Kududzira Mazita Apakuvamba: Firosofi Yokutanga Yerondedzero Yebumbiro remitemo

Kurerekera kudzidziso yemitemo inoreva revo yorugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo yakatemwa panguva yokuitwa kwayo. Panzvimbo pokubata rugwaro sechishandiso chipenyu chinobvisa mipimo yenzanga, vazivi vemavambo vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kududzira Bumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba yavanhu vose. Kunzwisisa kuti munhu ane mufungo aizova akaitwa panguva yaakaitwa. Uku kuva simba guru mukuumba rusununguko rwavagari vemo, kuchipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva mukodzero dzakavanzika kuti vadzore, uye kubva mukutaura kwakasununguka kumuitiro woutsotsi. Kurangarira kwapakuvamba kudzora munhau yapakuvamba kuranga uye kuvimbisa kuti mutemo wemitemo unoramba wakanamatira kurugwaro nechimiro chavanhu. Kuzvirongwa zvawo zvapamutemo kunokosha, sokudzivirira maruramiro amarudzi akati kuti adzore mumiteve miganhuro mitsva.

Gakava pamusoro pezvapakuvamba harisi redzidzowo zvayo. Ine miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika nokuda kwenzira iyo matare anodzivirira nayo rusununguko rwomunhu pahurumende inonyengetedzwa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mavambo anogovera gadziriro yakatsiga neinodeya kufanoravira maruramiro ehurumende, kudzivisa vatongi kurava zvisarudzo zvavo zvomunhu oga zvemitemo muBumbiro reMitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti ustrist hunogona kuva hwakaoma, kuvhara mumirangariro yechinyakare uye kukundikana kuzvidavirira nokuda kwefambiro mberi yenzanga. Somuuyo, kuvamba kwapakuvamba kwazova danda rokusimbisa Dare gurusa remitemo, uye rutsanana runoita basa. Kunzwisisa basa rarwo mukukura kwekodzero dzavagari vemo muAmerica kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofarira maruramiro enzanga.

Mavambo Epfungwa Dzokutanga

Chiratidzo chouzivi serondedzero yakakurumbira chakabuda mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, asi midzi yarwo youchenjeri inodzokera shure kuChivako. Vatongi vapakuvamba veDare rapakuvamba, vakadai saMambo John Marshall, vaiwanzoshandisa donzo ravaFrames pakududzira gadziriro dzemitemo. Muma 1970 na 1980, sezvo Dare rakakudza maruramiro echinyakare muWarren neBurge Courts, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoda retsika dzakafanana naAnton Scalia dzakataura donzo rakarongwa zvikuru rokudzorera shure kurangarira izvo vaiona sechiito chemitemo. Scalia, zvikurukuru, yakarevererwa nokuda kwerevo [[FLT.FLD:1] revo] pamusoro pedonzo renhau [FLT:] [FLT] [FFFF]] [FT]], kusimbisa kuti kunofanira kunzwisiswa sei nerugwaro rwamabhiyo, Scroti yaizoverwa panhau yenhau yenhau.

Zvapakuvamba Nezvokunge Zvataurwa.

Mitaro miviri yokutanga yeChinyorwa chapakuvamba nerevo yapakuvamba. Njeredzisa pakuvamba dzinotarira kuzvinangwa zvakati nezvitendero zveFramers. Somuenzaniso, mutongi anoshandisa donzo rapakuvamba angabvunza: Ko James Madison akafunga nezveChipiri Amendment? Mukupesana, revo yokutanga inobvunza kuti mugari wemowo zvake muna 1791 angava akanzwisisa sei kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Kusvika kwapashure kwawana mativi akawanda, murutivi nemhaka yokuti anodzivisa chinetso chemifungo mizhinji yenhau uye rutivi rukuru nemhaka yokuti inowirirana noukoshinga yomutemo worujeko. Nyanzvi dzakadai serevo [FLT:] RT] RT [FLT] uye .[2]

Iyi kurukurirano yepfungwa hadzisiwowo zvadzo. Dzinopesvedzera nzira iyo magweta anoisa nayo rusununguko rwevagari vemo runotaurwa. Somuenzaniso, munharaunda yekodzero dzokutaura, mutangi angatarira kunzwisiso yenhau ye “rusununguko rwokutaura” muna 1791, iyo yaibatanidza dziviriro nokuda kwokuzvidzora kwapamberi asi kubvumira chirango chokumukira. Munhu asiri wemavambo angafunga nezvechinangwa chokutaura norusununguko munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti basa rokutaura musimba romunhu oga. Kusarudza kutsanangura nzira dzokutaura kunogona kusarudza mugumisiro wenhau, zvikurukuru kana ruzivo rutsva rwesayenzi kana kuti tsika dzenzanga rutsva rusingabvumiri mepu yakaro yakanaka yenhau.

Pesvedzero Yedzidziso Yokutanga Pamhaka Yavanhu Vamwe Chete

Kurerekera kumavambo kwakaumba rwisano yerusununguko rwavagari vemo munzira dzose dziri mbiri dzinodeya kuzivikanwa nedzinoshamisa. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji ichibatanidzwa nemiuyo isingachinjiki yakadai sokuganhurira kubvisa pamuviri kana kuti kufurira maruramiro epfuti (kwakakudziridzwa) kwakashandiswawo kururamisa dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye maruramiro ezvinhu. Pasi apa ndizvinoitika zvikuru zvinoratidzira basa rapakuvamba mukukura kwomutemo werusununguko rwavagari vemo.

Rusununguko Rwemari Nenhambo Itsva Yapakuvamba

Pamberi peNew Date, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidzosa mirau yezvemari nguva dzose kupfurikidza nokukumbira kunzwisiswa kwapakuvamba kweChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chaManei Claus neChoomer Claus. Mu Lochner v. New York [1950], Dare rakaramba richidavira kuti mutemo wehurumende unoganhurira maawa okushanda eLochner- mutoo, asi wokutanga wakamutsazve nharo kuti rerevo yapakuvamba yeTsition yeTration. [FL:] Mune] Collet Stock Union.[3]

Kodzero Dzepfuti Nevhudzi Rechipiri

Hapana nzvimbo yerusununguko rwavagari vemo yakaumbwa zvakananga zvikuru neChinjo. Kwamakumi amakore, kugadziridzwa kwakanzwisiswa zvikuru kudzivirira bedzi maruramiro akabatana nebatira yemauto. Asi nyanzvi, zvikurukuru napurofesa wemitemo SANford ... [[FLT][FLM] [1] uye gare gare gare [nenzira ye [[FLT]]] ne [mitemo] yapanyika inowirirana neyavose [[FLT], apo Hurumende yakatanga kunzi Mutongi mukuru mukuru, yairangarira kuti revo yavanhu vose ye “kuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo. Kududzira pamutemo kwaidzorwa kwakarurama kwepfumba. [kudzoseidzorwa kwechikamu chapakuvamba] [FFFFFF:4], uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvehurumende zvehurumende. [mumumubatanidzwa mumitengo yapakuvamba]

Kodzero Dzokuberekana uye Kutevedzerwa Kwechigumi Negumi

Nhaka yamaruramiro okubvisa pamuviri inopa musiano mukuru pakati pechinjo yapakuvamba nemhesano yebumbiro-mitemo inosvika. Mu Roe v. Wade [773], Dare rakakurumbira rakawana maruramiro emitemo okubvisa pamuviri pasi peGumbiso Claus(a maruramiro asina kududzwa zvakajeka murugwaro. Murangariro waHar Harry Blackmun wakatsamira pamurangariro we “penummus" uye“ wezvakavanzika, zvinonangana novuyo, kubva kuGriswwb. Connecticut), izvo zvakanga zvagona kubvumiranisa kodzero yokudzivisa kubereka. Vatsoropote, kubatanidza maruramiro apakuvamba, akadenha [FFON:] nyika dzechisom] [FUniast] [FF]

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nomuganhu Wevatsva

Chitendero chakapesvedzerawo dzidziso yakasununguka yokutaura, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kutaura paInternet kana kuti zvimwe zviteshi zvitsva zvenhau. Mu Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997), Dare rakakurira Dare reNhevedzero dzeNhevedzo, asi ruramisiro dzakadzivisa zvikuru kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwakananga nemhaka yokuti varapi venzvimbo yenzvimbo yebasa nemhaka yokuti havangagoni kuva vakakarira nzvimbo yeIndaneti. Zviidzo dzakatevei, zvakadai se Pakingham v. North Carolina[FLT:] [20] [20] [FLT]), inova inoramba kuva pepanhau renzanga renzanga seratioruzhinji nokuda kwechipo, asi kurangarira kwedare revo renyika dzapakuvamba nokuda kwechienziro yechamupikinyo yavanhu vazhinji. Zvinyorwa namamwe mamiriro ezvinhu echipoto, zvinopfupikisa mamiriro ezvinhu echipote, zvinopfumendedzese. Zvikurusaidzo zvinopfuurego. Zvipfuuredhi

Kutanga Muboka Ravanhu Vakasiyana - siyana

Kupfuura mhaka dzedare rimwe nerimwe, kutenderwa kwapakuvamba kwakapesvedzera zvirongwa zvemasangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo, zvirongwa zvisingapinduri pamutemo, uye mapoka ezveufundisi. American Civil Liberations Union (ACLU), yakabatana nenhau nemitemo inotsamira pamitemo, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya akashandisa nharo dzapakuvamba munharaunda dzakati, zvakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka pakorejitari neruramisiro yeruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, ACLU yakarangarira kuti revo yapakuvamba yeIndementation inorambidza kuurawa kwevaduku uye kuoma kwakakomba kwoungwaru. Nenzira yakafanana, Cato Institute ne Institute nokuda kweChirevo cheProfiti yePurosticist kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kushandisa kusimudzira maruramiro ezvepfuma nekodzero dzemari. Uku kushandisa kwokutonga kwokutonga kwechinyakare kwechinyakare kunoratidza simba rayomutemwaraviti yemitemo uye chishandiso chezvomutomutomutomuto mukuru nokuda kwezvishandiso zvamatongerwe enyika.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nerevo Yapakuvamba Yokurovedza Muviri Kwakasununguka

Free Execs Classias yeFirst Amendment yave iri hondo yedudziro yapakuvamba. Mu [FLT: 0] Employment Division v. Smith (1990), Murangariro waMutongi Scalia waidavira kuti, mitemo inoshanda kazhinji kazhinji haiputsi dziviriro yeFree Specience Claus, kunyange kana vakaremedza miitiro yechitendero. Scalia anodzikamisa kunzvera kwake mukunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kuti vafundisi havagoni kusunungura miraudzo inoshandiswa navose. Chisarudzo ichi chakaparira kudzosaidzwa, uye Congresstionsss arective Religious Religition Act Act (RRAct) inobukira kuidzo huru zvikuru yerudzidziso.[5]

Mamiriro Neganhuriro Zvoupakuvamba Murusununguko Rwevagari Vomunyika

Pasinei zvapo nepesvedzero yayo, kuvamba kunotarisana netsoropodzwa kukuru kunobva kunyanzvi navarapi. Chitendero chimwe chikuru ndechekuti dzidziso yapakuvamba inogona kushandiswa kururamisa mugariro wetsika wokusarura kwenhau. Revo yapakuvamba youranda hunodzivirirwa nenzira inodzivirira, inobvumira dzinza, uye inonyima vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota. Vatsigiri vanopindura kuti kugadziridza kwakafanana nerechigumi namapfumbamwe kwakachinja revo yapakuvamba nokuda kwegadziriro idzodzo, uye kuti dzidziso dzapakuvamba hadzigumi nereki mukusaruramisira apo rugwaro rwunogovera nheyo yakawedzera. Asi chinetso chamanyoro okudzorwa kworumano kudzosa murairo webumbiro remitemo chinoreva kuti chirevo chechiduku pafariro dzechikamu chiduku pamitengo yenzanga.

Chinetso Chenhau

Chimwe chibvumirano ndechekuti chinyorwa chapakuvamba chinotsamira pakutaura kwenhau kunokwikwidzana. Vanyori vazhinji vanogona kurava ufakazi humwe chetehwo ndokusvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro perevo yapakuvamba. Mu Heller[, somuenzaniso, kupesana kwaMutongi Stevens akatsigira kuti chinyorwa chenhau chakatsigirwa nemirangariro yehondo, kwete kududzira kwaScalia kwakarurama. Kutaura kwokuti pakuvamba kunogovera vavariro, mutoo wokusatora rutivi nokudaro unozaruka kupanikira. Mukushandisa kunzvera kwenhau kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kushandisa miuyo yavo yapakuvamba inowirirana nemirangariro yavo yapakuvamba. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kudana chiono chapakuvamba kuti “chiono chezvisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, vadudziri vokutanga vanogona kushandura rondedzero ipi neipi, uye kururamisa kwayo mumiitiro yayo yenhau yapakuvamba.

Kutanga Nokuchinja Kwenzanga

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runowanzonanga kudzivirira mapoka akaderera kubva kudzvinyiriro yavanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ustript, nerangariro yahwo yapashure, zvingakundikana kudzivirira maruramiro ari kubuda seroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, kana kuti kuvandikano kwemitemo. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2011], Dare rinozivikanwa neroorano imwe cheteyo pasi peSult Proces and Modeficial Ex Classiases, asi Justice Scalia anoramba kuti hapana chinhu murevo yapakuvamba yeInggraded Rempletedment yakaraira kuzivikanwa kwakadaro. Voruzhinji, vakanyorwa naRumbisote Kennedy, vanoshandisa kurangarira kuti kurarama masangano emitemo nechiremera chapakuvamba. Vatsoromese vanoramba kurangarira kusununguka kusununguka.

Kudzokera shure: Kutanga uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Kwazvino Uno

Nhasi, uzivi hwemavambo ndihwo hunodzora chirongwa chikuru paDare Gurusa. Zvitanhatu zvevatongi vapfumbamwe ([FOL:]] Donvs[FLT, Samuel Alito, Neil Gormoth, Brett Kavataugh, Amy Coney Barrett, na John Roberts] zvaratidza madhigirizi akasiyana- siyana echibvumirano chepakutanga. Zvisarudzo zveDare mu [[FLT:]]] Dobs[FLT] [25:1], [FLT]BRON[FLT], uye [FLT]], [[FLT]]]] [FLT]] [FLT]] , [[FLT]]]] [visssssssssssssssssssssssss, kana kuti kurumbidza rugwaro rwomumumusiviviviti mukurusai wenhau yazvinoto mukurusaitiro. apo apo apo apo apo apo inoparira zvinyorwa zvenhau renhau renyika ino inoparira kuti iveriti iveri

Kutanga Nokusunungurwa Kwehurumende Mumatare Akaderera

Kupfuura Dare Gurusa, kuvamba kunoshandiswa nenzira inowedzera navatongi veruwa neruwa. Vazhinji vavanamabharani vevatongi vemavambo kana kuti vakarovedzwa mumitoo yapakuvamba muzvikoro zvemitemo zvakadai seHarvard, Yale, kana kuti Yunivhesiti yeChicago. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumitemo inodenha, mitemo yemhoteredzo, uye zviteshi zvemasangano zvemasangano enhau panzvimbo dzapakuvamba. Somuenzaniso, matare maduku anoverengeka akatsamira pa Bruen kurova ganhuriro dzepfuti munzvimbo dzinotapukira, dzakadai semigaro yemiganhuro nenzvimbo dzavose. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vamwe vatongi vakashandisa simba rapakuvamba musimba rapamusoro, senhau dzinobatanidza dzidziso dzechinyakare kana kuti kubvisa vakuru vebazu vebazu. Vadzori vehurumende vadzorori vadzorere kudzoro, voruwa rwehurumende.

Zvinhu Zvatinowana Kuti Tizoongororazve

Varavi vanofarira kudzika zvikuru vangawana zvinhu zvinotevera zvichibetsera:

  • Constitution Center yerudzi yeBumbiro reMitemo rinogovera mashoko enhau nemirangariro yapakuvamba padivi riri rose: Bumbiro reMitemo risingashandi.
  • Oyez.org inopa nhau pfupiso dzakajeka uye mashoko anotaurwa, kubatanidza nokuda kwenhau dzakawanda dzinokurukurwa: Oyez.
  • Purofesa womutemo Randy Barnett bhuku [[FLT:] Kuzorodza Bumbiro reMitemo rakarasika: Presation of Liberty inopa rondedzero inopesvedzera yemavambo yekodzero dzevanhu: Princeton University Press[.
  • ... ... kurukurirano dzapakuvamba nguva dzose uye dzinobudisa nyaya pakushanda kwadzo: French Society.
  • Nokuda kwomurangariro wakakomba, ona [[FLT: 0] Erwin Chemerinsky ya Nharo paHwechireyino yeTringina [[FLT]], inowanika kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro dzakawanda dzomutemo.

mhedziso

Kuvamba kwapesvedzera zvikuru kutangwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kwave kuchishandiswa kukudza kodzero mudzimwe nzvimbo (sezvokukakavadzana kwepfuti) kusvikira kunharo dzanhasi. Kupfurikidza nokunangidzira kududzira murevo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose, kuvamba kunopa mutoo unofungidzirwa kuti unoganhurira kuchenjera uye kuchengetedza mamiriro ehurumende echiito chehurumende. Kukurukurirana pakati pechinjo yapakuvamba nemitemo inodzorwa navanhu. Kubva panguva imwe cheteyo, kwave kuchishandiswa kukudza kodzero mudzimwe nzvimbo (se kuva nepfutina pfuti) uye kuibatanidza mune dzimwe (se kubvisa mimba). Kukwira kwacho kwakaitika nokuchinja kwakawanda kutsika kwamashoko uye kunzvera kwapamutemo kwenhau muAmerica. Kunyange zvazvo kukurukurirana pakati pezvapakuvamba nemitemo mitemo yemitemo miganhuro yapakuvamba hakubviswi. Kunzwisisa nhau yayo, nhau yakare, uye vatongi vemitemo, vatongi vanotsvaka kutungamirira kuidzodzo kutsika dzemitemo.

Sezvo kuvamba kunopfuurira kuumba matare nebasa rapamutemo, basa rawo murusununguko rwavagari vemo richaramba riri nhau yekurukurirano inotyisa.