Kutarira Muri Padavi Rine Mutezo: Injini Yokufambisa

Bazu guru rehurumende yeUnited States rinomira seshongwe yokuchengeta mhoteredzo, inopomerwa kuita nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende. Nepo Congress inonyora mitemo nerondedzero yedare, rinowira kubazu guru kuti ritendere mutemo kuva chiito() kutarira chinhu chiri chose kubva kuchengeteko yenyika nekurukurirano dzokumwe kuenda kumitemo yemhoteredzo noutano hwavanhu. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanotsvaka nzwisiso yakajeka, ine chiremera yemashandire ehurumende yehurumende, kubata chivako, masimba, uye kubatana kwebazu guru zvinokosha.

Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inoparadza zvikamu zvikuru zvebazu, vakuru vakuru, masangano makuru, uye gadziriro yokunzvera iyo inochengeta chiremera chayo chikuru chiri mudzikamo.

Chii Chiri Bazu Rine Simba Rapamutemo?

Yakagadzwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., bazu guru rakagadzirirwa ku "Tarisai Kuti Mitemo Iitwe Nokutendeka". Kusafanana nebasa rebazu remitemo, rokuita pamutemo kana kuti basa rebazu rinotonga, bazi guru rinoitwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Rinodzora mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, rinotungamirira kudzivirira nyika, mufambiro wenhau, uye rinodzika mitemo miraudzo yakapiwa neCongress.

Dare rinoisa simba rokutonga muMutungamiriri mumwe, achiita hofisi yose iri miviri mirefu yehurumende ne musoro wehurumende . Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa pachena kuzvidavirira noutungamiriri hunosarudzwa namaune neFramers, uyo akanga aona utera hwechinzvimbo chakakamukana pasi peMitezo yeConfederation. Nokufamba kwenguva, bazi rakura kubva kumadhipatimendi richipinda mumiriyoni yamamirioni avashandi, asi basa raro rinochengeta mutemo: kuzadzika mutemo.

Nokuda kworugwaro rwapamutemo rwebumbiro remitemo uye mamiriro ezvinhu ekare, nongedzera ku chinyorwa cheNational Archives of the Constitution.

Zvikamu Zvikuru zveBazu Rinotungamirira

Bazu ravakuru - vakuru harisati richingovawo zvaro Purezidhendi; isangano rakanamirwa rinobatanidza zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinobatanidzwa pamwe chete zvinoita basa rehurumende.

  • Purezidhendi
  • Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi
  • Mahofisi Edare Neanotungamirira
  • Gadziriro Dzavane Simba Negadziriro Dzinozvimirira
  • Hofisi Yeimba Yevachena Nene Guru YaPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi: Mukuru Mukuru naVakawanda Zvikuru

Purezidhendi weUnited States ane nzvimbo yakasarudzwa ine simba zvikurusa munyika. Yakaziviswa nokuda kweshoko ramakore mana, namashoko maviri akawandisa pasi pePramende Yama 22, Purezidhendi anopfeka ngowani dzakawanda:

  • [[FT:0] Chiremera Chikuru: Chinonzvera hurumende, chinogadza misoro yamadhipatimendi (nesimbiso yeDare), uye chinosimbisa mitemo inoitwa.
  • Comminer-in-Chieef: Anoraira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo eU.S. uye ane chiremera pamabasa ehondo, kunyange zvazvo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo.
  • [[[FT:0] Diplomat: Miitiro yokumwe, kutaurirana kwezvibvumirano (zvinoda Dare kusimbiswa), uye kugadza nhume.
  • [ Mutungamiriri weRegitori: anopa mutemo kuDare, anopa Hurumende yeUnion, uye anogona kusaina kana kuti kuisa zvikwereti.
  • [[FT:0] Head yeHurumende: inomirira rudzi pamibato yemiitiro uye inobatira sechiratidzo chechinzwano.

Zvikwaniriso zvetsika zvaPresidenti zviduku(musikirwo wechisiko), anenge makore 35 okukura, mugari weU.S. kwamakore 14 (apo tarisiro dzamasanga dzakura zvikuru. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anoraira vashandi vazhinji veNzvimbo yeWhite House, kubatanidza Hofisi yeGuru raMapiona makuru raPrezidhendi (EOP), iro rinovaka mitumbi inodzorwa yakadai seNational Security Council, Office of Management and Bactage, uye Council of Economic Adviers.

Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo miraidzo inokosha ]. Mirayiro inotakura simba romutemo pasina kuda tendero yedare, kunyange zvazvo vachiramba vari pasi pemvuudzo yedare uye inogona kubviswa nomutsivi. Ichi chishandiso chinobvumira bazu guru kuita chiito nokukurumidza munharaunda dzakadai somuitiro wokubuda munyika, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika.

Nokuda kwendaza ine udzame yamasimba apurezidhendi nemitoro, ona [[FLT: 0] peji yapamutemo yeWhite House pabazu revakuru vakuru[[FLT: 1].

Mutungamiriri wehurumende Anoita Zvekutonga: Haasi Kungodzivirira

Mutungamiriri weSangano reSangano reSangano rePurezidhendi mukuru mukuru wechipiri mubazu guru. Nepo munhau basa racho raiwanzorangarirwa seriduku, Mutungamiriri weSangano wazvino uno anobatira somumiriri wokupedzisira kuna Purezidhendi, mutoriki mukuru mumisangano yeNational Security Council, uye kazhinji kazhinji mubatanidzwa wewirirano wemitemo. Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi anewo basa rakasiyana se Mutungamiriri weDare , anovhota vhota zvisungo zvechisungo apo kamuri rinenge rafa.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa kuti Mutungamiriri weSangano ritore mutevedzeri kana Purezidhendi akafa, akarega basa, kana kuti akabviswa pahofisi (kutevedzana kwakaitika kapfumbamwe munhau yeU.S.. Gadziriro ye25th Amendment, yasimbiswa muna 1967, yakajekesa muitiro wokutevedzana kwapurezidhendi nokutamisirwa kwechinguvana kwesimba (g., mukati mhando yezvokurapa). Yakatangawo mutoo wokuzadza Purezidhendi wePrezidhendi, uyo wakashandiswa kaviri munguva yazvino (pashure pokurega kwaSpiro Agnew's aSpective uye pashure pokuva Mutungamiriri weFold Ford).

Nhasi, Vice Prezidhendi anowanzoita migove mikuru, yakadai semishoni yehurumende inotungamirira, kutungamirira nhano dzakananga dzemiitiro, uye kutsigira purogiramu yehurumende. Basa racho rakava mubiyake ane simba mukutonga, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwaro kuchitsamira zvikuru paukama naPrezidhendi akagara.

Kabhini: Boka raPurezidhendi Ravatungamiriri

Kabhini haidudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, asi yakakura sedare rinotsoropodza. Mitezo yayo vanyori (misoro) yamadhipatimendi 15 makuru, pamwe chete naAttorney Mukuru mukuru navamwe vakuru vakuru (zvakadai seWhite House of Staff, Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence, uye U.S. Trade Declarection) avo vangapiwa nzvimbo yeCampbester.

Madhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira ndeaya:

  1. Hurumende
  2. Mari
  3. Dziviriro
  4. Kururamisira
  5. Mukati
  6. Kurima
  7. Kutengeserana
  8. Basa
  9. Utano Nemabasa Avanhu
  10. Dzimba Nokufambira Mberi Mumataundi
  11. Zvekufambisa
  12. Simba
  13. Dzidzo
  14. Nhau Dzevaeni
  15. Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yomusha

Munyori wedhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe anogadzwa naPurezidhendi uye anosimbiswa neDare, uye anotarisira sangano guru rine mutoro wokuitwa kwemiitiro munzvimbo yavo. Somuenzaniso, Munyori weHurumende anobata nhau dzokumwe uye kukurukurirana nenhau, nepo Munyori weFonde anotungamirira mauto. Attorney General (mukuru weBato reRuramisiro) anobatira somukuru wedare rinotarisira mutemo uye mutungamiriri wemitemo kuhurumende.

Vamwe purezidhendi vanotsamira zvikuru pazvinofungwa neCabitten, nepo vamwe vachiisa zvisarudzo muWhite House.

Gadziriro Dzavane Simba Negadziriro Dzinozvimirira

Kunze kwemadhipatimendi, bazi rinotungamirira rinosanganisira mazana emasangano anoita mabasa akanyanya kuzivikanwa.

  • Masangano eMitemo: Wa zvakananga pasi pedhipatimendi kana kuti Purezidhendi. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Federal Bureau of Investigation (Ne Justice), National Park Service (University), uye Food and Drug Administration (Win Health and Human Services).
  • Masangano anotsamira pakutsamirana: Operate kunze kwegadziriro yeCabinet, navatungamiriri vanogadzwa naPurezidhendi asi kazhinji kazhinji vanoshumira mashoko akatsiga ayo anotarisira kudzora, akagadzirirwa kuganhurira pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), uye Federal Reserve.

Masangano anozvisarudzira, akadai seSecureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) neFederal Commission (FCC), ane masimba ezvibvumirano neamajesisisi. Anogona kuita mitemo negakava remhesano munharaunda dzawo dzoutariri. Iyi gadziriro yechienzi inovabvumira kukurukura nhau dzounyanzvi, nomwero wakati wokuzvimirira kubva kunhambo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzvera ruwara rwakazara rwamasangano ehurumende namabasa awo, shanyira USA.gov’s A-Z index yamasangano ehurumende yeU.S..

Kumanikidzwa Kushanda: Mutemo Unomanikidza uye Unodzora

Basa guru rebazu rokutonga jecha (jenar system) rinoitwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yokuchengetwa kwomutemo negadziriro dzemitumbi inotonga.

Kumanikidzwa Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Nepo hurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo vachibata utsotsi hwakawanda zvikurusa hwezuva nezuva, nhano dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinobatanidza mhaka dzinopfuura nyika, dzinobatanidza chengeteko yorudzi, kana kuti kuderera pasi pehurumende.

  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Ruoko rukuru rwokuongorora rweBato reRuramisiro, kubata nougandanga, ugandanga hweIndaneti, utsotsi hwakarongwa, uye ushati hwavanhu.
  • Drug Enictive Administration (DEA): Mitemo yezvinhu nemirau yaidzora, kushambadzira mirimo nokugadzirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Bureau of Alcohol, Fodya, Mirake yemoto nePUROVES (ATF): inopa mirwi yepfuti, zvimbambaira, uye nzvero.
  • United States Service: Inodzivirira vatungamiriri vorudzi (Mutungamiriri, Mutongi Mutongi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, anoshanyira zviremera) uye inonzvera mhaka dzemari dzakadai sokunyepedzera.
  • U.S. Marshals Service: Inogovera chengeteko kumatare ehurumende, inotakura vasungwa, uye inoshandisa purogiramu yechapupu yokudzivirira.

Rimwe nerimwe raaya masangano rinoshanda pasi pechiremera chemitemo uye rinotarisirwa neDare, Department of Justice, uye matare.

Gadziriro Dzokutungamirira: Kutonga Mitemo Munzanga Nezvemari

Masangano anotungamirira anoisa pfungwa pamativi akati, achigadza mitemo yokushandisa mitemo yakafara uye kumanikidza kuti zvitevedzerwe kupfurikidza nokuongorora, faindi, uye kudzorwa. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza:

  • [ Environry Protection Agency (EPA): Mitemo inoroverera yakadai seChreaose Air Act neChreat of Water Act, kudzora kushatisa netsvina ine ngozi.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA): inova nechokwadi chekotsekano yezvokudya, mirimo, zvishandiso zvokurapa, uye zvizoro.
  • [ Urongwa neKomishoni yeExchange (SEC): inodzivirira varonzesi uye inochengeta misika inoruramisira, ine nhevedzano kupfurikidza nokugadza mitemo yemitengo.
  • kurukurirano dzechiFeredal Commission (FCC): inoronga kurukurirano dzamarudzi ose neredhiyo, terevhizheni, tambo, satellite, uye tambo.
  • Safety and Health Administration (OSA): Set uye inogombedzera mipimo yekotsekano yebasa.

Zvisinei, zviito zvavo zvinowanzova nezvinetso zvepamutemo uye kutarisira musangano, zvichiva nechokwadi chokuti hazvipfuuri mirau yazvo yepamutemo.

Makemikari Nedzikamo: Kuzvidavirira

Bazu guru rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvakasanorongwa neFramers yeBumbiro reMitemo. Hapana bazi rimwe risina kudzorwa nesimba; rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi okudzvinyirira mamwe.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Pakaumbwa dare rinoita kuti bazi rinotungamirira rishande nesimba guru:

  • Simba rokufambisa: Mari yose yemubatanidzwa inofanira kubvumirwa nokufanira neCongress. Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina tendero yemitemo, kupa Congress chishandiso chine simba kupesvedzera zvinhu zvokutanga.
  • Kusimbiswa kweMarangano: Dare rinosimbisa vanyori veKabhineti, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vazhinji.
  • [ Ratidzosa: Congress inogona kukurira purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, ichishandura gwaro kuva mutemo pasinei zvapo nokuramba kwaPurezidhendi.
  • [ Kutendisa: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru naMakanganiso". Ipapo Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri mativi matatu.
  • Kuongorora nokunzwa:[[FLT: 1] matare eCongress anogona kuisa magwaro epona ndokumanikidza chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru vebazu, achiitisa kutonga kwokutarisira kunzvera kuitwa kwemiitiro ndokufumura kusazvibata.

Masimba aya anopa Dare simba rokuita kuti bazi rinotungamirira rizvidavirire munguva chaiyo, richiongorora zviri kuitwa nevanhu uye richipa migumisiro yezvematongerwo enyika.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare ehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare rapamusoro-soro, ane simba rokuhwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru ndokusarudza pamutemo wawo. Kana Mutungamiriri wehurumende kana kuti sangano rikaputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende, dare redare reSangano rinogona kukunda chiito ichocho. Nhau dzenhau dzepasi se [[FLTL:0] dikitown shee + & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer[ [1952] dzakagadza miganhuro pasimba rapurezidhendi, achitonga kuti kutora kwaPurezidhendi weCruman zvigaro zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea yakanga isina kudzorwa nemhaka yokuti yakanga isina kubvumirwa.

Dare rinohwirudzurawo kuva pamutemo kwemirau yamasangano kupfurikidza ne mutemo woutarisiri, richivimbisa kuti masangano haapfuvuri chiremera chawo chakagoverwa kana kuti kuita nenzira isingadi. Iyi chekero inokosha mumugariro wazvino uno umo masangano anotarisira anoshandisa chisarudzo chikuru.

Zvinoongorora Zviri Mukati Nebasa Rezvinobudisa Nhau

Kupfuura nzvero dzokunze, bazi guru rine mibato yokuzvidavirira kwomukati. Hofisi yeInspector General mubato rimwe nerimwe inonzvera unyengeri, tsvina, uye kushatiswa. Office yeHurumende yeAccounting (GAO), hofisi yedare rinoongorora masangano, inonzvera mapurogiramu ebazu makuru. uye mushumo wapachena (jekiseni) inodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment / inodzivirira secheki inokosha, ichifumura mufambiro wakaipa uye ichizivisa vanhu.

Pamwe chete, iyi nzvero inoita gadziriro umo mutambi mumwe mubazu guru anogona kushanda pasina utarisiri. Nokuda kwenyurudzu yakadzika zvikuru mugadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikama, USA.gov peji pamapazu matatu ehurumende [ inogovera ufakazi hwakaisvonaka.

Bazu Rinotungamirira Mukurovedza: Denho Dzazvino Uno Nemhindumupindu

Nokufamba kwenguva, bazi guru rakawedzera kupfuura zvaifungwa neVavambi. Kukura kwehurumende yeAmerica, kukwira kwemitemo yevakuru vakuru, uye kuwedzera kwezvinetso zvedzimba uye zvenyika yose zvose zvakaumba mamiriro ebazi remazuva ano. Nhasi, bazi rinotungamirira rinoshandisa vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mana, kusanganisira vashandi vemauto uye vashandi vehurumende. Rinotapura zvimwe zvinhu zvose zvoupenyu hweAmerica nemhepo yatinofema (inodzorwa neEPA) kuzvokudya zvatinodya (zvinoongororwa neFDA) kumigwagwa yatinotyaira (zvinodzorwa nedhipatime reFDA).

Imwe kurukurirano inopfuurira inonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo yesimba rapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru mumigariro yekurumidziro. Purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto pasina kuganhurirwa kwenhambo dzakaganhurirwa muChisarudzo cheHondo, kuzivisa kurumidziro dzenyika kuti ape zviremera zvakati zvemitemo, uye kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru ingaedza miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwechiito chokukurumidza asi anomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira nedzikamo yesimba.

Kunzwisisa bazu ravakuru vakuru hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yakakwirira — kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunoziva. Mutemo uri wose wehurumende uyo Congress inopfuudza pakupedzisira unogara pamadesiki avakuru vakuru vebazu vanofanira kuushandisa. Gadziriro huru iri yose yeitiro rezvoutano (kuvambira pakugadziridzwa kwemugariro wokunze kusvikira kuchinoitika chokuchengetwa kwokuenda kunzvimbo dzinogara nokugara kwenzvimbo dzepasi) yakaumbwa negadziriro yesangano revakuru vakuru, utungamiriri, uye kuzvidavirira.

mhedziso

Bazu guru rinopfuura zvikuru Purezidhendi bedzi. Igadziriro huru, ine miuyo mizhinji yamadhipatimendi, masangano, uye vakuru vakuru vanoshanda vose kuisa mitemo, vanogovera mabasa avose, uye vanodzivirira rudzi. Kubva kuMutungamiriri-in-Chief kusvikira kusangano idzva zvikurusa, rutivi rwuri rwose rwebazu runoita basa mukushandura donzo remitemo kuva miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa chivako charo, masimba, uye nzvero izvo zvinochidzvinyirira, vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti hurumende yeU.S. $5) uye chikonzero nei kuurawa kwomutemo kuchiri mumwoyo yedemocracy.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro penhau yebazu ravakuru vakuru nemibato yazvino uno, nzvera zviwanikwa zvinobva panzvimbo yepaIndaneti yeWhite House uye National Archives[.