Basa Rinokosha Rorusununguko Rwokutonga Mukuronga Kusaenzana Kwepfuma Kupfurikidza Nemichina Yepamutemo

Kusaenzana kwepfuma kwasvika mwero yenhau munyika dzakawanda, ne1% yakapfuma zvikuru ine mugove wakakura zvikuru wepfuma yenyika. Uku kuiswa kwesimba rezvemari hakungoshatisi misika bedzi asi kunokanganisawo kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nesonganiro yenzanga. Nepo muitiro wezvemari, dzidzo, uye mapurogiramu enzanga zvichiwanzodudzwa sezvishandiso zvokugadzirisa kusaenzana, basa redare rinowanzofuratirwa. Chirongwa chehurumende chinozvimirira chinobatira sechinhu chinodzivirira chetsika ipi neipi yemitemo inogadzirirwa kutsigira kuparadzirwa kwepfuma kwakaenzana. Pasina vatongi vanogona kutonga nenzira isina muganhu wezve pfuma ine simba, kunyange mutemo unofambira mberi zvikurusa unova usina maturo. Kuzvitonga kwomutemo kunovimbisa kuti pamutemo — kubva pakuramba kutsarisa pamutemo — kunodzorwa nguva dzose, kuirwa kurwisana noupfumi.

Kunzwisisa Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga: Tsananguro Nemifungo

Kuzvimirira mudare kunoreva kuti vatongi vanofanira kuzvisarudzira nyaya dzakavakirwa pamutemo uye pamaidi chete, vasingadzorwi nemamwe mapazu ehurumende, zvinhu zvinofarirwa nevanhu, kana kuti mafungiro avo.

  • Kuzvimirira kwehurumende: Dare seboka rinoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira kubva kumukuru mukuru wehurumende nedare rinotonga.
  • kuzvimirira kwapachivande: Vatongi vamwe navamwe havasati vachizviisa pasi pedzvinyiriro yokunze apo vanopa zvisarudzo.
  • kuzvimirira kwomunhu oga: Vatongi vanofarikanya chengeteko yokuzvidzora, kupiwa mutero kwakakwana, uye kudzivirirwa pakutsiva.
  • [[FORT:0] kuzvimirira muhurumende: Vatongi vakuru kana kuti vatarisiri vedare havapesvedzeri zvisina kufanira vatongi vedare rakaderera.

Iyi mipimo pamwe chete inoita chidziviso chinodzivirira mutemo kubva kumafungire ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mapepa akapfuma. Nhamba dzenhau dzakadai seChitako choMugariro 1701 muEngland, icho chakatanga dare mukati momufambiro wakanaka, chinoratidzira kurwisa kwenguva refu kudzivirira matare kubva mugweta roumambo. Mitemo yedemo yehurumende yazvino uno yakaisa idzi dziviriro mumitemo nemiraudzo, kunyange zvazvo mwero wokuzvitonga chaikoiko mukuwirirana unosi unosiyana zvikuru mumiganhu.

Chikonzero Nei Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Kuchikosha Nokuda Kwokuparadzirwa Kwepfuma

Kubatana pakati pezvimiriri zvedare nokuzvimirira kwepfuma kungasava pachena pakarepo, asi kunoshanda munzira dzakawanda dzinonetsa. Chokutanga, mutongi akazvimirira ane nzvimbo iri nani yokuita mitemo inodenha fariro dzemari dzakadzika. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzemitero dzinofambira mberi dzinoda kutsanangurwa kwemitemo yakaoma uye kudzivirirwa zvakasimba. Kana matare achidzorwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti vatambi vebhizimisi, mutero unodzivisa zvirongwa zvemabhizimisi kazhinji kazhinji unodzorwa. Chechipiri, kuzvitonga kunodzora kunodzivirira kodzero dzemapoka akasariranwa — dzakadai sevashandi vepasi pevhu, varendi, uye vane mhosva — vanotya zvikuru kusarura. Kana vatongi vachitya vadzorwa nevagari vemo vane simba kana kuti vashandi vemo vomunyika, vangatonga kuti vadzoredzere upfumi. Mitengo inodzo inodzorwa isingadzorwi inodzorwa nemitemo miteveri inodzo inodzorwa.

Kurayira Kwapamutemo Kutaura Kusaenzana Kwemituriri

Zvishandiso zvepamutemo zvakawanda zviripo kuti zvideredze kusaruramisira kwepfuma, asi kubudirira kwazvo kunotsamira pakuchengetwa kwokusasarura.

Kubhadhara Mutero Kunofambira Mberi Nokubetsera Kunopfuma

Mitero inofambira mberi, mitero yemari, uye nhaka mitero mitsva zvikuru nokuda kwokupa zvinhu. Bva iyi mitemo inowanzodenhwa navanobhadhara mitero vakapfuma vachishandisa nharo dzapamutemo dzakaoma. dare rakasununguka rinovimbisa kuti zviremera zvemitero zvinogona kuunganidza mari pasina kudzongonyedzwa. Somuenzaniso, Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights rakatsigira kuva pamutemo kwemitero inofambira mberi pasi pekodzero yenzvimbo, kana vakabatira fariro yapamutemo yavose yapamutemo. Apo matare anoonekwa kuva vanhu vane mutengo wakakwirira, angagamuchira kududzirwa kuduku uko kunoitwa nefambiro mberi. Kunzvera kwapanyika dzose kupfurikidza neMoc. [FLT: 0] Gropotetic Factory Fund [FFFF:1]

Nhaka uye Mutero Wenhaka

Pfuma yakagarwa nhaka inotsigira kusaenzana kwemitero yenhaka muzvizvarwa zvose. Marudzi akawanda anoisa mitero yenhaka kuti iputse denderedzwa, asi kuchengetwa kunotsamira pakukoshesa kwakarurama kwepfuma nemitemo inodzivisa. matare eekusarudza anokosha nokuda kwokupfuudza nharo pamusoro pezvitengo, maakaundi emhenderekedzo dzegungwa, uye mabhizimisi emhuri. Apo vatongi vanogona kuhwirudzura mhaka pasina kutya kutsiva kumhuri dzinodzorwa, vane bviro huru yokutsigira vavariro yemitemo seri kwemitero yenzvimbo. CD CD] mushumo wenhau dzinosimba renhaka dzinoda masangano okutonga asingadzorwi noutsotsi kuti adzivise kubviswa nokubhadhanyidzirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mutemo Wakasiyana Newamakwikwi

Kuisa mari mukambani mutyairi mukuru wepfuma. Miitiro yezvokutengeserana inobvumira mafemu akapfuma zvikurusa kubvisa rendi, kudzvinyirira mibayiro, uye kukwidziridza mitengo. Kuchengetwa kwokusavimba kunoshanda kunoda matare anogona kumira kusimba. MuUnited States, kuputsika kwechiratidzo kweAT&T muma 1980 kwaibvira nemhaka yokuti vatongi vaishandisa mutemo unorwisana nehurumende nenzira yakaoma. Zvisarudzo zvedare zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakanetesa kubatira kukwira kwemibereko. Chitongi chakazvimirira chinogona kuramba kubatanidzwa nemhindu yehurumende inodzoreka. Chirongwa chinozvimirira chinogona kuramba kubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemitengo ndokuranga kunyange apo vatongi vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika vanopiwa. [[FLT:] U.. Dare reSahlulero rechibvumirano remitemo remisi yenhau yezveri yezvokutonga raindero.[F.]

Kodzero Dzevashandi Nokumanikidzwa Kushanda

Kusaenzana kwepfuma kunosimbiswa nemibayiro inodzorwa nokusawirirana kweboka. Mitemo yebasa inovimbisa mibayiro yakaderera, mari inotapurwa yomuraudzo, uye kodzero dzedare dzakasimba bedzi semitemo yavo yokutonga. Kana matare akazvimirira, vashandi vanogona kukwidziridza nokuda kwomubayiro usingabhadharwi kana kuti miitiro yokupa mhosva vasingatyi kuti vatongi vachatsigira vashandi vebhizimisi. MuBrazil, matare evashandi akazvimirira akatongera kudzivirira vashandi zvakasimba, achibatsira kuwedzera kugoverwa kwemari inoenderana nokutevedzerwa. Zvisinei, kurwisa kuchangoitwa kwedare rokuzvimirira kwevashandi munyika dzakawanda kunokuvadza kudzosashanda. Kuzvitonga kuchaita kuti vatongi vasarumbidze mitemo munyadziro mukuru mukuda kwavashandi, vachibvumirana nechinangwa chokuchengetedza kusasarura.

Fundo Dzenhau: Rusununguko Rwokutonga Mukushanda Mukurwisana Nokusaenzana

Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inoratidzira kuti matare akazvimirira akawedzera sei upfumi kuva hwakaenzana, uye kuti kusavapo kwawo kwakabvumira sei kusaruramisira kukura.

Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa Namaruramiro eNzanga Nezvemari

South Africa yapashure pekunyora mitemo yeMitemo inoisa panzvimbo yenzvimbo yemari murudungwe rwekodzero dzechikaro chemagariro ezvoupfumi, kubatanidza kusvika kudzimba, utano, zvokudya, uye mvura. Dare reBumbiro reMitemo rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvemitemo izvo zvakamanikidzira hurumende kuita izvi, kunyange apo yakadenha ganhuriro dzemari. Mu Hurumende inofanira kuita miganhu ine mufungo yokugovera imba yavose yemari inoiswa mari. [[FLT:] Mubatanidzwa weRepublic Republic of Africa v. Grootboom [[FL:1] [2000] [2000], Dare rakairaira kuti hurumende inofanira kuita miuyo ine mufungo kugovera imba yaavo vanoshaiwa zvikuru. Chisarudzo chemari chakabvuma kuti upfumi huwane mamiriro ezvinhu azvipfumite.

Fariro Yavanhu vose yeIndia Neruramisiro Yezvemari

Dare rapamusoro reIndia rakashandisa simba raro refariro yavose (PIL) kukurukura nokusatendeseka kwegadziriro. Mu Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation [85], Dare rakatonga kuti kodzero yokurarama iri mumaruramiro apamutemo kuupenyu, kudzivirira vagari vomumigwagwa kubva mukudzingwa kwakamanikidzirwa pasina gadziridzo. Iyi chisarudzo chakabva kujudia yaisaona fariro chazvo chapanyika chaiyo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakaparadza kuva namadhemoni ehurumende murutivi nemhaka yokuti vashandi vakashata nomutoo usina kukuvadziko. Vatongi veIndia vanofarikanya dziviriro yakasimba yesangano renyika ine simba, inovagonei kuvaita kuti vatonge vadzore kutonga mukurwisana nezvikwane simba nevezvamatongerwe enyika. Ivava vanobetsera kupfuumbika zvikuru pakusarira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende.

Muenzaniso Wokupesana: Lochner Era muUnited States

Hakusati kuri kurangarira kwose kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga kunoderedza kusaenzana. Mukati menhambo yeLochner (c. 1897-1937), Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rakarova radzokororazve mutemo unofambira mberi wakadai semitemo inobhadharwa yakaganhurirwa nemiraudzo yeawa, kududza “kubatira bvumirano” kusati kwawanikwa murugwaro rweGenestition. Nepo Dare reSangoni rakanga razvimirira nenzira yetsika, zvisarudzo zvaro zvakaratidzira pfungwa yeLaisez-faire yainobetsera vapfumi vemaindasitiri. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti kuzvitonga kwogaro kwoga kwoga hakukwane; vatongi vanofanirawo kuve vakazvipira kutsanangura mutemo wemitemo nemitemo yemitemo muchimiro chehurumende munzira inobvumira kuderedza kusaenzana. Dare renyika dzenguva ino rinotonga nokuzvipfuudzo. Rino rinobvumira kupfumisa ganhurirwa mari yemari pakati pezvipotiko.

Zvinetso Zvokuzvitonga Mumamiriro Ezvinhu Okusaenzana Kwepfuma

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunotarisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira, zhinji dzadzo dzinosimudzirwa nemhatsa yepfuma.

Kupindira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokurwisana Nedare

Apo vapfumi vakatanhamara vanowana gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, vangaedza kuisa dare redare rinodzora mumifungo kana kuti matare akasarira ehurumende panhau dzakati. MuHungary, hurumende yeViktor Orbán yakasekesa nenzira ikarongwa kuzvitonga kupfurikidza nokuderedza zera rokurega basa ravatongi, vachizadza nzvimbo dzavanamati vakavimbika, uye vachiumba dare idzva rokubata nhau dzokutonga. Ikoku kwakanetesa kuchengetwa kwokutera mutero nemitemo inorwisana nokusaruramisira, zvichibetsera vamiriri uye kusaenzana. Kuchinja kwokutonga kwakaitika muPoland, apo kurwisana kwedare neEurope Union. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kusaenzana kwepfuma kunogona kuita kuti kuedza kudzora kuzvitonga kwezvamatongerwe enyika kutonge kushandira dare.

Kubatwa Kwokutonga Nevatongi Vezvemari

Kunyange matare edzimhosva akazvimirira nenzira yapamutemo anogona kubatwa navapfumi mumatare anotonga, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti masangano enzanga. Munyika dzakawanda dziri kubudirira, vanhu vakapfuma namasangano vanopfumbadzira nguva dzose vatongi kuti vawane mitemo yakanaka pakunzvenga mutero, kuunganidza nzvimbo, uye kuzviisa pasi. Fundo dzetsika ne World Bank [[FLT: 1] . [Imitengo] inoratidzira kuti uori mujudia [projeti] hunowirirana zvikuru nokusaenzana nokuwana mari yakawanda, sezvo vapfumi vanogona kutenga ruramisiro kusaenzana. Matanho akadaro semariro okutonga anorerekera nenzira inonyengera, kuzivisa kwezva, uye kutungamirira kwetsika kunowanzo kunodikanwa asi kunodziviswa naavo vanobetserwa mumugariro wetsika.

Kusawirirana Kwemanyuko Munhema

Kusaenzana kwepfuma kunotapura rudzi rwemimifanikiso yapamutemo inowanika kumapati. Makambani ane misha yakaisvonaka navanhu vakapfuma vanogona kupinza mafemu emitemo akanakisisa, vanopinza zvapupu zvenyanzvi, uye kunonoka kubudisa ropa. Vatongi vekuzvimirira vangapesvedzerwa nenhepfenyuro yenyanzvi dzakakwirira, kunyange kana mutemo uri kune rumwe rutivi. Kukurira izvi, mapurogiramu epamutemo ezvinodikanwa zvemitemo, probono, uye miitiro yakapfavisa nokuda kwemibato yakaderera yemibato inodikanwa. Mimwe mitengo, yakadai seCanada, yakaunza migumisiro yemitemo yakaenzana nokuda kwemitemo yedare kuvimbisa kuti mhinganidzo dzemitemo dzemitemo hadzikuvadziridzidzikisi zvinoshatsa zvikuru.

Kusimbisa Rusununguko Rwokutonga Nokuda Kwenzanga Ine Kururamisira Kwakawanda

Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti kuzvitonga kunoshanda sedziviriro pakusaenzana kwepfuma, kuchinja kwakati kunodiwa.

Kuchengetedza Kwemasangano

  • Miitiro yokugadza inooneka: Matare okusarudza Rusarudzo anofanira kubatanidza vamiriri vanobva munzanga yevagari vemo, bar, uye chibvumirano, nemipimo yakavakirwa pahwaro hwakavakirwa pahwaro nekutonga kwavose.
  • [ Rovedza kudzora nokudzosera: Vatongi vanofanira kubatira kusvikira pazera rokumanikidzirwa rokurega basa ndokugamuchira miripo isingagoni kuderedzwa mukati menhambo yavo. Ikoku kunovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti chiokomuhomwe.
  • Utongi hwemari: Matare anofanira kuva anodzora bhajeti dzawo, pasina mvumo yavakuru vakuru, kudzivisa kuziya zviwanikwa kuti aganhurire kushanda kwawo.
  • Kuzvidavirira nokuzvidavirira:[ mitumbi yakakomba inokwanisa kunzvera kusazvibata pasina kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira kuzvimirira kwokutonga. Dzikamo inofanira kurohwa pakati pokuzvidavirira nedziviriro yorusununguko runoita zvisarudzo.

Kuwana Ruramisiro Yakapararira

Kuzvimirira kwedare hakuna revo kana vagari vemowo zvavo vasingagoni kupinda mumatare. Mitemo yeyamuro yapamutemo, miitiro yakapfaviswa nokuda kwezvikumbiro zviduku, uye miitiro yeboka zvinogona kubetsera kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba. MuSouth Africa, Gwende reAid Board inogovera mufananidzo munhau dzehurumende dzine chokuita nedzimba, mipiro yenzanga, uye basa. Mukuwedzera, matare anofanira kushandisa ruzivo rwemitengo kuti aderedzedze mari nokunonoka, zvakadai see-filterning nechaichoinuc. United Nations Development Programme isimbirira kumira kururamisira chinhu chinokosha pakuderedza kusaenzana, uye kuti kuzviisa pasi pekugara pasi pasi pawose.

Dzidzo Yokutonga Nokungwarira

Vatongi vanoda rovedzo pakodzero dzemari nedzenzanga, simba remari isina kuenzana, uye rusaruro rusingazivi. Makoreji akawanda anopa makosi pamusoro pemitengo yezvemari, mutemo wemitero, uye kodzero dzavanhu. MuBrazil, National School for the Traing and Reformation of Magistrate inobatanidza michina yemichina yemari ine chokuita nourombo uye kusaenzana. Dzidzo yakadaro inobetsera vatongi kunzwisisa migumisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika yokutonga kwavo uye inovashongedzera kubata nhau dzechimbimbimbi - sha.

Dzvinyiriro Yamarudzi Ose Nehwirudzuro Yavaenzani

Masangano enyika dzakawanda anogona kuita basa mukudzivirira kuzvimirira kwedare. Venice Council of Europe inopa mifungo pamusoro pechinjo dzinotonga; migariro yeEurope Union inotsigira nemari pakuteerera mutemo. MuLatin America, Dare reInter-American rekodzero dzavanhu rakasimbisa kuzvitonga kwekutonga sechinodikanwa nokuda kwokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Kudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende uye kumanikidzwa nehurumende zvinogona kudzivisa kudenha matare, zvikurukuru apo nzanga yehurumende yemo isisina simba.

mhedziso

Kusaenzana kwepfuma hachisi chinhu chomuzvarirwo asi mugumisiro wezvisarudzo zvepamutemo nezvirongwa zvesangano. Nepo muitiro wemitero, kupambadza mari, uye kudzora kwavashandi zvichinetswa, kubudirira kwavo kunotsamira padare rinogona kumanikidza mitemo pasina rusaruro pamitezo ine simba zvikurusa yenzanga. Kuzvimirira kwedare kunovimbisa kuti gadziriro yepamutemo yakarongedzerwa kuderedza kusaenzana hakukanganisiswi negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kubatwa kwezvemari. Zvisinei, kuzvimirira kwoga hakukwaniswi: kunofanira kubatanidzwa nechibvumirano chokutonga ruramisiro, kukwanisa kupinda mumapoka akaganhurirwa, uye kugadziridzwa kwesangano kunopfuurira. Apo matare anenge akazvimirira zvechokwadi, anova simba rezvo upfumi kana kuti kutamba mubatanidzwa pakati pevapfumi uye varombo. Sezvri mukahasha wekuwedzera kuzvimirira kwomutemo, hakusi kungova chete muitiro wetsika wetsika yetsika yetsika yenzanga neyomutongedzero yetsika yetsika.