Kutanga: Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba Kunoitwa Bumbiro Remitemo

Kudzivirirwa kwesimba rehurumende idzidziso yapamutemo yapamutemo iyo inodzivisa kukwidzwa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumirana kwavo. Iyi nheyo, yakadzika midzi mugadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende, inoshanda senzvero yakakomba pasimba redare rehurumende uye inodzivirira mibairo yehurumende pamhosva dzapachivande. Dzidziso inovimbisa kuti hurumende inochengeta mwero wakati wekuzvitonga mugadziriro yehurumende, inodzivisa hurumende kushandisa zvishandiso zvakavanzika sezvishandiso zvokudzora hurumende kana kuti mari. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Dare remitemo rine chiremera chehurumende kudare reBrogate, kana kuti kudzorwa kwapanhau iri mumashoko akapoteredza. Kunzwisisa kuti Hurumende inoparira sei kugadziridza mugariro wehurumende yehurumende inotonga.

Mavambo Enhau aChangamire weHurumende

Midzi Yomutemo Wavose weChirungu

Murangariro wokudzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo unobva kumutemo weEngland, umo monarch(whost", aisagona kupiwa mhaka mumatare ake amene pasina kutendera kwake. Chirevo "mambo anogona kusaita chakaipa" chakaratidzira pfungwa yokuti korona yakanga isingatapurwi negadziriro yapamutemo. Uku kudzivirira kwakanga kusati kuri ropafadzo yomunhu oga asi ivara gurusa rouchangamire humene. Apo nyika dzeAmerica dzakaparadzana neEngland, dzakagara nhaka iyi tsika yapamutemo, asi nokumonyaniswa kwehurumende: chigaro chakanga chisati chichisiri mambo asi vanhu vamene, vachishanda kupfurikidza nehurumende dzehurumende.

Kurerwa Navabereki Vasiri Vavo VokuAmerica Kwapakuvamba Negakava reChisholm

MuRepublic yapakuvamba, dzidziso yokusatapurwa kwesimba rehurumende yakanga iri kure nokugadzikiswa. Bumbiro reMitemo harina kutaura zvakajeka mano okukwidza hurumende mudare rehurumende. Uku kujeka kwakatungamirira zvakananga kuimwe yenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa dzeDare rapamberi pezvikurusa: Shijolm v. Georgia [1793]. [[FL:]] Shincolm[[FLT]], Dare, muchisarudzo cha 4 761, rakarangarira kuti Chikamu III cheBumbiro remitemo remitemo reHurumende yeSouth Carolines chakabvumira mutevendigaro weHurumende yeGeorgia kudzosa chikwereti nehurumende mukati mamiriro ehurumende. Murangariro yakaitwa naJames Wilson uye navamwe vagari vehurumende kuti vadzorerwe nehurumende itsva, uye havana kushandisa mutemo mumugariro mumugariro mutsva.

Chisarudzo chakaparira mwoto wapakarepo. Mitemo yakatya kuti yaizozara nokukwirira mhaka pamusoro pezvikwereti zvisingabhadharwi nemisengwa yehondo. Mumhinduro yakananga, Congress yakakarakadzwa uye hurumende dzakatendera First Amendment yechigumi neimwe muna 1795, iyo yakatendeudza Chajolm[ kupfurikidza nokugovera:

Simba Rokutonga reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusuwo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti ruramisiro, yakavamba kana kuti yakatongwa mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagarizeri veimwe Nyika, kana kuti naVagari vamo kana kuti Zvigaro zveNyika Dzokumwe.

Iyi gadziridzo yakava chitsigiso chorugwaro nokuda kwokudzivirirwa kwoutongi hwenyika mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo kusvika kwayo kwakananga kwaizorongwa kwamazana amakore.

Tsitsi yeBumbiro reMitemo: Mutemo Wegumi Negumi uye Kupfuura

Rugwaro Nedudziro Yapakuvamba

Demende ye11th Amendment, nomutauro wayo wakajeka, inongofanira bedzi kurwisana nehurumende inodzorwa navagari veimwe nyika kana kuti vagari vomunyika vokumwe. Pachiso chayo haisi kudzivisa sututi kupfurikidza navagari vemo vomunyika kana kuti nehurumende imene. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurumidza kukudza dzidziso yacho kupfuura rugwaro chairwoirwo. [FLT: 0] Hans v. Louisiana[FLT] [[FLT] [1990], Dare raidavira kuti mugari weLouisiana aisagona kukwidza nyika yake amene mudare rehurumende pasi peContractal Claus. Dare rakarangarira kuti Ameliefth Amendism yakanga isiri manyuko bedzi echidzoroma; panzvimbo pezvo, rakasimbisa nheyo yehurumende kuti, ingagona kusava nomutengwi wayo, kunze kwokunge kwazvibvumira.

.Hans akatanga dziviriro yakafara yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda kusutu dzose mukurwisana nehurumende mudare rehurumende, pasinei zvapo nougari hwemo hwemutongi. Uku kudzivirira kunotambanukira kwete bedzi kusutu nokuda kwezvisakiso zvemari asiwo kuzvimiro zvakati zvesununguro yeINT. Zvisinei, Dare rakanyorawo zvakarekosha zvikuru: sutu dzehurumende, sutu dzehurumende yehurumende, uye sututi murumuro yapanopesana navakuru vakuru vehurumende pasi pe rutivi rwaMadokero dzidziso dzinodzorwa navose. [FLT: 08] rutivi rwaMadomaduku [FFFF]

Basa Razvino Uno: Kubatana kweHurumende senheyo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Nhasi, Dare Gurusa rinobata kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende sorutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, kwete bedzi mutemo wemitemo kana kuti wemitemo yavose. Mu SAMINOLE F TH yeFlorida v. Florida [1966], Dare rakati Courts haigoni kudzivirira hurumende panzvimbo yadzo neChikamu I (zvakadai seInterstatestation Commerce Claus). Masimba bedzi akapiwa pasi pechikamu 5 che 1450 Demendement .Ichinobvumira kuti chibvumirano chekudzivirira chakaenzana nedziviriro. Ichi chisarudzo chireve chamasimba makuru okutonga kudarika anotaurwa pasi pemitemo yapachivako.

Simba reCongress Kuna Changamire weHurumende yeAbrogate

Mhedziso Yegumi Nemana Sechikamu Chekare

Mubumbiro reMitemo, Congress ine chiremera chakaganhurirwa chokukurira dziviriro yehurumende. Gadziriro huru Chikamu 5 cheMitemo yeMitemo ye 14th Amendment, iyo inogovera: "Dare richava nesimba rokuita kuti, kupfurikidza nomutemo wakafanira, gadziriro dzenyaya ino." Dare rapamusoro rakati simba iri rinogonesa kuti Hurumende irambe ichidzivisa kana kuti kudzivisa kupunziswa kwevimbiso dzejeri re1448 Amendment.

Kukuparadza kwapamutemo, Congress inofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zviviri. Chokutanga, inofanira kuratidzira zvakajeka vavariro yayo kurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende kuva akakwana murugwaro rwedare. Zvirongwa zveSaparatory zvisati zvichizokwana. Chechipiri, kukwirira kunofanira kuva "kubatana uye kuenzana" mhinduro kutsika kwetsika. Kana kuti dare rikasaita kuti pave nomufambiro wakafara. Kuedza uku kwakatangwa mu Muzinda weBoerne v. Flores [1997]), kunoda kuti mutemo wacho uitwe kuti udzivise kana kuti udzoredze kuputsa mutemo. Kana kuti Dare rinoita kuti risare kudarika mutemo wakafara. Kana rikasaita mutemo unofukidza mutemo usati uchibatanidza chiteko chiteshi chamato chekuti chisaitwe.

Zvidhori Zvikuru Zvinoshandiswa Nehurumende Yakabatana

Congress yakabudirira kudzora kurwisa utachiona kwehurumende ichishandisa simba rayo Chikamu 5 mumirau inoverengeka yechiratidzo chechiratidzo. Mienzaniso inokosha zvikurusa inobatanidza:

  • Chiratidzo cheChibvumirano cheChipomezi cha 1964 [Tit:]: Chinobvisa rusaruro rwebasa navashandirwi vapachivande navashandiri vehurumende, kubatanidza hurumende. Dare Gurusa, mu Fatzpatrick v. Bitzer[ [1976], yakatsigira chiremera cheCongress kuhurumende inodzivisa kubatira pasi peTityumu VII nemhaka yokuti mutemo wakaro wakaitwa kugombedzera kudzivirira Claus Claus. United States zvino inganzi ikodzerwa nokuda kwero yebasa pasi peTit Vi I.
  • [[FLT: 0] VaAmerica vane Chiratidzo (ADA)[FLT: 1]: musoro I (basa) naTitle II (mabasa avose) zvinobatanidza gadziriro dzokututuma. Mu Board of Trustees of University of Alabamav. Garrett [2001] [2001], Dare rakaputsa kusarura basa (Musoro) nemhaka yokuti Dare rakanga risina kuratidza mutoo worusarura rusina mufungo pawakaremara padare rinoruramisa mushonga wakafara. Zvisinei, mu[FLT] Garretts v. V[FFFFF:] [5] [5] [200] [200]), Dare rinosimudzira chiTitro rekuro rekushanda seriti II rainwa kuti rishandiswe sekodzero dzokuwana matare okunyora zvigadziko.
  • [FMLA] Act yemhuri ne Medical Let (FLMLA)[FLT: Urongwa hweFMLA's "kuzvitarisira" (kubvumira kumira nokuda kwomugariro wakakomba woutano hwomushandi) yakarovererwa mu [[[[FLT:] Coleman] v. Dare reMireza yaMary[[[FLT]]] [3] Nemhaka yokuti Dare rakanga risina ufakazi hwehurumende inoyera. Zvisinei, gadziriro yemhuri yezvo (kutarisira mwana mutsva kana kuti mutezo wemhuri) yakatsigirwa mu [[FLT] NHEVA Dhivi reMarifation Resources.[5][5]
  • Rusaruro rweNhambo muMutemo weMitemo yeTrough (ADEA): Mu [[FT:]KIMEl v. Florida Board of Regents [2000], Dare rairamba kuti Dare raisagona kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu paADEA nemhaka yokuti mutemo wairambidza zera iro raiwanzosaputsa dziviriro inowirirana yezera muhwirudzuro yemasvomhuro yetsika dzechipo.
  • , Chiratidzo cheSangano reBare reBare reBare reFLSA namamwe mirau I: Pashure SAMINOLE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUMWE RUDZI, Congress haingashandisi simba rayo rokutengeserana kana kuti rumwe Rudzi I Rudzi I kudzivirira hurumende. Nokudaro, sututi dzinorwisana nehurumende nokuda kwokubhadhara mari yomuraudzo yomuraudzo muPFLSA inodzikwaniswa kutonge kwadzikwa kana kuti hurumende inosapinda. Ona [[FLTFL: 4.]Ald v. Maine.[ [1999]

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kudzikama kwakakomba: Hurumende ingadzivisa kubatwa nehosha kwehurumende apo inoita chiito chokumanikidza Kuchinja kwe14, asi Dare richanyatsoongorora zvose chinyorwa chemitemo uye kodzero iri pakati pemushonga wacho nokuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Miganhu Yekutonga Pasimba Remisangano

Rudzi rwaSeminole Nechikamu I

Chisarudzo cha1996 mu Florida yakanga iri nguva yakabviswa. Dare, mumurangariro wa5 764 naHearch Rehnquist, rakatonga kuti Dare reIndia Commerce Claus (Chikamu cheIchipo) rakapa chiremera kuhurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Mhaka yacho yakabva kuIndiya Gaming Religatation Act, iyo yakabvumira ndudzi dzeIndia kunyoresa dare renyika kukurukurirana zvakanaka pamusoro pemagango. Dare raidavira kuti Langori rePrometerm rakadzivisa subberment yakadaro. [Foct: Flat][3]

Kuongorora Nokuedza Kunoita Kuti Uve Nomuviri

Mu Doroba reBoerne v. Flores (1997), Dare rakatanga mupimo "kuyera nokuenzanisa" nokuda kwokuyera mutemo wakaitwa pasi peChikamu 5 cheInethi Amend Amendment. Mhaka yakabatanidza Religional Consolation Act yeBoerrect (RFRA), iyo Congress yakanga yashandisa kuidzora. Dare rakaparadza basa iroro, richiva rakaita kuti RFRA yakanga isiri mhinduro yakaro yomwero kutsika ipi neipi yakaziviswa yemitemo (rusununguko rwerudzidziso). Kuedza kumwe cheteko kwakashandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende okudzivirira: apo Dare rinodzivisa kurwisana nemitemo, Dare rinonzvera kana chinyorwa chakapararira chemitemo yemitemo yakapararira kana kuti chinoitwa kugadziriswa.

Iyi muedzo wakabudisa miuyo isingawirirani. Mu HABBS [Igadziriro yemhuri] yakatsigirwa), Dare rakawana kuti hurumende dzakatsaura munhau pahwaro hwechirume mukupa, naizvozvo kurovha kwakanga kuri kwakaenzana. Mu [[FLT:] Garett[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [IT] [IHUNGU] (AITHONDO YAIITA)), Dare rakasarudza kuti chinyorwa chorusarura vanhu nourema chakanga chisina kukwana kururamisa kukura. Dare mu [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] .[FLT] [F:5] . [5]

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha zveDare Gurusa Zvinoratidza Miganhu Yacho

  • [[FLT: 0] REVERTE of Florida v. Florida (1996): Hapana Chikamu I.
  • Doro reBoerne v. Flores (1997): Congruence nenzvero yemhatsa.
  • Florida Preparey Postsecondary Education Infect Board v. College Savings Bank [[FLT: 1] (1999): Kuderedza kunyorwa kwemitengo yepamutemo nechiratidzo; hapana mutoo wokuputsa hurumende.
  • Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000): ADEA kubvisa hakushandi.
  • Bhejar of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett (2001): ADA Umutwe I kubvisa magwenya hakushandi.
  • [[NHAU:0] Nevada Dhipatimendi reResources v. Hibbs (2003): Gadziriro yemhuri yeFMLA inoshanda.
  • [[[NHAU]] Tannesee v. Lane [2004]: ADA Umutwe II kukwidzwa kunotsigirwa nokuda kwokuwana maruramiro makuru.
  • United States v. Georgia[[FLT: 1] (2005): Kubviswa kwenziyo II kunoshanda nokuda kwokuputsa chaikoiko kweKinayi Memendment.
  • Coleman v. Dare reKukwirira re Maryland (20: FMLA urongwa hwokutarisira humene hahushandi.
  • Allen v. Cooper [20]): Congress haigoni kudzivirira hurumende mukusatapurwa pasi peRemedification Act yeCopy Clarification nemhaka yechimiro chisina kukwana chekodzero dzehurumende dzinotyorwa.

Zvakaitika Munguva Ichangopfuura uye Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichingovapo

Zvinyorwa zveManyoro Nezvinhu Zvine Nheyo

Mu Allen v. Cooper[FLT:] [20] , Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti Remedia Conficiation Act (CRCA) ya1990, iyo inofungidzirwa kuva nyika inodzivisa kudzorwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzakaregeredzwa, yakanga isina kudzorwa. Dare rakashandisa chibvumirano nenzvero uye kuedzwa kwapakati uye rakawana kuti Congress yakanga isina kusimbisa mutoo wemitemo inoputsa maruramiro anorevesa ane maruramiro anoruramisa kururamisa kukwenetswa. Mutongi Kagan, anonyora Dare rimwe, akakarakadza kuti Dare ringaedzazve nechinyorwa chiri nani, asi saresa 2025, rinorasa maruramiro mudare rehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, uye kudzoronzesera pamutemo dzinopesana namabhishopu dzinopesana namashoko anopesana pashure pomutemo [FFOct:][3][3]

Kubhangi Nedzimwe Nzvimbo Dzamabhangi

Imwe nharaunda yenyasha idzoro rekubhuroka. Pasi pe [FLT Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006], Dare rakaramba kuti radzinga dziviriro yavo kupfurikidza nokubvumira Bankruptic Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo, richibvumira kurongwa kwemari yokurasikirwa nechikwereti nokuwana zvinhu munyika. Mhaka iyi yakasiyana nemhaka yokuti inotsamira pa "Profet community" rondedzero yeConstitution" (56), kuti chirongwa cheBumbiro remitemo pacharo rehurumende pacharo. Kutonga kweBhankrutry pamusoro penyika kunoramba kuchibvumirwa. Zvisinei, Dare harina kutambanurira uku kurangarira kudzimwe nharaunda.

Zvipfeko Zvakaitwa neHurumende Yehurumende Nedzimwe Nyika

Kunosanosimbiswa kuti hurumende yehurumende imene inogona kukwirira mhaka pasina kuputsa dziviriro yapamutemo. Ona United States v. Texas (192). Nenzira yakafanana, imwe nyika inogona kukwirira mumwe nyika musimba rapakuvamba reDare Gurusa. Izvozvi zvinotsamira mupfungwa yokuti dziviriro yapamutemo inodzivirira nyika kubva kuvaenzi, kwete hurumende, vavhozhekeri.

Mushonga Wokupedzisira Wepwere

Kunyange apo Congress isingagoni kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwechakaipa, vatongi voga vanogona kungotsvaka kusunungura vakuru vakuru vehurumende pasi pe Ex padice Young dzidziso. Ikoku kunobvumira kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende kumisa kupfuurira kuputswa kwemitemo nevakuru vakuru vehurumende (g., gweta rehurumende guru kana kuti musoro wesangano) munzvimbo yavo yehurumende. Mushonga wacho unokarirwa ne(inoti) inodzivirira kuvadziko yomunguva yemberi [[FLT:] uye haidi kuti hurumende ipedze kukuvadzwa kwemari inochengetedzwa. Iyi dzidziso inoramba iri chishandiso chinokosha chokuisa maruramiro ehurumende pahurumende anorwisana namasangano, kunyange apo kukuvadza kusingawaniki.

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo Zvazvino

MuCongress yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, vaiti vemitemo vakarangarira zvikwereti zvakawanda zvokudzorera mano okukwidza mhaka nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo yehurumende. "Salmon Immuny Reconsolect Act" yaizoedza kukurira Chikamu cheDare I kupfurikidza nokukumbira simba reCongress pasi peChinodikanwa naIntecostance Claus akabatanidzwa nechiremera chokudzikamisa che 1449 Demendment. Zvisinei, mabhiri akadaro anotarisana nemhinganidzo dzebumbiro remitemo. Dare rakaramba richidavira kuti kunzwisisa kwenhau kwemiganhuro yekodzero yekodzero yekodzero yesero yeDare reHurumende, uye mutemo mutsva upi noupi ungada kugutsa simba rekodzero yokusakarurama nedare rehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvokudzora uye Zvokutonga

Kumanikidzwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Miganhu pakutonga ichava nemigumisiro chaiyoiyo. Apo hurumende dzinoputsa mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende, vanhu voga vangasakwanisa kuwana kuvadziko yemari mudare rehurumende. Vanofanira kuvimba neyamuro inodzorwa, mirayiro inobvumira, kana kuti zviito zvokuita kuti zviitwe neU.S. Dare reSangano reSangano. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kuisa mutoro unorema pakudzikamisa mutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, vashandirwi vehurumende vanosarura vashandi vakaremara havagoni kukwidzwa nokuda kwemibhadharo pasi peAAA (kana kutaura kwacho kukaitika kunze kwechitete [[FLT: 0]][FLT]]), vachisiya mushandi nebviro bedzi yebviro yetsika kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akabvumira dare.

Kushandira Pamwe uye Kuzvidavirira

Vatsigiri vesimba rokudzivisa rwisano yehurumende yakasimba vanotaura kuti inodzivirira pfuma yenyika pamitoro isingadeyi kuzivikanwa, inobvumira nyika kugovera pfuma mukuwirirana nechisarudzo chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vanoomerera kuti kukwirira mhaka kwapachivande mutoo wakashata wokururamisa nawo hurumende; panzvimbo pezvo, muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuchengetwa kwehurumende zvinogovera kuzvidavirira kwakakwana. Vashori vanodzivisa kuti kudzivirirwa kwemiitiro yakaipa kunowanzosiya vanyajambwa vetsika isina kugadziriswa, kuchideredza mutemo. Kuoma kweiyi mirangariro inoita kuti kugadzirirwe hondo dzedare nedzemitemo dzinopfuurira.

Basa Rokubvumirana Nehurumende

Mitengo inogona kubvisa nokuzvidira dziviriro yayo yokuzvidzivirira pahurumende, zvimwe kupfurikidza nokubvuma kuwirirana mudare rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kana kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende inodzorwa nesutu yakadaro. Mitengo yakawanda yakagadza vaparadzi vakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvetort kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvumira zviito zvakati zvebvumirano. Kuwedzera, apo hurumende inobvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende, ingarangarirwa kuva inodzivisa dziviriro nokuda kwezvirevo zvacho. Zvisinei, vaparadzi vanofanira kuva vakajeka uye vakajeka.

Mugumisiro: Kukurukura Kunochinja Kunotevedzana kweBumbiro reMitemo

Hurumende inodzivisa kudzivirirwa kwemitemo inoramba iri nzvimbo ine simba uye yakakwikwidzwa nomutemo webumbiro-siseko. Demeterment ye11th, pakutanga mhinduro nhete ku Chajolm[, yakadudzirwa kuisa mutevedzero yakafara yemitemo yehurumende yokusatapurwa nesutus. Congress, nepo ichiva nesimba guru rokudzivisa kudzivirira utachiona paChikamu 5 che 145 Amendment, inofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yakatsi inodzo yakaoma. Dare Gurusa reDare guru redare rinovimbisa kuti kutyorwa kwetsika kwapamutemo kunobviswa mukutyorwa kwapachokwadi kwemitemo panzvimbo pokudaidzwa. Zvisarudzo zvazvinosariranwa pakati pavana. [FFF.5] Zvinosarudzwa zvenguva inosariranwa pakati pavana vomutemo.[F.]

Nokuda kwokumwe kurava, nzvera zvinotevera zvinowanikwa kunze: