Table of Contents
Kutanga Kuva Nepfungwa Dziviri
Nheyo yengozi mbiri ikokudzivirira mutemo woutsotsi uyo unodzivirira vanhu pakuedzwa kana kuti kurangwa kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Yakavakirwa mumagamuchidzanwa ekare emitemo yeRoma kumutemo weChirungu wavose(iyi dzidziso inovavarira kudzivisa hurumende kudzorwa kwadzo, iyo ingagona kutungamirira kukunetswa, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye chirango chisina kururama. MuUnited States, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inodzivirirwa zvakajeka neFindber Amendment kuBumbiro remitemo, iyo inozivisa kuti hapana munhu anofanira kuzviisa mungozi imwe cheteyo yemhosva kupfurikidza nekamwe kaviri kuisa mungozi youpenyu kana kuti rutivi rwomuviri." Iyi dziviriro haisati iri mutemowo zvawo unongova musero mukuru kukururama, kururamisira, uye kusununguka kwomunhu oga oga mukati mamiriro ezvinhu.
Papfundo rayo guru, ngozi mbiri dzinovimbisa kuti kana munhu angopiwa mhaka kana kuti akawanwa ane mhaka youtsotsi, hurumende haigoni kuronda kupiwa mhaka yechipiri nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho chakavakirwa pamaidi mamwe chetewo.Izvi zvinodzivisa hurumende kushandisa pfuma yayo yakawanda kuderedza mukwiridziridziri, kuisa mitoro inodzokororwa nemari, kana kuti kudzivisa chisarudzo chisina kunaka. Kunzwisisa ukoshi, ganhuriro, uye ganhuriro dzengozi yakapetwa kaviri kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzapamutemo, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira kushanda kweruramisiro. Nyaya ino inonzvera dziviriro huru, nhau dzinosiya, uye basa rengozi dzinopfuurira mukudzivirira utsotsi hunodzokororwazve nokuda kwetsoro dzoutsotsi zvimwe.
Kunzwisisa Ngozi Huviri
Pfungwa yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri ine mavambo akadzika enhau. MuAthens yekare, nheyo yakarambidza kudzosa munhu pashure pokuzvidzwa. Mutemo wavose weEngland wakakudziridza chikumbiro che autrefois revolution[ (yaichimbova yasunungurwa) uye [[FLT:] autretoris [[2] autrifis] artis [[FURT]] (yakaparwa mhaka]) kuvharirwa kwapashure. Vagari veAmerica vakarangarira iyi kuva inokosha kwazvo zvokuti vakaibatanidza muFind Ameji, iyo yakatenderwa muna 17911. Kutaura chaiko kuchava musoro mumwe nomumwe wedaiwo wedaidzo kuiswa kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti chikamu chapameso. [5] [5] [5] [5]
Jeopardy "attings" panhambo chaiyo munhau. Kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, njodzi dzinobatanidzwa apo vatongi vanopikirwa; mukutonga kwebhenji, inonamatira apo dare rinovamba kunzwa ufakazi. Kana njodzi yakamubatanidza, mukwiridziridziri anowana dziviriro yakazara yeChirango Chiviri Claus. Kana kutonga kwacho kukaguma nokuregwa (chisarudzo chokusava nemhaka) kana kuti kutenderwa, hurumende haigoni kudzosera mupomeri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, kusavapowo. Iyi dzivirirowo inotambanukira kuzvirango zvakawanda: Hurumende haigoni kuisa mitongo inotevedzana nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kana mutengi akada kurangwa.
Dziviriro Huru Dzinopiwa Nengozi Huviri
- Kudzivirirwa pakurovererwa kwakawanda kwemhosva nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho. Pashure pokuzviwanira mhaka kana kuti kutenderwa, hurumende haigoni kutanga kutonga kutsva nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo woutsotsi, kunyange kana paine ufakazi hutsva. Ikoku kunopa mhedziso uye kunodzivisa hurumende kubva mu "kubhinya" nokuda kwedare rinobetsera.
- [ Kudzivirira zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Claus anovhara chirango chinopfuura chimwe nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, kutoti kana mutezo wemitemo uchibvumira zvakajeka kuwedzerwa kwezvirango pasi pemirau yakaparadzana.
- Kudzivirirwa mukati mematanho akasiyana etsika. Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inoshanda kwete bedzi kumiedzo yokutanga asiwo kutongera kunzwa, kukumbira, uye kudzokororwa pashure pokunge vaedza vakanganisa kana kuti vakwidziridza. Somuenzaniso, kana kutendeutsa kuchichinjwa pahufakazi husina kukwana, hurumende haigoni kudzosa mukwiri nemhaka yokuti ikoko kungava kuedza kwechipiri pashure pokunge abviswa.
- Kudzivirira payakati tsinhano mumitongo yamatsotsi. Dzidziso yeconteral estoppel (isuo repreclusion) idi rutivi rwengozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Kana kuti kusarura kwapfuura kwakasarudza chaizvoizvo nhau yeidi mutendero yomukwiridzwi, hurumende haigoni kudzokorora nhau iyoyo mukukwidziridza kwakatevera nokuda kwemhosva yakasiana. Iyoyi yakavambwa mu [FLT] Asche v. Asson[FLT:][FLT] [1970]].
Iyi dziviriro inovimbisa kuti vakwirirwi havaitwizve mhaka nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo, uyo waizova unodzvinyirira nokupambadza pfuma yokutonga.
Miganhu Nezvisingachinji
Nepo ngozi mbiri dzichipa dziviriro dzakasimba, dzidziso yacho haina kuzara. Dare rakaziva kusiyana kunoverengeka neganhuriro zvinobvumidza kurovererwa kunotevedzana kana kuti zvirango mumigariro yakati.
Dzidziso Youchangamire Hune Ukama
Chisiviso chinokosha zvikurusa idzidziso mbiri youchangamire. Pasi peiyi nheyo, masangano anozvitonga akaparadzana akadai sehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kana kuti nyika mbiri dzakasiana-- siyana(8) imwe neimwe inotonga munhu mumwe cheteyo nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho kana mufambiro wacho ukaputsa mitemo yedzose dziri mbiri. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu akaba bhangi rinobhangi rinotsigirwa nehurumende, hurumende inogona kudzosa kuba, uye hurumende inogona kudzosa uchangamire hunodzongonyedza mudzimu wokupamba nepfumba. Dare Gurusa rakatsigira ratsigirazve dzidziso iyi, nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi . .[FLT:]] [20] [FF:]]
Kutadza uye Kuratidza Kuti Zvinhu Zvinokosha
Kana kutonga kukaguma nokutonga kusina kururama, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haifaniri kudzoresazve. Zvisinei, kuchuchisa kunofanira kuratidza "zvinodikanwa" nokuda kwedare rakashata, zvakadai sedare rinobetsera vatongi vakafa vakasungwa (vatongi) kana kuti kusazvibata nemukwirirwi. Kana kutongwa kwacho kwaikonzerwa nedare kana kuti chikanganiso chokutonga pasina kubvumira kwomukwiridzwi, kugadzikiswazve kungarambidzwa kana hurumende ikaita mukutenda kwakaipa kunyandura mukwiridziridzi kuti aende kunzvimbo isina kururama. Ikoku kwakatangwa mu ].[12]
Kukwirira Nokutonga
Mumigariro yakaganhurirwa, hurumende ingakwidza kudzingwa kwapamberi pemhosva kana kuti chisarudzo chapashure chinoguma nokuregeredzwa. Kana mukwirirwi akawana winduru pakukwirira uye mhaka yacho inodzokororwa nokuda kweimwezve kurukurirano, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati ichizongoerekana yatongwazve (8) kunze kwokunge kuchinjwa kwakanga kwakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana, uhwo hwakaenzana nokuregwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kana kupwiswa kuverwa kuveregirwo kwapanyuko, hurumende ingaedza kudzosaidza mukwidziri. Asi kana dare racho rikawana kuti ufakazi hwakanga huri husina kukwana kutsigira kutendwa, mukwirirwi haagoni kudzorwazve.
Kuedza Kumwe Chete (Guta)
Kuedza kweKuviri kunorambidza kurovererwa kwapakarepo kwaClaus kunorambidza kutongwa kwapanhambo nenhambo bedzi nokuda kwe "mhosva imwe cheteyo. Matare anoshandisa stamburger: "Upo chiito chimwe chetecho kana kuti kutengeserana kunoumba kupesana kwegadziriro mbiri dzakajeka, muedzo wokuedza kushandisirwa kusarudza kana pane mhosva mbiri kana kuti imwe bedzi iri kana kuti kana gadziriro imwe iri yokuti inoda ufakazi hweidi iyo imwe isingaitiri. Kana mutemo mumwe nomumwe uchida chimwe chinhu icho mumwe munhu asingaitiri, mhaka inorangarirwa kuva yakasiana, uye kudenha kwakaparadza kunobvumirwa. Muenzaniso, kupambadza uye kudenha zvose zviri zviviri kungamuka muchinoitika chimwe chete asi chine zvinhu zvakasiana, naizvozvo kana kuti kutadza kubatanidzwa kwechimwe. (kuurayana, kuuraya kunoteverwa kuteverwa.) kunoitwa nokuuraya kunotevedzerwa.
Kubirwa Nemhaka Nechirango Chehurumende
Hurumende ingaisa zvirango zvehurumende zvinopesana nezvinoitwa nehurumende kana kuti mutengo wehurumende wakavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo wakatungamirira kuutsotsi, chero bedzi kupfuurira kwevagari vemo kusati kuri kurangwa muchisiko sokunzi utsotsi. Dare guru reU.S. mu [FLT:][FLT] [FLT] [1] v. Ursery [1966] [[FLT]] ringabvumira kuti kurasikirwa nemitemo yemirimo yehurumende kuve kuradziri kuradzikwa. Dare renyika revo] harina kuumba chirango nokuda kwemadonzo maviri kana kurasikirwa nechakaipa yaipiswa zvikurukuru (g., kubvisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muutsotsi).
Zvisakiso Zvepasi Zvinokanganisa Ngozi Dzakapetwa Kaviri
Blockburger v. United States (1932)
Ashe v. Sunson (1970)
Mhaka ye Ashe v. Sunenson yakasimbisa kuti Dare reMapiri reReopardy Claus rinobatanidza nheyo yeconteral estop. Mukwirirwi akaedzwa nokuda kwokubira mumwe wavatambi vatanhatu vepoker. Pashure pokunge arega nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hwakakundikana kumuzivisa, hurumende yakamuedza nokuda kwokubira mutambi wakasiana muchinoitika chimwe chetecho. Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti kusarura kwakatsunga kuti Ashe akanga asiri mumwe wavapangi *so nyika yaisagona kudzorerazve pfundo iroro mumuedzo wechipiri. Ichi chisarudzo chakatambanurira dziviriro kudzokororwa kwenhau dzechokwadi dzakatosarudzwa muyamukwidzwa.
Benton v. Maryland (1 969)
Beton v. Maryland yakabatanidza Reopardy Claus yeChikamu zviviri mukurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza neMemeterment ye 144th Ression Claus. Pamberi penhau iyi, dziviriro dzenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri dzaisiyana zvikuru munyika nehurumende. Dare raidavira kuti chitsama chemashoko chacho chinokosha kugadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica nokudaro chinoshanda kukutaura nhau dzoutsotsi. Iyi chisarudzo chakavimbisa dziviriro yomutemo yedare nokuda kwavapomeri vose vapari vemhosva, pasinei zvapo nokuti ihurumende yavakatongwa mairi.
United States v. DiFrancesco (1980)
Mu DHAIMANSco, Dare Rapamusoro rakakurukura nhau yemitongo yakawedzerwa pakwidzo yehurumende. Dare rakaramba kuti dare reReparty Jeopardy Claus haridzivisi hurumende kuti isakwezva mutongo kana mutemo wekukwirira uchiubvumira, chero bedzi mukwiridzirirwi asati awana kariro ye "kuguma kwegore" mumutsetse. Ikoku kunobvumira kusimutsidziridza pashure poupenyu kana kuti danga risingapiwizve.
Basa Rokuparadza Kuviri Mururamisiro Yazvino Uno
Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri dziviriro inokosha mukurwisana navatevedzeri vehurumende. Munguva apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo navachuchisi vanoraira zviwanikwa zvakawanda, maruramiro okugumisa pashure porutongeso anovimbisa kuti vanhu vasina mhaka havasati vachirondwa nokusingaperi. Dzidziso yacho inomanikidzawo hurumende kupa mhaka yayo yakanakisisa pakutongwa, kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka nokukwana. Pasina njodzi yakapetwa kaviri. Vachuchisi vaigona kushandisa miedzo yakadzokororwa kuzvapupu zvinodzvinyirira, kubudisa vapomendi, kana kuti kubvisa mitemo isina kunaka youfakazi (aaat) yaizobvisa chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yacho.
Zvisinei, denho dzazvino uno dzakaedza miganhu yePlaska. Tsitsidzo dzetsika dzeClaus. Semuenzaniso, ufakazi hweDNA) hunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuedzazve kupiwa mhaka kwapamutemo apo ufakazi hutsva hunooneka. Pari zvino, Dare Gurusamende rakarangarira kuti kutongwazve kwengozi dzakapetwa kaviri pashure pokunge ufakazi hutsva hwawanwa. Vatsoropodzi vanoramba vachiramba kuti izvi zvinogona kubvumira vanhu vane mhaka kuti vasunungurwe, asi vatsigiriri kuti kurasikirwa nokuguma kwechada kwakawanda kungava kwakakwirira zvikuru, kutozopedzisira pasina kutongwa. Kuwedzera, uchangamire huviri hunoramba huripopoka, zvikurukuru mumhosva dzinobatanidza mufambiro wehurumende nehurumende, zvakadai seutsinye kana kuti kutyora maruramiro kwehurumende. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, vapomenderwi vangatarisana nokutongwa nemhosva mbiri, vamwe vanorangarira sokudzivirira kutongwa neruramisiro kuviri.
Imwe nzvimbo inochinja iwirirano pakati pengozi mbiri nepfuma yavagari vemo. Pashure pokunge tsotsi rapiwa mhaka, hurumende inogona kupfuurira kupiwa zvinhu zvavagari vemo zvinodavirwa kuva zvakabatana nemubato woutsotsi. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kupomero dze "kupara mhaka pashure pokusunungurwa" semugumo paFindth Amendment. Dare rapamusoro rakabvumira uyu muitiro, asi dare rehurumende riri kuvandudza nenzira inowedzera kurasikirwa nemitemo inoda kutenderwa utsotsi pamberi pokubvutwa.
Kupinda mungozi kwakapetwa kaviri kunobatira secherekedzo pasimba ravachuchisi nevimbiso yorusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Icho chinobatanidza nheyo yokuti hurumende haifaniri kubvumirwa kunetsa vagari vemo mumitongo inodzokororwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navanamazvikokota vapamutemo, kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro nezvisizvo zvinokosha. Dzidziso yacho inopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka sematare anorwisana nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva, asi chinangwa chawo chikuru chinodzivisa chirango chakapetwa kaviri uye kupomerazve chiitiko chimwe chetecho.
mhedziso
Nheyo yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri inoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira vanhu muutsotsi hunodzokororwazve nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chetecho. Yakatangwa mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa rapamutemo uye yakaiswa muFind 5 Amendment, inovimbisa kururama, kuguma, uye kudzorwa kwesimba rehurumende. Nepo dzidziso yacho ichiziva kupesana kunoverengeka kunokosha kusingawiriraniswi nehuviridzo, kukanganisa, uye muedzo mumwe cheteyo wedanho, uye dziviriro imwe cheteyo hairegi. [FLT:] Mativi akadai anoumba kunzwisiswa kwe , [[FLT:]], [[FFLT]]], [FFFG3]], uye dziviriro imwe cheteyose inopesana nokuda kwechipo chavanhu vose.
Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pengozi mbiri, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute's ne Tsamba yeChibvumirano paManual on junaict [. Zviwiro izvi zvinogovera nhungamiro ine chiremera nokuda kwedzose dziri mbiri nongedzero nefundo.