti.
  • Zviitiko zvinochinja uye nhimbe dzepaIndaneti — zvokudya zvegala, mawernar, uye dhiraivha yemadhiramu yemadhiramu inogadzira mavambo evapi vanopa vanodzokororwazve.
  • [[FOL:0]] Kutora kubva kumamwe matare ezvamatongerwe enyika — kubatanidza matare ebato kana kuti mamwe maPC anoda kutsigira nharidzano dzokunzvera dzimwe chetedzo.

Kushandiswa Kwakaitwa Mari Nemazano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa kuyerera chaiko kwemari kubva kumaPUC kusangano okunzvera kunoda kufamba nemubatanidzwa wezvivako zvepamutemo. Mipiro yakananga kubva pa PAC kuenda 501(c)(3) inofunga kuti tangi yakaganhurirwa zvikuru: 501(c) 3 haigoni kugamuchira mipiro inoiswa pamubato upi noupi wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti inobetsera zvikuru fariro yomunhu oga. Somuuyo, pamari yakawanda yemari inoyerera ku 501 yetanki (c)(4) ruoko rwamagasi kana kuti dare rezvamatongerwe enyika rakaparadzana iro rinogona kupinda mubasa guru rekunzvera.

PaC inogadza zvigaro zvayo zvimene mumasangano okunzvera apaimba, ichishanda nenzira inobudirira sematangi maduku okufunga. Somuenzaniso, Dorobha raAmerican Bridge 21st Century PAC inonangidzira pakunzvera nokuongorora zvinopesana, kubudisa mishumo ine udzame inoshandiswa neDidemocratic commerces and masangano anofambira mberi. Nepo American Bridge iri zvikurukuru chishandiso chokunzvera chezvamatongerwe enyika, basa rayo rinosanowirirana nerokuti voga vemaga vetsika, kubudisa muitiro wemiitiro yetsika nenzvero. Pa Club nokuda kwekukwira kwePC[FLT] mari uye kubudisa mapepa ezvero remari uye mapepa anobudisa mashoko emitemo panhau dzemitemo yenhau, sedzokoro dzose dziri mbiri mbiri dzechipo.

Imwe nzira inozivikanwa navose ndeyokuti PACI dzisino batanidzwa dzitsigire zvirongwa zvokunzvera zvakati. PAC ingabatirana neyunivhesiti kana kuti tangi yokufunga kuti itange fundo pamusoro wakati( somuenzaniso), tambudzo yemari yetengi inokarakadzwa kana kuti migumisiro yemhoteredzo yemubatanidzwa webumbiro remitemo. Mushumo unovapo panguva inova unoshandiswa nePAC muzvishandiso zvayo zvokunyoresa, zvinonongedzerwa pamberi peDare rechechi, kana kuti kuparadzirwa kuvanyori venhau. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira PACIC kutaura kuti nzvimbo dzayo dzakavakirwa paufakazi asi ichigovera vatsvakurudzi mari inodikanwa kuti varonde basa.

Kutapura Kunzvera Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika: Kuzvimirira Nokuvandudzwa

Vatsigiri vemari yePAC isino boyokani vanotaura kuti inotsigira mhoteredzo yokunzvera ine simba zvikuru neyakasiana - siana. Nemhaka yokuti iyi PC haisungirwi kumunhu upi noupi kana kuti mubato, vanogona kutsigira pfungwa dzemitemo idzo dzingava dzisina kurongeka zvikuru nokuda kwokunzvera kwehurumende kana kuti kunyanyova nesangano redzidzo rinotsamira pamipiro yehurumende. Rusununguko urwu runoita kuti kutsvakwa kwemiitiro inoshandiswa ingatozvideredza, kubva mukusvika kwoutano kuzvokuedza gadziriro dzegarikano yenzanga kuidza.

Kuzvimirira kwemaPAC kunovabvumirawo kutsigira nzvero inodenha mugariro. Somuenzaniso, PC yakatsaurirwa kugadziridzo yeruramisiro youtsotsi ingatsigira fundo pamiuyo yemitsetse miduku yapamutemo, inopa ufakazi hunogona kushandiswa kutsigira chinjo dzemiitiro. Nenzira yakafanana, PC inonangidzirwa pamuitiro weruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ingawanira kunzvera mashoko akavanzika, kudzora kwounyanzvi kwokugadzira zvinhu, kana kuti ganhuriro yemitengo inosarirwa nezvinosaririra mumipimo zvedzidzo kutoti ichiita kuti ikwezve fariro chaiyo.

Kupfuurirazve, maPUC asina kubatanidzwa anogona kushanda seinjini dzenzvero dzinokurumidza, kuronga fundo pamusoro penhau dzokuputsa mukati mamazuva kana kuti mavhiki. Uku kukurumidza kunosiana nenzvero inononoka yenyanzvi dzenzvero yezvezera uye kunogona kugovera mashoko akakodzera nguva kuvanogadzira mitemo, vatori venhau, uye vanhu vose. Kukwanisa kubudisa kunzvera kwokukurumidza kwokuchinja pamitemo kana kuti miraudzo yedare chinhu chinokosha mumhoteredzo yezvinobudisa nhau zvazvino uno.

Inzwi Rinoparadzanisa Mugakava Dzemitemo

Kupfurikidza nokuwanira mari nzvero yakapararira inobva mumapoka avanhu vanofunga uye vanzveri vakazvimirira, maPAC anobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirangariro mizhinji inonzwiwa mukurukurirano dzemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, PC inotsigira simba rinomutsidziro ingatsigira kunzvera kwose kuri kuviri kusingachinjika kwemotokari yemari inogadzirwa nemagetsi ezuva uye mushumo wesangano rinofambira mberi pamusoro pepurogiramu dzenzanga. Uku kuwanda kwemirangariro kunogona kuvandudza kunzvera kwedemokratiki, kunyange kana rutivi rumwe norumwe rwenzvero ruine mirangariro yendangariro yakananga.

Pesvedzero Papfungwa: Vakwanyina Nemaperembudzi

Matangi endangariro ava vakwanyina vanokosha nokuda kwezvisanobatanidzwa zvitsvakiso zvokusimbisa nzvimbo dzavo dzemiitiro. Chisimbiso chetangi rinosanofungwa chetendero chinogona kupa pamutemo kuvhotasi vePC, kubetsera kudzosa vavhoti vasina kurongwa kana kuti kupwisa vaiti vemitemo kuti chikarakadzo chakati chakafanirwa. Mukudaro, funga kuti matangi anowana manyuko akavimbika emari anovabvumira kupinza vatsvakurudzi, kubudisa mishumo, zviitiko zvechikwata, uye kubudisa nhau.

Uhu ukama hwechibharo, zvisinei, hunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pezvizvimiriro zvokunzvera matangi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masangano anofunga kuti anovimba zvikuru nemari yePAC angawirirana nezviwanwa zvawo kuti afadze vapi, kudzvinyirira mhedziso idzo dzinogona kubvisa vatsigiri vePCAC. Bviro nokuda yokubvuma mirangariro [ ndeyechokwadi: sangano rinofunga rinogamuchira chibvumikiso chikuru chinobva muPACIREKO nokuda kwokubudisa fundo inoratidzira kuti shatiso kana kuti kuvadziko.

Kuona chitarisiko ndechimwe chinhu chinowirirana. Matangi mazhinji anofunga haadikanwi kuzivisa manyuko emari yavo muudzame, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaomera vanhu kuyera kana fundo yakati yakapesvedzerwa nepurogiramu yezvamatongerwe enyika. OpenSEcrets nzira dzesamende dzemipiro dzinobva kuPACIS kuvadaidziri namatare ebato, asi kunzvera kuyerera kwemari kubva kuPACIC kugadziriro chaiyo yemagaba emotokari inowanzovarakata. Vamwe vanofunga kuti matangi anozivisa nokuzvidira mapepa avo, asi mabhii haana kubvumirana.

Vangaramba kupiwa mari inokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akajeka, vachishandisa mitemo inorambidza vapi vemipiro kuti vasapedze mhedziso dzokutsvakurudza, uye basa ravo rive rokuongorora vezera ravo kana kuti kuva nechokwadi.

Mienzaniso Yokufunga Ukama Hwakanaka Nemapapi Asiri Akabatana

  • Nheyo yenhaka — Nepo Nhaka pachayo iri 501(c)(3), sangano rayo guru reLiverance Action for America (a 501(c)(4)) inopinda mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika uye inogona kugamuchira mipiro inobva kuPACI. Pacs dzakabatanidzwa nezvikonzero zvechero dzinowanzotsigira purofiti yeLifare Action yedzidzo nenzvero.
  • Mutevedzeri weAmerican Progress — Tangi rinofambira mberi ra 501(c) ruoko, CAP Action, anoshanda pedyo nePCs yakapindwa neDemocratic-aluginist kuti itange nzvero yemiitiro nemiraudzo. MaPAC akawanda asina kubatanidzwa akatsigira mishumo yeCAP pamusoro petarisiro youtano, kusaenzana kwemari, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.
  • COTO Institute — aya matangi anofunga kuti anogamuchira mari inobva mumanyuko akasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza vanhu vanopawo kuPaCs isiri yakabatanidzwa. Nepo CATO anowanzosagamuchira mipiro yakananga yePAC, mibato yawo yedzidzo inowanzodudzwa nokuwedzerwa nePACIs mumitengo yavo yakazvimirira.

Kurangarira Kwoudzori uye Kwoukuru

Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora maPACI asingabatanidzwi netsigiro yavo nokuda kwokunzvera ibasa rakaganhurirwa romutemo wenhimbe wemari, mutemo wemitero, uye zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. FEC inoisa misengwa yokushuma yorumano paPCs, ichida kuti vaise mipiro nendyiko pamasuo akati. Zvisinei, iyi mishumo inonangidzira ngwariro pamibato yezvamatongerwe enyika (hwuno mipiro kuvavaki, matare ebato, uye ndyiko dzakasununguka nguva dzose dzinosashandisa mari yakazara yokunzvera paPACImberi. A PAC inopa mari yokufunga yemotokari 501(c)(4)) ruoko kuti kana ikaitwa nokuda kwedonzo rokupesvedzera, asi inopa mari yokudzidza kana kuti kunzvera kungasakisa zvinodikanwa zvakafanana.

Mutemo wemitero unowedzera mumwe musengwa wezvakaoma. Masangano eInternet Revenuence Service (IRS) anobvumira 501(c)(3) kuti agamuchire zvipo kubva kuPACI chero bedzi mupiro wacho uri nokuda kwamadonzo okuyamura, edzidzo, kana kuti esayenzi uye haaumbi mubato unorambidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika. PaCs inopa 501(c)(3) inofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mupiro wacho hauna kuiswa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinofunga zvezvemari zvinonanga pakuoneka nokuzvidavirira. Apo PC mari isina kubatanidzwa igadziriro yokunzvera iyo inodudzwa ipapo muziviso yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti chipupuriro chamasangano, vanhu vanofanirwa kuziva manyuko okutsigira mari. Vatsigiri vanoverengeka vechinjo vakadana nokuda kwokuda kuraira kufunga namasangano okunzvera kuzivisa mazita avapi vavo vePACIC, zvimwe nokuda kwemipiro pamusoro pechikumbaridzo chakati. Vamwe vanotaura kuti tsika yazvino inoshanda zvakakwana nemhaka yokuti PC ivo vamene vanodikanirwa kuzivisa vapi vavo, naizvozvo nhevedzano yemari inogona kurondwa navatori venhau vakatsunga kana kuti mapoka anoona.

Mugumisiro: Basa Rakadzikama Muhurukuro Yehurumende

MaPUKO asina kubatanidzwa ane nzvimbo yakakomba muzvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokupinza mari yomunhu oga kukunzvera kwemiitiro nokufunga mabasa emotokari, anobetsera kutsigira gadziriro dzouchenjeri dzinozivisa kurukurirano yemitemo nemurangariro wavose. Kuzvimirira kwavo kuvadaviriri namapoka kunovabvumira kunzvera pfungwa dzingava dzine ngozi zvikuru kuva vatambi vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mano avo okukurumidza kuzviita kuti vagone kupindura nhau dzinomuka munguva chaiyoiyo.

Asi kuzvimirira kumwe cheteko kunonyandura ruzivo rwokutanga kunorairawo nzvero. Kusavapo kwokuzvidavirira kwakananga kuvavhoti, kwakabatanidzwa nokusanyanyova negadziriro dzemari, kunomutsa mibvunzo yapamutemo pamusoro pavanaani vari kugoverwa. Gata rokufunga iro rinogamuchira chipo chikuru kubva kuPCAC rine rondedzero dzakajeka dzingarwisa kuchengeta kuvimbika kwaro samanyuko enyuko enzvero. Ngozi yoku “tsvaka kuvhota - rongedzerwa”.[1] Uko fundo dzePC-furo dzinopiwa sezviwamwa zvakazvimirira nechapupuriro zvinopfuurira izvo zvinoda kungwarira kuvose vari vaviri vapanguro uye nzanga yokunzvera.

Pakupedzisira, basa rePUCs mukupa mari kunzverwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye masangano anofunga haribetseri chose chose kana kuti harina kujeka chose chose. Ichinhu chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji umo mari yomunhu oga, pfungwa dzavanhu, uye muitiro wavose zvinobatanidzwa. Dziviriro yakanakisisa ndeyekujeka: kujeka kwemanyuko emari, nhungamiro dzetsika dzinoshanda pamasangano okunzvera, uye kuvimbisa kunoda vagari vemo avo vanoraira ufakazi pamusoro pechibvumirano. Kana masangano iwayo akavapo, maPACIC anogona kushanda sebasa rinokosha remisionano yemiitiro yemiitiro isina kushatapukira pasina kushatapukira peperero yezvo yokunzvera uko ubati hwehurumende hunotsamira pa.

nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[[FT:1] Dare reNhuro pamirau yePACI, OpenSECrets[[[FLT:] shopu yokutsvaka mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye .] . . . .