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Basa Rezvisarudzo Zvenhau Zvevanhu Pakodzero Dzekodzero Dzevanhu Dzinoenderana
Chinjo yeDare rapamusorosoro kukurangarira kwapakuvamba yakagadziridza kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzinobatanidza maruramiro mamwe chetewo outere. Chitendero chegamuchidzanwa, muzvimiro zvacho zvakasiana - siana, chinoramba kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo yakamiswa panguva yokubatanidza. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti iyi nzira inodzivisa chisarudzo chedare uye inochengeta chisarudzo chehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti inoisa mumipimo wehurumende yehurumende. Vasaidzorodzoro mumitemo yapakuvamba, kupinza mungozi yenzwisiso yetsika dzavanhu dzokuenzana apo kurangarira kwechisarudzi rwetsika. Chirevo chenhau, chinyorwa chenhau, uye kurangarira kukuru kwenhau.
Kunzwisisa Kutanga uye Kuziva Zvaiitika Kare
Uzivi hwekare hahusi dzidziso youzivi. Tsamba mbiri huru dzakabuda: donzo remavambo uye revo yavanhu yekare. Nharidzano yapakuvamba inotarira kune izvo vaFramers vanodavira somunhu oga Mutemo weMitemo. Njere, inotsigirwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia, inonangidzira painganzwisisa sei munhu ane mufungo panguva yeratmotioty. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinorangarira ufakazi hwenhau hwenhau ($3, marekodhey, zvinyorwa, maduramazwi, maduramazwi, uye pamutemo wavose. Kunyanguvezvo mirangariro yetsika. Vanogona kutungamirira kumiuyo nemhaka yevavariro dzapachiva vepo yetenzi vaFrames vangava vabverange vab vab vachibva parevo.
Mumashoko akapoteredza ekodzero imwe cheteyo dzevatano, vatongi vemavambo kazhinji kazhinji vanonangana nechinyorwa chenhau chakasiana. Rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo harududzi mirangariro yevatano. Bill of Rights ne 14neth Amendment zvakarongwa munhambo apo mativi mamwe chetewo evatano akapinzwa muutsotsi kana kuti kusazivikanwa. Vazivi vemitemo yemitemo inofanira kusarudza kana kuti nheyo dzavose dzakaiswa mumashoko akafanana ne “dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo” kana kuti“ kuchengetedzwa kwakakomba kunofanira kushandiswa kumigariro isina kufanotarisirwa. Vamwe, kufanana noMutongi Clarence Thomas, vanopikisa kuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba yakaganhurirwa kurusununguko pakuzvidzora kwomuviri, kwete kugona kuroora mumwe. Vamwe, kufanana naMutongi Scali wekare, vanonzwisisa kuti kurege kushandiswa zvakatoko.
Chiratidzo chakakomba musiyano pakati pe “tsananguro” ne“muchinjikiso.” Kududzira kunotsvaka revo yomutauro yorugwaro; kuvakwa kunozadza mipata umo revo inobuda. Nyanzvi dzepakuvamba dzakadai saRandy Barnett naLawrence Solum dzinotaura kuti apo revo yapakuvamba inenge isina kujeka kana kuti yavose, vatongi vanofanira kushandisa mimwe mipimo yemitemo yavo vamene yemitemo. Iyi inova inokosha mumitemo yekodzero dzavanhu, umo mashoko akafanana na “liberty” ne“ dziviriro yakaenzana inoshamisa. Mubvunzo wacho ungava unoreva kamuri rapakuvamba nokuda kweroorano imwe cheteyo kana kuti kuichinoidzivisa.
Zvakaitika Kare Kukodzero Dzevanhu Vane Utano Hwakaenzana
Chinyorwa chenhau icho vatangi vakanzvera chinozivisa nyika umo kuva pedyo kwevatano kwakafanana kwakashurikidzwa zvikuru. Kudzorwa kwehurumende nemitemo yapakuvamba yakaitwa udoma, kazhinji kazhinji nezvirango zvakakomba. Nhau dzapamutemo dzinovambira muzana ramakore rechi 18 nerechi19 dzakarondedzera zviito zvimwe chetezvo zvevatano se “mhosva dzinorwisana nechisiko.” Hurumende ye1448, yakatenderwa muna 1868, yakabuda panguva apo mitemo yehurumende yakarambidza zvakajeka mufambiro mumwe chetewo wevatano uye yakaramba kuziva roorano pakati pavanhu vevatano imwe cheteyo. Hakuna nyika muzana ramakore rechi19 inopa marezero eroorano kuvaroora kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano, uye varangari vashomanene vanorangarira vepamutemo vakafungwa nebviro yakadaro.
Zvisinei, vafundisi vapakuvamba havabvumirani pamusoro perevo yorunyararo urwu. Vamwe vanotaura kuti nemhaka yokuti vaFramers veKineth Amendment havana kudavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakadzivirira ukama hwevatano humwe chetehwo, rugwaro harugoni zvino kuraviwa kuita saizvozvo. Vamwe vanoonesa kuti kugadziriswa kworugwaro rwakaenzana kwemirau iri rugwaro nenziyo nemhesano yevatano kunodzivirira zvakafanana. Kunyange zvakadaro hapana mutezo wapakuvamba unodzivirira wakaenzana wemitemo nhasi, wakarevererwa kuti unzwisise senzwisiso yenzanga youenzani. Uku kurangarira kwenhau kwenhau kwedzinza nerevorefashoni yevatano kunoenzanisira uku kunokosha: Chibvumirano chimwe chetecho chakanyorwawo zvikoro zve 144 neath Amend Reformation uye kuramba vhotioti. Bva hakuna pakuvamba chinodzivirira nhasi kudzivirira rusaruraganda kana kuti kubatira pamiteveri pakati pezvisaruso zvechibvumirano zvechibvumirano.
Vanyori venhau vakawana ufakazi hwokuti ukama hwevatano hwakafanana hwakavapo muAmerica yapakuvamba, kunyange zvazvo hwaiwanzovanzwa kana kuti kushurikidzwa. Manyoro apamutemo omuzana ramakore rechi18 anoratidzira kukwirira mhaka nokuda kwesodoma, asiwo panhambo nenhambo kurambwa nokusatenderwa. Kushaikwa kwapanhambo nenhambo kwenzira yapamutemo yedariro yevatano hakurevi kuti vaFrame vakanga vasina mirangariro; kunoreva kuti mirangariro iyoyo haina kunyorwa murugwaro rwapamutemo. Naizvozvo vazivi vegamuchidzanwa vanofanira kusarudza kana vachidzora zvimiro zvendangariro zvenguva kana kuti kunheyo dzorugwaro. Hondo inodarika makore 66s nokudaro inova hondo pamusoro peipo iyo zvinhu zvenhau zvinova zvinopiwa chiremera zvikurusa kana kuti mitengo yomutauro mukurusa yeBumbiro remitemo.
Mutemo Wavarwi Nokurangarira Kwoupakuvamba
Kubatanidzwa kweDare Rapamusoro namavambo munhau imwe cheteyo dzekodzero dzevatano kunozivisa kupesvedzerwa kwedzidziso yacho. Mu Lawrence v. Texas [2003], Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, achinyora nokuda kwe 610, voruzhinji, akaputsa mutemo wetsodhoma weTexas wakavakirwa pamuitiro wakafanira wechinyakare. Mutongi Scalia anoshandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba, achisimbisa kuti mitemo inopinza sodoma yaiva nemidziro yakadzika zvikuru yenhau uye kuti Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo, sokunzwisiswa kwapakuvamba, rakasiya zvinhu zvakadaro kumashoko. Sccalia akavimba noufakazi hwenhau hwokuti panguva ye14490 yairema. Mitengo yakanga yakagamuchirwa nemitemo yavose. Iye akagumisa kuti voruzhinji vaisanozivikanwa nesanozivikanwa nesanozivikanwa kurudyi.
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Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iyo inobvuma maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, kupesana kwemirangariro yaMasarudzo Mukuru Roberts naMutongi Thomas kwakanamira zvikuru panharo dzemavambo. Roberts akapikisa kuti “kururama kuroora” kwakanga kwarondedzerwa mutsika sokwapakati pomurume nomukadzi, uye kushandura ikoko kunofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nemiitiro yedemokrase. Thomas akasimbisazve kuti revo yapakuvamba ye “kutya . muGroomma yeClaus Claus yakaganhurity yakaganhurirwa kurusununguko rwokuzvidzora kwomuviri uye yaisagona kuisa maruramiro kuroora. Zvisinei, vazhinji, havana kugamuchira mutoo wapakuvamba. Panzvimbo panzvimbo pezvo, anosimbiswa mipimo yedare revo inowirirana nemitoo yokutonga yavose yeroorano mumiteverotoo yakaitwa namazana amakore anotongedzerwa.
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Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) yainyorwa kana musoro unorambidza rusaruro rwevatano unodzivirira vashandi vari vatano kana kuti transformder. Mutongi Neil Gormoth, murongi wezvapakuvamba namagwaro, akanyora murangariro wavazhinji. Iye akafuratira donzo renhau pamusoro pe “vatano” uye akanangidzira chose chose chose parugwaro: kutsaura pahwaro hwevatano yevatano nevatano kana kuti vatano inopesana navarume. Kurangarira kwakadaro kwakanga kuri kusarura pahwaro hwevatano. Kurangarira kwakadaro kwakanga kuri kwokunyora magwaro, kwete mutevedzero wenhau. Iye akabvuma kuti muna 1964 haana kuva nevatano kana kuti kupfuudza vamwe vashandi mundangariro, asi akarangarira kuti “kusarura vatano kwapamberi nemhaka yevatano inhau yevatano.
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Bostock vazhinji vakawana tsoropodzo yakakomba kubva kuMutongi Samuel Alito, uyo, mukupesana kwake, akapomera ruzhinji kunyorazve mutemo kuti uratidze mipimo yazvino uno. Kusabvumirana kwaAlito kwakabatanidza pakuvamba kwakakarirwa neastrigists: nemhaka yokuti 88th Congress haina kuronga kuvanza mufambiro mumwe chetewo, Dare harifaniri kurava mutemo wokuita kudaro. Gakavara pakati porugwaro rwapakuvamba Gor [1] pakati pekusvika kwarowo kwokutanga uye chinangwa chaArito (5) nechokusvika kwomukati kwezvizivisoko. Inoratidzawo kuti kunetsa kwapakuvamba hakufaniri kuwirirana nemugumisiro. Rudziromenogona kutsigira shanduro inoteverwa.
Zvisarudzo Zvedare Rehurumende uye Kufunga Kwokutanga
Kupfuura Dare Gurusa rehurumende, matare ehurumende akarwisanawo nokuresa munhau dzimwe chetedzo dzekodzero. Mamwe matare makurusa ehurumende, achitsanangura mabumbiro emitemo awo amene, akashandisa revo yapakuvamba kukurira zvirambidzo zveroorano. Somuenzaniso, dare rePamusorosoro reIowa rakarangarira kuva revo yakafara yetsika dzakatambanudzwa kuva varoorani vamwe chetevo. Dare rakahwirudzura mutemo we91. Brien[FLT] [2009] [2009] [2009]) akavimba nemitemo yeIowa Constitution yakaenzana nedziviriro inodzivirira. Iyi inosimbisa kuti dare ringanzi rine revo rekuenzana muuwaro apo chinyorwa chenhau chakananga ringava nemitemo yakananga.
Kutapura Kodzero Dzevatano Dzakafanana
Muuyo unoshanda werangariro yemavambo pakodzero imwe cheteyo yevatano wakavhengana. Pamberi pa Obergefell, matare ehurumende anoverengeka anoshandisa kuvamba kutsigira zvirambidzo zvehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare reNhengo reSitanhatu reMitemo yeMifungo mu [[FLT]] Deboer v. Sny [[FLT]] [iinoreva kuti rondedzero yenhau yeroorano semubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi yaikwanisa sei kuva rutivi rwenzwisiso yebumbiro remitemo, uye kuti muitiro wedemocracy unofanira kusarudza kana kuti uchachinje. Chisarudzo chakachinjwa neyamutezo. Chinongeripo chakava chakavakwa nembiri yemiteverwa ne [FLT] [FFFFF:5], asi kurangarira kuti kubetsera kwapakuvamba kweyamuteveripo, dare rekare renyika revo dzakafanana nerevo dzakafanana nakare, dzakafanana nakare dzakafanana nakare dzakafanana kutsigira zvinyorwa kuti
Munzvimbo yekodzero dzetrander, nharo dzapakuvamba dzichiri kutanga. Dare rapamusoro-soro rinoshandisa mitoo yapakuvamba ye “Bostock Bhosah inofukidza bedzi kusarura basa pasi peTitle VII, kwete maruramiro emitemo. matare maduku anokamuraniswa pamusoro pokuti Constitution, seinonzwisiswa pakutanga, inorambidza kusarura vanhu vamwe. Vamwe vatongi, vachishandisa mitoo yapakuvamba, vakagumisa kuti revo yapakuvamba ye “dex” muSuclection Claus inonongedzera bedzi kuvatano yechinhu chimwe chete, uye kuti rusaruro rwakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kwechirume harumbidzidzikisi zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vaFrame havana kurangarirazve mirangariro yakadaro. Vamwe, vanovimba zvakare nerevo pamusoro perevorevo yetsika dzapakuvamba, vakawana kuti revo yetsika dzapakuvamba dzinodzivisa kusarura vanhu, kubatanidza vanhu vanosarura ganda.
Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Zvagara Zvichiitika Uye Zvazvino Uno
Gakava pamusoro pedonzo renhau munhau imwe cheteyo dzekodzero dzevatano pakupedzisira rinoratidzira rwisano huru zvikuru pakati pezviono zviviri zvedudziro yebumbiro remitemo: kuvamba nebumbiro remitemo rinotsamira pamitemo. Masangano anotonga anopikisa kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo inochinja nefambiro mberi yenzanga. Vanonongedzera kuidi rokuti maruramiro mazhinji echiratidzo chenhau — kubatanidza roorano dzemarudzi ose, wirirano yevatano yavanhu, uye kudzora kubereka — hazvina kuzivikanwa pakuwanikwa asi zvave zvinogamuchirwa sezvinokosha nhasi. Vapristary, mukupindura, vanonyevera kuti mhindumupinduko yemitemo inobvumira vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo vamene uye kuzvidza .
Nyanzvi dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo dzakakarakadza nzvimbo dzapakati. Somuenzaniso, “mashandiro apakuvamba apakuvamba” anodavira kuti revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo inowanzobatanidza nheyo dzechinhu dzinoda kuvakwa munguva. Mumurangariro uyu, revo yapakuvamba ye“ dziviriro yakaenzana” kana kuti “riberty” irevo yakafara iyo zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvinogona kutsanangura pasina kuputsa mavambo. Iyi nzira ingabvumira LGBTQ pasina dziviriro pasina kurega revo yapakuvamba. Nenzira yakafanana, Randy Barnett inoreva kuti “kudzivirira kwapakuvamba kwechinjo yemitemo” irevo yapakuvamba yakanga iri kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kubatanidza mufambiro womunhu oga.
Vatsoropodzi vedzidziso yokutanga vanoti chinyorwa chenhau hachiwanzova chinhu chakajeka. Kunyange apo vezvenhau vanobvumirana pamusoro peizvo vaFramers vakafunga pamusoro peukama hwechidhimoni humwe chetehwo, kushandisa zivo iyoyo kumapoka apamutemo azvino uno kunopinza mungozi yekuva anonyengera. VaFramers havana kunzwisisa vatano sechinhu chinotsiga; vanobatanidza zviito panzvimbo pekuzvimirira. Kupinza nzwisiso iyoyo mumuedzo webumbiro remitemo nokuda kweroorano imwe cheteyo yesaizi kana kuti kodzero dzekuchinja transformed kunoda kutsanangura zvisarudzo zvinopfuura zvenhau. Somuuyo, vatongi vapakuvamba vanowanzosabvumirana bedzi navatsigiri vemitemo inogariranwa asi nomumwe nomumwe.
Mirangariro Yokunze
Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakabudisa mabhuku akawanda pamusoro pedzidziso yokutanga neLGBTQ+ kodzero. Nyaya inokosha yakaitwa naPurofesa William N. Eskridge (Yale Law School) inonzvera kuti kurangarira kwepakuvamba kwakashandiswa sei zvose zviri zviviri kuganhurira nokudzivirira roorano imwe cheteyo yemaidi. Iye anotaura kuti shanduro yakanakisisa yemavambo echiJudha neyapakuvamba inonzvera revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzekuenzana nehrongedzero .Nyamuro huru yakaitwa naPurofesa Sherif Girgis, mutsigiri weroorano yegamuchidzanwa, anotaura kuti kudavira pakuvamba kunoda kurangarira rondedzero dzakadzikama. Iyi dzidzo inokamuranisa zvinhu paDare.
[ Kurava zvakawanda pamusoro pekuvamba uye roorano yevatano muYale Law Journal
mhedziso
Basa redonzo renhau muzvisarudzo zvenhau mukodzero dzekare panzvimbo imwe cheteyo dzinoramba dziri nhau inokakavadzana zvikuru mukati momutemo weAmerica. Chechi yetendero haisati ichiraira muuyo mumwe; panzvimbo pezvo, inogovera magiramu emitoo iyo inogona kubereka miuyo inopesana zvichitsamira pashanduro ipi yeFirifiti inogamuchirwa ne [madudzire] matsanangurire anoitwa ufakazi hwenhau. Zvisarudzo mu [[FLT:]] LYNY , OFT] yakapaza , uye [FLT] [FLT] [i] [i] [i] .] . [FLT] [i] [i] .BFLT] inoratidzira kuti kurangarira kwapakuvamba kuganhurirwa uye kukudza LT. [set sungirwa nzanga] , mativi ekodzero dzomunhu, vamwe vanhu vakararama kare, uye kuto, kutongedzedzedzedzedzei dzinopfumera kui dzinopfupikisa kuti .