Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende Mumitemo Inorwisana Nemapaki Nemadhipatimendi Evaraidzo

Chiratidzo chehurumende chinowanzova chinhu chinokosha zvikuru chemitemo yeAmerica inodzivirira hurumende kuti dzisakwidzwa pasina kubvumirana. Vanhu vakakuvadzwa pamikoto yepaki, padhipatimendi revaraidzo rokushambira, kana kuti munzvimbo ipi neipi yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, dzidziso iyi inowanzopa chiteshi chokutanga uye chinotyisa. Kurwisana kwehurumende nepaki dzehurumende uye madhipatimendi evaraidzo anoda kujekeswa kunzwisiswa kweapo kusingakuvadzi, kuti kungakanganiswa sei, uye kuti chii chisiripo. Nyaya inopa kunzverwa kukuru kwezvisakiso zvapamutemo mundima yehurumende, nengwariro yakati pamusoro pezvinotaurwa kubva kumapaki ehurumende uye mabasa evaraidzo, kugovera nhungamiro inoshanda nokuda kwavamiririri navanoongorora mutemo uyu wakaoma.

Mavambo aChangamire weHurumende Haana Kubatana

Mavambo Enhau Nokushandiswa Kwazvino Uno

Dzidziso yesimba rokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwehurumende inotonga inodzokera kumutemo weEngland, uko chirevo chinoti “mambo anogona kuita chinhu chakaipa” chinodzivisa sutu mukurwisana neHurumende. MuUnited States, Evelth Amendment [ kuBumbiro remitemo rinosimbiswa kudzivirira hurumende, kudzivirira Hurumende nemitezo yavanhu panzvimbo yapachivande mudare rehurumende. Zvisinei, dzidziso yacho inotambanukira kupfuura Shendement; inosimbiswawo mumutemo wavose uye gadziriro dzehurumende iri yose. Nhasi, kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo hakudzivirirwi bedzi hurumende imene asi masangano ayo, madhipatikitikitikiti anoshanda mudare rapamutemo.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakaziva kuti hurumende dzingabvumirana, uye Congress ingadzivisa hurumende mumasimba akati ebumbiro remitemo, akadai sokusimbisa Igumi Negumi Negumi.

Changamire weHurumende

Nepo Federal Tort Act (FTCA) ichishatisa kudzivirira dziviriro kwehurumende yeUnited States nokuda kwavazhinji vamatakuri vanopinzwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inoshanda nenzira yakasiana. Nyika dzine mitemo yadzo vamene inodzivirira pamutemo nenhau, kuita mutemo wemitemo munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, Government’s Regionties Act inosimbisa miitiro ine udzame yokukwidza hurumende, nepo Texas inochengeta dzidziso inoganhurirwa zvikuru inodzorwa kumirirwa nevanoparapatidza. Uku kurambira kunotambudza apo kunorwisana nenzvimbo yenzvimbo nenzvimbo yemishambadziro, sezvo mutemo unoshanda unotsamira chose chose pamugariro apo nyika inomuka.

Kubatana kwaChangamire Munharaunda yeState Parks neMahofisi Evaraidzo

Kutaura Kunozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro Pemapaki Nenhandaro

Mapaki ehurumende namadhipatimendi evaraidzo ane mutoro wokutarisira nharaunda huru dzenyika dzavose, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzenzira, nzvimbo dzemisasa, mhenderekedzo dzegungwa, nzvimbo dzokutambira, nzvimbo dzemitambo, uye nzvimbo dzezvipatara. Kukwirira kunowanzoitwa mukurwisana naaya masangano anobatanidza:

  • [ tsaona ndokudonha [ panzira dzokufamba, nzira, kana kuti munzvimbo dzokupaka.
  • Zviitiko zvinodzongonyedza [ pamhenderekedzo dzepasi, nyanza, kana kuti madziva okushambira.
  • Mhosho dzinobva kumidziyo yenhandaro dzakadai sezvivako zvokutambira, masvingo anokwira, kana kuti masiraidhi emvura.
  • Tsaona dzevhayeki dzinobatanidza motokari dzinogadzirirwa nehurumende kana kuti mamiriro emigwagwa ane ngozi mukati memapaki.
  • Premies resting [ nokuda kwemigariro ine ngozi munzvimbo dzinoshanya, zvimbudzi, kana kuti nharaunda dzepikiniki.
  • Tsaona dzokushambadza nedzinotakura mvura [ nemhaka yokutarisira zviteshi zvengarava kana kuti kukundikana kunyevera nezvengozi.

Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe cheizvi, mutongi anofanira kutanga kurwisana kana dziviriro yapamutemo inodzivisa kubatwa nemhosva chose chose kana kuti kana ari muparadzi kana kuti asingashandi.

Basa Remabasa Ehurumende

Musiyano mukuru mumutemo wehurumende unodzivirira zvirwere wavanhu vose uri pakati pe mabasa ehurumende na proprofitietary mibato yehurumende [[. Mabasa ehurumende anoitirwa vanhu vose bedzi, nepo mabasa eproproprofritary ari ayo angagona kuitwa nemabhizimisi emunhu oga. Mumaruwa akawanda, kudzivirira kunoshanda bedzi kubasa rehurumende; apo sangano rehurumende rinopinda mumubato weproprietary, ringanzikafanana nechinhu chipi nechipi chavanhu chavanhu.

Nokuda kwamapaki ehurumende namapato enhandaro, uyu musiano unowanzoidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kushanda paki yehurumende kunowanzorangarirwa kuva basa rehurumende nemhaka yokuti inobatira vanhu munharaunda yakachengeterwa hurumende. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzakadavira kuti kushandisa kosi yegafu, nzvimbo inobvumirwa, kana kuti dzimba dzokurenda mukati mepaka inoita mubato wePrectariary. Mugumisiro wedare unogona kutsamira pakuti mubato wacho unorangarirwa seweproprietary, nokudaro inobvisa mugariro wokudzivirira. Chiwinduranyo chinobetsera mukunzwisisa uyu i [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legional Information Institute yehurumende , iyo inokurukura hurumende-propetomy.

Majee Emitemo yaChangamire: Zvinodiwa Zvemitemo uye Zvinotaurwa

Zvirevo Zvehurumende Zvinotaura Mabasa

Inodokuva hurumende iri yose yakaita chiito [[FLT: 0] chinotaura kuti chisakiso chokuzvitonga chavanhu nokuda kwamarudzi akati ezvinotaurwa. Iyi mitemo inobvumira chaizvoizvo kukwirira masangano ehurumende nokuda kwokuregeredza kwakafanana nokwemunhu oga, kuzviisa pachengeteso dzezvinodikanwa nezvokunyoresa. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT:] California Regation Act inoda kuti kutaura kuendeswe kuhurumende mukati memwedzi mitanhatu yekuvadziko sechinodikanwa chokutonga mhaka. Nguva dzakafanana dzinovapo mutsika dzakafanana neNew York (chinoti mugariro unoda kuiswa mukati ma 90), Florida (asine sunocherekedza makore matatu)

Kana mutauriri akakundikana kuwirirana zvakasimba neidzi zvinodikanwa zveziviso, kutaura kwacho kunowanzorambidzwa, kunyange kana hurumende ikachengeta nokushingaira mugariro une ngozi. uyu musungo wetsika unokuita kuti kuve kunokosha kuti munhu upi noupi akakuvadzwa mupaka yehurumende akurumidze kubvunza gweta kuti aone nguva dzinoshanda.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yenhandaro: Chiganhuriro Chaicho

Mukuwedzera kukusatapurwa kwezvisakiso zvapamutemo, matauriro kazhinji kazhinji ane [[FLT: 0] youzvinadzo inoshandisa mitemo [ inoganhurira mutoro wavagari vemo vanoita kuti nyika yavo iwanike nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenhanda pasina murairo. Iyi mirau, yakarongwa pakuvamba kukurudzira vatenzi voga kuti vavhure zvinhu zvavo nokuda kwenhandaro yavose, yakashandiswa kuruwa rwenzvimbo dzinochengeteka kana kuti tsvina. Iyi mitemo ingava inogovera kukuvadziko yakafara nokuda kwekuvadziko inoitwa mukati memibato yenhandaro, kutoti nyika ishande nokusazvibata kwakakomba. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT:] Mitemo yeNew York] Mitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yavose yeSangano yavose, uye kudzorwa kwekufambisa basa rokuzvirongwa.[5]

Iyi mitemo inowanzoshanda mukudzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo, ichiparira rukoko ruviri rwedziviriro nokuda kwamapaki ehurumende.

Kuparadzaniswa KwaChangamire Mumapaki Nenhau Dzevaraidzo

Matort Ebumbiro remitemo Nechikamu cha 1983 Zvinotaura

Imwe yekodzero dzinopesana zvikuru nekodzero dzokuzvidzivirira kwogande inomuka apo mutevedzeri wehurumende anobvuma kutaura kwechirevo che 42 U.S. . 1983 nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende kana kuti dare rekodzero. Pasi pe 144th Amend Amendment, Congress ine chibvumirano chehurumende chinosarudzwa namaruramiro ehurumende anotsvaka kudzivirira kodzero dzemitemo, zvakadai semuitiro wakaenzana, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina mufungo. Zvisinei, mu . Hall v. Michigan Bacute of Police[[FL:3], 491], U. (199), Dare guru rinodavira kuti “dzivisi" inodzivirira musuturo, kana kuti isati iri pasi pa1998. Naizvozvo, kunyange zvazvo vakuru vakuru vakuru vavo vakaresa vanogona kutungamirira kupfurikidza kudzorwa nokuda kwechipo:[FF.]

Kunyange zvakadaro, vanoshanda papaki vanopomerwa mufambiro usina kunaka wevamwe vanhu, zvakadai sesimba rinonyanyisa rinoitwa nemapurisa epapaki, kurambidza kupiwa mitemo yepaki yokupa mhosva, kana kusakendenga kwemaune kunjodzi dzinozivikanwa ne_dzinganzi dzinopomerwa mumiririri wacho.

Dzidziso yeWaiver-Bynly Conduct

Mamwe matare akaziva kuti hurumende ingaparadza chose chose dziviriro yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokupinda mumufambiro wakati kana kuti kupfurikidza nokupinda mumabvumirano. Somuenzaniso, kana vedhipatimendi repaki rehurumende rikawana inishuwarenzi nokuda kwengozi yakati, mamwe zviremera zvinoti nyika yakarasika kusvikira kutambanuko yeinishuwarenzi. Nenzira yakafanana, kana paki ikapinda mukokero yebhizimisi kana kuti batirano nemutengesi wemunhu, inotaura kuti ichibva mumabasa omutengesi iyeyo angasadzivirirwa nedziviriro. Zvisinei, uyu murangariro muduku, uye nyika zhinji dzinoda kudzivirira shavo.

Nyika yeFederal neFTCA

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti mapaka enyika akawanda anoshandiswa ne National Park Service, sangano rehurumende. Mabhuku anorwisana namapaki ehurumende anowira pasi pe Féderal Toterties Act (FTCA)[FL:3], iyo inogovera chisakiso chakakwana chokudzivirira dziviriro chakakwana nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinoparirwa namabasa anoregeredzwa kana kuti akaipa evashandi vomubatanidzwa, ichiva neganhuriro imwe cheteyo serevoga. FTCA inobatanidzawo zvisakafanira, zvakadai sebasa rokurega, iro rinodzivirira kuitwa pamwero mukurusa. Nokuda kwoudzaro.

Zvipingamupinyi Mumahofisi Epareji Dzepasi Pedu

Cherechedza Zvinodikanwa Zvokutaura

Sezvadudzwa, inodokuva nyika dzose dzinoda ungwandangwa hwechinhu chinoda kunyorwa pamutemo chinyorwa chezvakashumwa nesangano rehurumende kana kuti mumiririri mukuru wehurumende asati aisa mutongo wedare. Chiziviso chacho kazhinji kazhinji chinofanira kubatanidza udzame hwakajeka: musi, nguva, uye nzvimbo yechinoitika; rondedzero yekuvadziko; zvisakafanira; uye chitsama chezvakakuvadzwa zvinotsvakwa. Kukundikana kugovera udzame hwakakwana hunogona kuguma nokubviswa. Somuenzaniso, mu Constanda v. Department of Parks [Act] Dare rokukwidza)

Nguva inoganhurirwa pakubatira ziviso inowanzopfupikiswa(kuvambira pamazuva 30 kusvikira kumwedzi mitanhatu) uye inomanikidzirwa zvikuru. Kuda kuganhurirwa (kuita nguva nokuda kwechisakiso chakanaka) hakuwanzopiwi. Vatauriri vanofanira kuzivawo kuti dzimwe nyika dzinoda ziviso yakasiana kugweta rehurumende, uye chiziviso chakasiana kuruwa kana paki ichishanda nehurumende.

Kutemwa Kwezvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Kunyange pashure pokunge chiziviso chakafanira chapiwa, nguva yokutanga dare kazhinji kazhinji ipfupi kupfuura mutemo womupimo weganhuriro nokuda kwekuvadziko yomunhu oga. Mudzimwe nyika, chikumbiro chatort chinoita chiito chomutemo weganhuriro kugore rimwe kana kuti kunyange zvishoma pashure pokunge chiziviso charambwa kana kuti charambwa. Somuenzaniso, mu New York, sutu inofanira kutangwa mukati megore rimwe namazuva 90 pashure pokunge kutaura kwacho kwanzi kwanzi kwadzikwa. Kushaikwa iyi nguva kunoparira rufu kuchiito.

Kubviswa Kwezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Mimwe mitengo inoda kuti vatauriri vapedze mishonga yehurumende vasati vaenda kumatare. Somuenzaniso, California Parks neDhipatimendi Revaraidzo zvine muitiro womukati unofanira kuteverwa dare risati rakwidzwa.

Misiyano Yehurumende Nenhau Dzepasipo

California

Government Account yeCalifornia (Gov’t Code 76 810 et seq.) inogovera mutengi ane udzame wedziviriro yehurumende nokuda kwezvidimbu zvizhinji zvetort, asi nezvinodikanwa zvechikwata. Zvikurukuru, mu State of of California. Dare guru (Bodde)[FLT], Dare rapamusoro reCalifornia rakatsigira mutemo wokuti kukundikana kugadzira zvinhu panguva yakakodzera unotaura chiito chehurumende. Hurumende yashandisawo chiteshinanwa chakaganhurirwa chezvinhu zvine ngozi, izvo zvinovapo kazhinji kazhinji mupaka.g., chisaririra chavanhu chavose chakachengetwa zvakanaka kana kuti chinenge chine muganhu kana kuti chinova chinova chakanaka.

New York

Dare reNew York reTream of Departs Act rinogovera kuti Hurumende ichafanira kuva inotapurwa nokuda kwezvikwepa nenzira imwe cheteyo nomunhu woga, asi sutu dzinofanira kuunzwa muDare rezvipikirwa, kwete muDare Rapamusoro. Kushandisa kwevaraidzo kwehurumende kunopa dziviriro yakafara nokuda kwemibato mizhinji yomupaki, asi Dare reZvikumbiro rakaisa kunze nokuda kwokuregeredza kwakakomba uye nokuda kwemigariro apo hurumende inopa mari inopa mari yokunyoresa. Ferress v. City of New Rochellel, dare rairangarira kuti kudzivisa pamutemo wenhandaro pasi pomupiso.

Texas

Chiratidzo chamagariro cheTexas chinodzorwa ne Trexas Act, iyo inokanganisa kuzvidzivirira panjodzi dzinobva mukushandiswa kwemotokari, nzvimbo dzinokuvara, uye kuvadziko dzinoparirwa nemigariro yakati yezvinhu. Nokuda kwenzvimbo, kuperevedza kwenzvimbo kune ganhuriro: mutengi anofanira kuratidza kuti nyika ine zivo chaiyoiyo yeremara uye kuti mugariro wacho wakaparira ngozi. Mu Textas Depart of Parks neWildlies v. Miranda, Dare guru reTexas rakaramba kutaura kuti anenge anobva pakunyura papaki, rinodzora kundika kwehurumende kukundikana kugovera upenyu.

Florida

Kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu eFlorida kunoparadzwa bedzi kusvikira kutambanuko inogoverwa neForlie Tort Actiess Act (768.28, Fla. Stat), iyo inokuvadza pamunhu ne $30 000 pachiitiko. Mutemo unoda kuti chiziviso chakanyorwa chezvinotaurwa zvacho chipiwe mukati memakore matatu kusangano uye kuDhipatimendi reMabasa ezvemari. Florida yakaita kuti kushanda kwemapaki ehurumende ibasa rehurumende, asi kuva nemhosva kuchavapo kana hurumende ikaputsa basa rokuchengetedza nzvimbo yakakotsekana.

Kurangarira Kwakafanira Nokuda Kwavapomerwi Nezano Rokudzivirira

Nokuda Kwavarimi Venhando: Kuvaka Mhaka Pasinei Zvapo Nokusabatana

Apo mutengi anokuvadzwa papaki yehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo yenhandaro, nhano yokutanga ndeyokuziva chirongwa chaicho chehurumende nechinoshandisika chiito. Zano rinofanira kukurumidza kunzvera zvinodikanwa ndokunyora chiziviso chokuteerera nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Purisai kana paki yacho ichiraira mubhadharo wokupinda kana kuti kuva neredhiro yezvokutengeserana, sezvo ikoku kungatapura miraudzo. Tsvaka ufakazi hweregeredzo yakakomba yakakomba yakadai sokufuratirazve njodzi inozivikanwa. (jeresai chiverengero chavagari veropa vanoda kudzosa kukuru kuvhozhotera kuvhozhotera kukuvadza. Mukuwedzera, rangarira kana kutaura kuchigona kuunzwa pavashandi vamwe navamwe nokuda kwemaumbirwe kana kuti kuputsa mutemo, kunyange iyi nzira ine zvitedzo zvayo. (g., akakwaniriswikwani).

Nokuda Kwezano Rokuzvidzivirira: Kutsigira Kubatana Zvinobudirira

Zano redziviriro nokuda kwamapaki ehurumende namaparedhi evaraidzo rinofanira kunzvera chiziviso chezvinodikanwa nokuda kwezvikanganiso: kushaikwa kwamashoko, kusashanda kwenguva, kana kuti udzame husingakwani. Faira yokudzinga yakavakirwa padziviriro yesimba rokudzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo nokukurumidza, pamberi pokuwana, kudzivisa ndyiko dzisina kufanira. Kana chiito chetort chehurumende chichiva nemhedziso, kupikisa kuti kutaura kwacho kunowira mukati memiganhuro inosiana (g., basa rokungwarira, kushandisa, kana kuti kuzivisa kuganhurirwa kwakavakirwa pa). Kunokoshawo kusimbisa kuti mutevengidziri wemitemo yehurumende yakashata. Mukutaura namakepisi okukuvadza, ivimbiko api neipi kana kuti rutongeso haasati inopfuura ganhuriro dzemitemo.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kukanganisa Kwemari uye Kutadza Kutaura

Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapa mutemo unogovera dziviriro panjodzi dzemabhizimisi namasangano ehurumende nokuda kwekuvadziko dzine chokuita nevhairasi. Dzimwe nyika dzakatambanudzira uku kudzivirira utachiona kumapaka enyika. Somuenzaniso, California’s AB 161020 [2020] [FLT] yakagovera dziviriro yechinguvana yemasangano avose, kubatanidza mapaki, nokuda kwezvinotaurwa neCHOVAD. Nepo mizhinjisa yemitemo iyi yechinguvana yakapera, zviratidzo zvokuti masangano emitemo angadaidisa kuwedzera kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu anodzora panhambo nenhambo nenhambo.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nepaki

Sezvo kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunowedzera uwandu hwemitongo inopisa, mafashamo, uye zviitiko zvokunze zvakanyanyisa, mapaki ehurumende anotarisana nengozi itsva. Somuenzaniso, kana paki ikakundikana kuvhara nzira mukati menyevero tsvuku nemwoto unoparira kuvadziko, vatauri vangataura kuti nyika ine basa rokunyevera. Zvisinei, kupfuudza kungaita kuti zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuvhara nzira. Matare ari kurwisana nenhau idzi, uye kupfupika kwomunguva yemberi kuchaumba miganhu yedziviriro muiyi mamiriro ezvinhu.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pamitemo inoramba iri mhinganidzo ine simba pakupesana nenzvimbo dzehurumende nenzvimbo dzenhandaro, asi hakusati kuri kukurira. Kutaura kunobudirira kunoda nzwisiso huru yezvinotaurwa nehurumende, kuwirirana kukuru nezvinodikanwa zveziviso, kufambira mberi kwokungwarira kwenhandaro kushandisa miraudzo nemimwe misiyaniso, uye dzimwe nguva nharo dzokufunga pamusoro pemibato yemibato kana kuti kuputsa mutemo. Maattorney anomirira zvose zviri zviviri zvikwangwanwa nevanopomerwa vanofanira kuramba varipo pamiraukwa nemitemo yehurumende yakananga nemitemo, sezvo mutemo unovamba zvishoma nezvishoma asi nemigumisiro inokosha. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera nhau dzokudzivisa kukuvadzwa pakutanga, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinogona kuita zvinotarisirwa, kudzivisa misungo yemitengo, uye kuwana migumisiro inongopfuurirwa nokuda kwechipoteshi kana kuti uchengetedzere mamiriro ezvinhu echiito. [F] Dare rokunzverazve kunzvera.[0]