Kunzwisisa Mabhuku Asingabatanidzwi: Tsananguro Nebasa Repamutemo

Political Action Committes (PACs) isangano guru remari yeAmerica, asi haisati iri yose yePUCs yakasikwa yakaenzana. Nepo vanhu vazhinji vakarovedzana nesangano kana kuti mubatanidzwa wesangano rebasa (paCs) iro rakabatanidzwa zvakananga nesangano rakati(non- akabatanidzwa nesangano rakasiyana. PAC idare rezvamatongerwe enyika iro riri [FLD:0] risina kubatanidzwa nesangano ripi neripi, mubatanidzwa webasa, mubatanidzwa webhizimisi, kana kuti rimwe sangano remitezo . Panzvimbo pezvo, aya maPC anoumbwa nevanhu vamwe, vatsigiriri, kana kuti mapoka ouswa anogoverana donzo. Vanosimudza mari kubva muvaki vanobva muvakidzani uye vanoshandisa migove yemitezo.

Rondedzero yapamutemo yePAC inobva muFederal EFomment Act (FECA) uye mirau inotevera. Pasi pomutemo wehurumende, boka ripi neripi rinomutsa kana kuti rinopedza rinopfuura $200 nokuda kwedonzo rokupesvedzera sarudza rehurumende(ndiro risati riri dare rebato kana kuti dare rinotenderwa romutezo reaccom reaunt. (apoka rinofanira kunyoreswa sePACIREC. Kana kuti hapana sangano rinotsigira, rinorongwa serisingabataniswi. Rusarura runoita kuti ruve rune chokuita rudzo runokosha. PaCs inowirirana inofanira kushuma vapi vokwavo kuFederation Commistion E (FC) uye kudzora muganhu worupo. Nokuda kwe 2023-24, mumwe nomumwe munhu angagovera $5 000 pagore rimwe nerimwe risingakwikwikwikwikwikwikwikwikwikwiri paPC CC.

Mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo ePPACs akagadziridzwa nenzira inoshamisa nechisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro ra2010 mu Citizens United v. FEC. Kutonga ikoko kwakazarura suo nokuda kwendyiko dzisingaganhuriwi nemibatanidzwa yakarongwa namasangano, asi kwakasimudzirawo mano ePACIC kusimudza nokushandisa mari kunze kwebatira pamwe. Mumusana we Chibitis United, akawanda asingakwikwidziriswiswiri, akavamba kushanda se "makomiti anoshandisa mari inobhadharwa yoga yoga yoga" anozivikanwa sePCC. Nepokachichichi chinozivikanwa sechikurusa. Mumusana wemari yakaiswa paC CC (FLT) inongogona kukwidzwa, asi anoramba kuva mubatanidzwa zvakananga, masangano ose, anoramba kuva:[5]

MaPUC asina kubatanidzwa nhasi akasiana-kubva paboka renyika imwe renyika se National Rifle Association’s Political Victory Fund (iyo, pasinei zvapo nezita rayo, iPACI, nemhaka yokuti NRA imene isangano remitezo) kunzvimbo dzamapoka emhoteredzo, kusvikira kumibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yakanangidzirwa paruramisi inotenderwa ruramisiro youtsotsi. Kuzvimirira kwavo kunovabvumira kuisa pamifungo nokukurumidza panhau dzemitemo pasina tendero yesangano, asi kunorevawo kuti vanofanira kusimudza mari nguva dzose kuti vapukurire.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mapringidziro Asiri Akabatanidzwa

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi anoshandisa mutoo wakasiyana- siyana wokuita purogiramu dzavo. Kusafanana namaPC, ayo anowanzonangidzira ngwariro pakuwana nokufambidzana navanokakavadzana muindasitiri yakati, maPC asina kubatanidzwa anowanzova akaronga nhau. Anoshandisa zvirongwa zvinotevera:

Kushandisa Mari Nemapeyimendi

Ropa reropa rePUC ripi neripi risingabatanidzwi isimba raro rokuunganidza mari. Pasina sangano romubereki rokugovera tsigiro yokutungamirira kana kuti nzvimbo yomupi akatapwa, iyi PC inofanira kusakurira basa ramasangano avapi vemadhirobhuru maduku, mipiro mikuru, uye pane dzimwe nguva PC. mari yemari yemari yazova mukoto mukuru, nePACIC yakawanda ichishandisa mapepa eemail, zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, uye paIndaneti dzakadai seAct Blue kana Win Red kukumbira mipiro. Kubudirira kubatanidzwa kwePCs kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunovaka mukurumbira nokuda kwokuva "ye uye anoshanda" "neidzorosamari iri yose inosimutsidzirwa nokushambadzira nokuvhota nokuvhota.

2. Kushambadza Kwokuzvidira

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvePUC indyiko yakazvimirira. Somuenzaniso, PACI yakanangidzirwa panzvimbo yazvo yenzvimbo inomira kana kuti inoshora pasina kuronga nhimbe. PAC dzinobatanidzwa dzinobudisa mavara eTV, mavhidhiyo eredhiyo, mapositisi, uye kushambadzira kweredhiyo dzinosimbisa chinyorwa chemutambo wePACIFUP. Kushambadza kwakananga pamusoro pechiito chenzvimbo yakapoteredza. Somuenzaniso, PC kungashandiswa pakushambadzira kwenzvimbo inorumbidza tsigiro yesimba rinodzoresa kana kuti kurwisa mavhotera anovhotera anopesana nemhoteredzo. Kushamba kwokuzvidira kwakazvimirira kunobvumira zvinyorwa zvisingatengwi (zvikurukuru kana zvichinyoresa sePUCC) uye kubudisa zvinhu zvinona zvakawanda zvinorumbidzwa kupfuura kushambadza.

3. Magwaro Anokonzera Kupondwa Kwevanhu uye Dzidzo Yemagariro

PCs dzisingabatanidzwi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobudirira pakuronga pauswa nemhaka yokuti basa radzo rakabatanidzwa nenhau, kwete mubato. Vanogona kupinza vazvipiri nokuda kwokukumbira misuo, kubhangi refoni, uye mirairo yokutumira mashoko. Chiitiko chinoronga / $hayi) musangano, horo yetaundi, kana kuti "tsamba kumupepeti wenhau" .__helps dzinovaka tsigiro yenzanga nokuda kwezvikarakadzo zvemitemo. VaPACIDHIDZ zhinji vasingabatanidzwi vanoparirawo vatungamiriri vanovhota vanoenzanisa nzvimbo dzavanzveri panhau dzakati, vanobetsera varofiti kusarudza zvaunoziva. Iri basa redzidzo rinotsoropodza mumahafureti anodzorwa pasi apo zita rechinjo rinozivikanwa.

4. Kupinza Muropa Kwakananga uye Kunyengera

Nepo maPAC asingabatanidzwi asingagoni kuwirirana navapindi, anogona kubatira vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvakananga pamitemo. Vanosangana navagadziri vemitemo, vanogovera mitongo mipfupi, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanoumba zvirongwa namamwe mapoka ezviwanwa. Kubhadharisa nePACIss dzinoshumwa pasi peLobing Displaise Act, uye maPACIDC akawanda anopinza vatsvaki vezvounyanzvi kuti vamanikidzire zvikwereti zvavo zvokutanga. Somuenzaniso, PC anosimudzira kuvandudza utano hwendangariro kungakurudzira kupfuudzwa kwe "Mential Health Religivement Act" kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko pamusoro pendyiko inochengetwa nokushanda zvakanaka nokutarisirwa kwenzanga inotsigirwa nenzanga.

5. Kunyepedzera uye Kufurirwa Nevanhu

Mamwe maPC asina kubatanidzwa anopindawo murusando rwamasangano, kuisa matare mapfupi kana kuti kunyange kuunza matare kumitemo inodenha yaanoshora. Mamwe anoshandisa nzira dzedzvinyiriro dzavose dzakadai senhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau, zvikumbiro, uye nhimbe dzokuzvidavirira kwesangano. Uku kuvhengana kwemiitiro yesangano romukati nerokunze kunoita kuti maPC ave vatsigiri vanochinjika vasingabataniswi munhandare yemiitiro.

Kutapura Mitemo Nezvisarudzo: Kunzvera Vane Ngozi

Pesvedzero yePACI isina kubatanidzwa inogona kuonwa mumhatsa yenzvimbo dzemiitiro. Muenzaniso mumwe unocherekedzwa ndi Club yeKukura[, Preveswo inowirirana yakapedza mamirioni amadhora anopfuura makumi maviri amakore apfuura kutsigira vatengi vakasununguka mukusarudzo. Kupfurikidza nokuronga mumitengo inorangarirwa kuva yakasarira zvishoma, CVC yeChiteshi cheRepublican Party yabvisa chimiro chenhau dzakafanana nemitero, kupedza mari, uye kutengeserana. Nenzira yakafanana, Rivegate yeVoters (VLL) FF]

Kurutivi runofambira mberi, . Mvura yeChimwe chinhu uye payakabatana paPACI yakaunganidza nokutsigira paduku, vaikwirira vakasiyana - siyana nokuda kwehurumende nehofisi yomunzvimbomo. Iyi PC isina kubatanidzwa inonangidzira pakuvaka bhenji ravagadziri vemitemo yenguva yemberi, uye basa raitungamirira kumiitiro inonzwika inokunda panhau dzakadai serefusi remhuri inobhadharwa, ruramisiro yeutsotsi, uye maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Mumwe muenzaniso ndi EMYYY] , unotsigira pro-choce Democratic comstions. Kunyange zvazvo ndandanda yeEMILY iri sangano guru rine zvombo zvakawanda, PC inoshanda sesangano risingatsiviki, mari inobva mumipiro yavanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kutapura kwePACIS isino boyokani hakuna kuganhurirwa kuSarudzo. Munhandare yemitemo, aya mapoka anogona kubvisa Window raOverton rinorangarirwa kuva rinogamuchirika mune zvematongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, mirairo isina kubatanidzwa yePAC Mira Pamwe chete (yakatsiviwa neKoch) yakatsigira ruramisiro yeutsotsi ndokutsigira STOMTE Act, iyo yapfuura muna 2018. Kupfurikidza nokuwachidzira, uye purofiti, maPUPC anogona kuchinja mirangariro yomucheto yemitemo yeKoch.

Kufurira: Mashoko Anotaura Nemari.

Nyanzvi dzinokurukura kuti kupedza mari isina kubatanidzwa chaizvoizvo miuyo yesarudzo. Fundo 2020 yakaitwa neCentre for Responsive Politics yakawana kuti nepo kupambadza kunotapura kuziva muvhoti, batano nevokuvhota chaivo kuduku. Zvisinei, PCs dzisiri dzinobatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzine muuyo mukuru: kushambadza kwavo kunogona kurondedzera nhauro yedzinza, uye kutendera kwavo kunogona kuratidza kuvamwe vapi vanotora avo vanoshanda. Uyezve, kuzvimirira kwavo kunovaita kuti vavimbwe navavhoti vekambani kana kuti vebato.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemazita Asina Kubatanidzwa

Pasinei zvapo nokungwarira kwazvo, maPACI asina kubatanidzwa anorwisana nemhinganidzo dzinoverengeka dzinoganhurira kubudirira kwawo nokurarama kwenguva refu.

Kutsigira Mari Yakasiyana

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi haawanzoenzana nesimba remari rePACIs rakabatanidzwa nePORNET compans 500 kana kuti masangano makuru. Uko kambani yePUC ingava nebhajeti yemari yegore negore inovimbiswa kubva mumipiro yekambani nevashandi vakatsaurirwa, PC isina kubatanidzwa inofanira kukwikwikwidzana nemari iri yose. MaPAC akawanda asingakwikwidziriswi anodzorwa nemapabhurobha okuzvipira kana kuti vashandi vashomanene vanobhadharwa, izvo zvinoita kuti mari itsaure nokubatira denho yenguva dzose. Avhareji isina kubatanidzwa paC inokwira pasi pe $50 000 000 (Z $50,000) padaro rinosimudzwa nemamiriyoni makurusa ePC.

Kurayira Kwokutungamirira

Mutezo wemari wenhimbe wakaoma zvikuru. PACS isina kubatanidzwa inofanira kunyoresa nemishumo yenguva dzose yekuzivisa yezvemafaira (mwedzi nomwedzi kana kuti mwedzi kana kuti chikamu chimwe muzvina), uye kunamatira kumigove yemipiro neganhuriro. Zvikanganiso zvinogona kutungamirira kufadzo kana kuti chiito chapamutemo. Mutoro wokuteerera unorema zvikuru nokuda kwePACICs duku, ingava isina zano rapamutemo rakazvitsaurira. Mukuwedzera, maPACIPUPU ayo asina kubatanidzwa anopinda muzvose zviri zviviri zvehurumende nehurumende dare rinofanira kushandisa basa duku remitemo yehurumende, rimwe nerimwe nezvinodikanwa zvaro zvimene uye miganhuro.

Kuona Namatombo Akaipa Kunotsoropodza

PACIS dzisati dzabatanidzwa dzinowanzovhiringidzwa neinonzi "mari yakasviba" mapoka (501(c) (4) masangano enzanga enzanga anogonawo kupinda mumubato wezvamatongerwe enyika asi asingafaniri kuzivisa vapi. Nepo maPC asingaiti anobatanidzwa anofanira kuzivisa vapi vanopa vanopfuudza vanopfuura $200, vapi ivavo vanogona kuva "kupfuudza" masangano akafanana namakambani akaganhurirwa (LLC) anodzika manyuko apakuvamba. Vamwe vatsoropodzi kuti vashairire kuti vaPACIC, zvikurukuru avo vanoshanda savaPACIPC, vanobvumira vapfumi vapfumi kuti vadzore vapfumi vachidzora zvamatongerwe enyika pashure pezita rePC. Kunzwisisa uku kwakatungamirira kukuwamura nokuchinja kwapanyuko. Kupinda mumugwagwa nokuchinja kwapanyuko.[FFF]

Kupfuura Kurangarira Nemapati Navatambi

Mumijaho mikuru, vanobudisa nhau navavhoti vanokombamira kunangidzira ngwariro pamatare avada kufunda namapati (seDemocratic Congregation Campaign Committee kana kuti National Republican Senatial Committee). MaPC asingakwikwikwidzirwi anogona kutamburira kuita kuti shoko ravo rinzwiwe pamusoro poruzha. Variwo mungozi yokuva vapfumiswa nenhimberi yemubato kana kuti namapoka makuru anozvimirira. Muchikamu 20222, somuenzaniso, maPACIC 10 apamusoro asingabatanidzwi akabatanidzwa mabhiriyoni 1,2, asi hwerengero iyo yakapfupikiswa nematare ebato ane mabhiriyoni 4,5,5,5,5,5,5 000 000, uye nekapoka makuru akabatanidzwa kuvadariro.

Nguva Yemberi Yemapaundi Asina Kubatanidzwa

Basa rePUC dzisati dzabatanidzwa sezvingabvira richakura sezvo kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye vavhoti vanova vanonangidzirwa zvikuru. Miitiro inoverengeka ichaumba mhindumupindu yavo:

  • Mari yokutanga inoshandiswa: Mipandi yeOnline midzi inopa iri kuderedza mhinganidzo yokupinda muPACI itsva. Rubudiriro rwemapoka akaita seAct Blue-lead misroots PCs runoratidza kuti vapi vemadhirotsi vaduku vanogona kubatanidza pamwe chete fariro dzegamuchidzanwa dzemari.
  • Chitatiko netariro yomunzvimbomo: Sezvo maPC akawanda asingabatanidzwi ari kuchinja ngwariro kumatare ehurumende, umo chinjo dzemitemo pakubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfuti, simba, uye dzidzo dziri kuitika nokukurumidza. PaC dzemo dzinogona kuva nepesvedzero yakaderera mumijaho yakaderera.
  • Kugadzirwa kwemichina yetechnology: Mapepa anowedzera anobvumira maPC kuti arondere vavhoti noururami husati hwamboitwa. Anogona kuedza mashoko, kuisa mupimo, uye kugovera zvakanaka zvinhu. Mamwe maPC zvino anoshandisa AI kunyora kopi yokushambadzira kana kuti kunzvera zvinyorwa zvokuvhota zvavashori.
  • Kusava nechokwadi kwemitemo: FEC inowanzovharwa mumitsetse yebato, ichisiya mitemo yakawanda isina kujeka. Dare rinodenha kugovera miganhu, zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, uye rondedzero ye "ndyiko dzinotsamira pamunhu" ingagonazve kubvisa nzvimbo. Kana Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rikazomboputsa kana kuti kuganhurira [[FLT:] Citazens United[, asingabatanidzwi anoshanda sePCs dzinoshanda sePUCs huru.

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi anotarisanawo nemibvunzo yetsika. Sezvo ndyiko dzawo dzinowedzera, dzinoda zvikuru kuoneka. Vamwe vatsigiri vechinjo vanokarakadza kuzivisa nguva chaiyoiyo mipiro yose yePAC inopfuura $10,000, kana kuti kuraira kuti PC izivise vapi vemipiro yavo vashanu vapamusoro pakushambadzira kwavo. Kana matanho akadaro achatsamira pakuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye matare.

mhedziso

PaCs dzisingabatanidzwi dzinozadza nzvimbo yechienzi neyakakosha mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokupa vatsigiri venhau, nzanga dzinovakwa neuswa, uye mirangariro inopa motokari nokuda kwechiito chakazvimirira chezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinobatanidza manzwi anopesvedzera dare. kuzvimirira kwavo kunoabvumira kutsigira zvinangwa zvingaregeredzwa namapoka makuru kana kuti fariro dzebhizimisi. Zvisinei, vanofanira kufamba nomutengo wemari, wapamutemo, uye denho dzemukurumbira. Sezvinomuraudzo 2024 dzesarudzo dzinobatanidza, PC dzichapfuurira kuva vatambi vane simba, kurukurirano dzinoumba zvose zviri zviviri zvinooneka nezvinonyumwina. Nokuda kwomumwe munhu anotsvaka kunzwisisa matongerwe enyika azvino uno echiAmerica, kunzwisisa zvikuru kuti aya maPC anoshanda sei. Kuverengazve mirairo yemari, kuona miraudzo yezve yezve dare remari, [FFFF:]] [FFF]