Table of Contents

Rusando rwedare rehurumende inhambo yakasarudzwa umo vamiriri vanoungana kuti vakurukure, kukurukura, kusimudzirana, uye kuisa mitemo inodzora hurumende yavo. Marusando aya anomirira nheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vehurumende, achigovera gadziriro iyo manzwi avagari vemo anoshandurwa kupfurikidza nayo mugadziriro yavose. Kunzwisisa chinoitika mukati merusando rwemitemo kunogona kubetsera vagari vemo kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo, kuita nomutoo unobudirira zvikuru navamiririri vavo, uye kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinotapura sei upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva nenzanga.

Chii Chinonzi Mitemo yeHurumende?

Hurumende dzinoshandisa chiremera chinopiwa neTenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States kuti dziite zvirongwa zvemitemo apo vamiririri vakasarudzwa vanosangana kwenguva yakati kuti vanyore uye vavhote mitemo ndokugadza mitemo yehurumende panhau dzakadai semitero, dzidzo, uye kushandiswa kwehurumende.

Nyika imwe neimwe inoshandisa mitemo yayo payo payo payo paine mitemo, miitiro, uye tsika zvakasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo masangano ose ehurumende achigoverana mabasa akafanana uye mabasa ose, mashoko akajeka emarusando anogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe. Kusiyana uku kunoratidza mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende imwe neimwe, tsika dzezvematongerwe enyika, uye kufambira mberi mune zvenhau.

Marudzi akasiyana - siyana emitemo inopinzwa nedare angabatanidza zvisarudzo, kugadziriswa kwemitemo, uye zvikwereti zvinova mutemo. Kupfuura kuitwa kwomutemo, marusando emitemo anopawo mikana yokutarisira masangano ebazu makuru, kubvumira kuronga mari, mabasa okubatanidza, uye kuvimbisana pachena nhau dzinokosha dzemitemo.

Marudzi Ezvirongwa Zvemitemo

Nguva Dzose

Marusando enguva dzose akarongwa, misangano yepurogiramu yemisi yose yemisi yomutemo inoitwa mukuwirirana nekarenda yakafanorongwa. Makumi mana namatanhatu ehurumende anoita marusando enguva dzose gore negore, nepo dzimwe nyika ina(Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, uye Texas) muchiverengero chamakore. Uku kusvika kwegore negore kwakasiyana. Mubatanidzwa wamazuva ose muidzi nyika ina kunoreva kuti dzinoungana nokuda kwemarusando enguva dzose bedzi makore maviri ari ose, zvaanowanzova makore ane nhamba dzakasiyana-nji.

Urefu hwerusando hungarongwa nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, mutemo, kana kuti nedare remitemo uye zvinosiana pakati penyika. Dzimwe nyika dzine marusando akaganhurirwa mubumbiro remitemo ayo anopedza mavhiki mashomanene bedzi kana kuti mwedzi, nepo mamwe ane marusando marefu anogona kutambanudzwa mukati megore. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinoshanda nemitemo yenguva imwe inosangana kwamazuva 60 kusvikira ku 90, nepo mirairo mipfumbamwe yehurumende ine vatongi venguva yakazara, kureva kuti mutemitezo wemitemo inosangana mugore rose, nepo vamwe vatongi vose vanorangarirwa serutivi rwenguva imwe nemhaka yokuti vanosangana bedzi nokuda kwechikamu chegore.

Nyika zhinjisa dzinotanga basa radzo pakuvamba kusvika pakati paJanuary. Iyi nguva inobvumira vaiti vemitemo kukurukura nhau dzemari, zvinhu zvinokosha zvemiitiro, uye zvinobatanidzwa pakutanga kwekarenda rimwe nerimwe. Urefu hwemarusando aya hunotsamira pamitemo yehurumende yakajeka uye ukuru hwebhizimisi remitemo zvinofanira kuitiswa.

Zvikamu Chaizvo Kana Kuti Zvinoshamisa

Purogiramu chaidzo kana kuti dzechienzi dzingadanwa nagavhuna wehurumende kana kuti nedare rehurumende pamusoro penhau yakati parusando rwenguva dzose. Marusando aya anowanzorongwa kuti agadzirise nhau dzokukurumidzira dzisingagoni kumirira kusvikira purogiramu inotevera yenguva dzose kana kuti kugadzirisa nhau dzakati dzinoda kukurumidza kufungwa nemitemo.

Rusando chairwo rusando rwamazuva asingapfuuri 30, runorongwa naGavhuna kana kuti Mutezo, kutevera kurongwa kwerusando rwenguva dzose. Chirongwa chemitemo, pamativi maviri namatatu avhota emitezo yose, chingazvidanira murusando chairwo. Bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira chitsama chisina kuganhurirwa chemarusando chaiwo mugore ripi neripi rakapiwa. Basa rinogona kuitwa mukati memarusando chakananga ringaganhurirwa kumisoro inoziviswa mudanidzo yorusarusando, kuchitsamira pagadziriro dzemitemo.

Marusando chaiwo anowanzonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzinokosha dzakadai semari inokwana, kuderera kwemigariro yekurumidziro, kugadziridza migariro, kana kuti mhinduro kungwavaira dzomusikirwo kana kuti njodzi dzoutano. Nepo dzisati dziri dzenguva dzose kupfuura marusando enguva dzose, marusando chaiwo anoita rutivi runokosha mukubvumira hurumende dzehurumende kuita nenzira isingadeyi kufungwa nemigariro negadziriro yokukurumidzira.

Zvirongwa zvemari yokushandisa zvinopesana.

Vamwe vanotaura kuti vanochinjana pakati pemarudzi akasiyana- siyana ezvirongwa mumakore akasiyana- siyana uye kunyange. Somuenzaniso, Wyoming Legislature Avestoness nokuda kwe "Bridget Session" mumakore anotova nhamba, rusando runowanzogara mazuva 20 emitemo uye runotsaurirwa zvikurukuru kunhau dzemari. Mukati memarusando ebhajeti, kuisa ngwariro yedare rinogarwa kunhau dzemari nedzemari, nokurangarira kwakaganhurirwa kwemitemo yose.

Mukupesana, marusando avose anobvumira kurangarirwa kwakakwana kwamarudzi ose emitemo, kubatanidza zvikwereti zvemiitiro, nhau dzemari yokuronga zvinhu, uye kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo. ichi chirongwa chinochinjanisa chinobetsera kuti nyika dzitarisire basa radzo remitemo nepo dzichiva nechokwadi chokuti mibato yemari yokushandisa yakakomba inogamuchira ngwariro yakatsaurirwa parudungwe rwenguva dzose.

Nguva Yechikamu Chomutemo Negadziriro

Mibato Yapamberi peSangano

Rusando rwemitemo rusati rwavamba pamutemo, basa rokugadzirira rinokosha rinoitwa. Mabhiri anogona kufanochekwa pamberi pemarusando apamberi, achitanga pamugumo werusando rwokutanga uye kugumisira pamavambo erusando rwaari kuchengetwa. Kupa mutemo kunobvumira vaiti vemitemo kutanga mumiitiro yomutemo kupfurikidza nokupa zvikwereti zvavo zvakakarakadzwa pachine nguva mberi zuva rokutanga rerusando.

Matare eInterim angatangwa kuti adzidze nyaya dzakananga zvakadzama uye kuti pave nerumbidzo kuti mutemo utange mupurogiramu iri kuuya. Basa iri rokugadzirira rinobatsira kuti vaiti vemitemo vave nechokwadi chokuti vakagadzirira kumhanya kana purogiramu yacho yatanga.

Zuva Rokuzarura Nekugadzirira kweAgenda

Rusando rwemitemo runowanzovamba nomutambo wokuzarura wakarongwa, umo vatungamiriri vemitemo vanoonesa zvirongwa nezvinoiswa pakutanga zvenhambo iri mberi. Mukati memibato yezuva rokutanga, vaiti vemitemo vanopikirwa mu (zvikurukuru pashure pesarudzo), nzvimbo dzoutungamiriri dzinosimbiswa, uye chimiro chinoisirwa nokuda kwebasa richauya. Gavhuna angapa Huru hweHurumende inoronga mipimo yedare remitemo nenharidzano.

Vhiki dzokutanga dzerusando dzinoratidzirwa nemhesano yesumo sezvo vaiti vemitemo vanopa mutemo wavo unokarakadzwa nokuda kwokurangarira. Kunowanzova namazana kana kuti kunyange zviuru zvemabhiri anopinzwa murusando rumwe rwomutemo. urwu ruware rwezvikarakadzo zvemitemo runoratidzira fariro neitiro hanya zvakasiana - siana zvemitezo iri munyika yose.

Zviitiko Zvakafa uye Zviitiko Zvikuru

Masangano ehurumende akawanda anoshanda mukuwirirana negadziriro yemisi mishoma inoronga kufamba kwebhizimisi remitemo murusando rwacho rwose. Gadziriro yepurogiramu inoratidza misi yemibato yemitemo nemisi yemibato yemitemo. Iyi miganhu inoparira pfungwa yekurumidziro uye inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro wemitemo unopfuurira nomutoo wakarongwa uye wakakodzera nguva.

Misi inowanzotarwa inobatanidza kubviswa kwedare remitemo, kubviswa kwedare, uye zviito zvemiganhu youriri. Kubviswa kwokutanga kwemapepa kuti aiite kupfurikidza namatare ose ari maviri kunouya panenge pondo mumwe murusando. Kana mutengo usina kupfuudzwa mudare panguva iyoyo, sezvingabvira wakafa kwegore. Iyi miganhu inobetsera vaiti vemitemo kuronga basa ravo ndokunangidzira ngwariro pamutemo unokosha zvikurusa kana kuti unoshanda.

Dare raparadza, ngwariro inochinja kuita chiito pauriri. Muvhiki kana kuti kupfuura pashure pokunge dare raparadza, vaiti vemitemo vanotanga nharo pauriri. Mukati menguva ino, mabhiri ekurukurirano dzose dzomukamuri ayo akapedza matare, kugadziridza zvikwereti uye pakupedzisira kuvhota kuti zvitumire mutero kuimwe kamuri. Kana zvikwereti zvikasakuita kuvhota muimba yakazara kupfurikidza nokubviswa kworumwe rutivi, sezvingabvira zvinofa kwegore.

Kunzwa Wagadzikana

Gadziriro dzomutemo dzinoguma nebvumirano, ingaitika pamusi wakarairwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti apo chibvumirano chemitemo chinopedza bhizimisi racho. Sine Die izuva rokupedzisira rinobvumirwa nokuda kwerusando rwenguva dzose pasi pebumbiro remitemo. "Sine Fa" ishoko rechiLatin rinoreva kuti "pasina zuva," kuratidzira kuti mutezo wemisi yomutemo uri kupikira pasina kugadza musi wakananga wokubatanidzazve.

Mazuva okupedzisira epurogiramu yemitemo anowanzozivikanwa nebasa guru sezvo vaiti vemitemo vanomhanyira kupedza chiito pamabhiri okutanga pamberi pokutsiva. Iyi nhambo inogona kubatanidza maawa marefu, kurukurirano dzokukurumidza, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kukuru sezvo vaiti vemitemo vanoshanda kupedza zviitwa zvechirongwa chomutemo.

Mibato Yakakomba Nemarongedzero Mukati Mechirongwa Chomutemo

Kutanga uye Kuverenga Kwokutanga

Mifungo iyi inogona kubva kumunhu upi noupi uye muitiro wacho unogona kutanga apo munhu kana kuti boka rinonyengetedza Mutezo weLegislation kunyora mutemo. Kana muiti wemitemo akabvuma kutsigira mubatanidzwa wemutemo, unonyoreswa muchimiro chapamutemo chakafanira uye unopinzwa muImba kana kuti zvimwe muDare.

Mabhiri anopinda napatatu revvuruwa kuti apfuure nomukamuri. Kutanga kurava ndiko apo mutengo unopinzwa mukamuri. Pachikamu chino, mutengo unogoverwa nhamba ndokupinda nenzira yakarongwa muchinyorwa chemitemo. Mutengo wacho unozonongedzerwa kumatare mamwe kana kuti akawanda kuti urangarirwe.

Kuongorora kweDare Nokunzwa

Basa redare rinomirira rimwe ramativi akakomba zvikurusa egadziriro yomutemo. Mabhiri anofanira kupfuura nomumatare chaiwo ehurumende vasati vaenda kuuriri hwekamuri. Ikoku ndiko kunogadziridzwa kwemibato yedare. Dare rimwe nerimwe rine mutarisiri ane simba guru rokudzora zvinoitika mudare kupfurikidza nokusarudza zvinhu zvakaita seizvikwereti zvinonzwiwa, izvo vasingatongouyiswi, uye rudungwe rwacho rwose runoitika.

Mumatare, mabhiri anogamuchira kutongwa kwavose, kurukurirano nevhoti. Mukati mekutonga kwavose, mitezo yedare inonzwa chipupuriro chinobva kuvatsigiri vezvibvumirano, zvapupu vane unyanzvi, varoveri vemari, uye mitezo yavose. Musangano wedare remitemo umo mitezo yavose, nyanzvi, uye vamwe vachengeti vemitero vanopa chipupuriro pamusoro penhau dzinorangarirwa nedare rinorangarirwa se "voruzhinji" nemhaka yokuti unozarukira vapindi vevoruzhinji nokutarira.

Pashure pokutongwa kwavose, matare anoita zvirongwa zvokutungamirira kuti vakuru vakurukure uye vote pamitero. Chikamu chinotungamirira musangano wemitezo yedare kuti ikurukure ndokuita chiito pamabhiri ayo vanoda kushuma mudare. iyi misangano yakazarukira vanhu asi pasina chipupuriro chinotorwa. Matare angavhota kupfuudza mutemo sewasumwa, kuupfuudza nokugadziridza, kana kuti kuramba kuufambisira mberi, kuuraya nenzira inobudirira bhiri racho.

Mabhiri ayo anotapura bhajeti yehurumende anofanirawo kuenda kudare rezvemari nokuda kwehwirudzuro.

Gakava Nemitambo Yamatope

Kana bhoti rangopfuura nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nedare, rinoenda pauriri hwekamuri kuti rirangarirwe kupfurikidza nemitezo yakazara. Pakurava kwechipiri, mitezo ichakurukura bhiridha uye ingavhota kurichinja. Kana ivo vavhota kubvumira mutengi wacho, vacharonga kurava kwechitatu nokuda kwawo. Parusaruro rwechitatu, mitezo ichatora vhoti yokupedzisira papepa. Kana bhiri racho rikapfuura, rinoenda kune imwe imba.

Nharo dzemitemo dzinopa mukana wokuti vaiti vose vemitemo vatsigire mukurukurirano yomutemo unokarakadzwa, vape gadziridzo, uye vatsanangure nzvimbo dzavo kuvashandi biyavo navatsigiri. iyi kurukurirano inowanzova yakazaruka kukuona vanhu vose uye ingatepfenyurwa kana kuti kudzokororwa paIndaneti, zvichigovera kujeka mumuitiro wemitemo.

Miitiro yokupa mirayiridzo inosiana nehurumende uye norudzi rwomutemo unenge uchirangarirwa. Mamwe mavhoti anodzorwa nevhoti yenzwi, nepo mamwe achida vhoti yakarekodwa apo nzvimbo yomuiti wemitemo mumwe nomumwe inonyorwa. Marudzi akati omutemo, akadai segadziriso dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti matanho ekurumidziro, angada vhoti huru panzvimbo pezvikuru zvakapfava.

Kuva Nehanya Nedare Rechipiri

Kana imwe imba ikachinja mutengo, imba yokutanga inofanira kuvatendera. Uyu muitiro webicameral unovimbisa kuti mutemo unopiwa ngwariro yakakwana kubva pamativi maviri akasiyana uye unobetsera kudzivisa kukurumidza kana kuti kufungwa zvisina kunaka.

Kana imba neDare zvikasabvumirana pamusoro pechinjo kudare, mumwe wavo anogona kukumbira dare remusangano. kana vakabvumirana pamusoro pechokuita, dare remusangano richaita mushumo. dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinofanira kuvhota kuti dzibvumire mushumo wedare redare remusangano kupfuudza Mutemo. Dare reDare rinowanzoumbwa nemitezo yemakamuri ose ari maviri iyo inoshanda kukurukura shanduro inobvumiranwa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwemitemo inogona kuwana tendero mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri.

Chiito chaGavhuna

Gavhuna wacho anozosarudza kana mutemo wacho uchifanira kuva mutemo. Gavhuna wacho ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka paanenge achipiwa nemitemo inopiwa nedare.

Mubati anemazuva 12 okusaina, nokutendera, kana kuisa chirevo; kana mubati akasaina rugwaro, uchava mutemo; murau uchava usina kusaina nomubati kana vasingasaini kana kuti kuisa chiratidzo munguva yakati.

Chirevo chiri apo Gavhuna anoramba muromo wose kana kuti zvikamu zvakati zvawo. Kutoti kana Legislature ikasairira muromo, mamwe kana kuti mativi ose omutezo wacho haasati azova mutemo. Kana mitezo miviri yetatu yedzimba dzose mbiri ikasarudza kukunda vhu, mutemo wose uchava mutemo pasina sigini yaGavhuna. Veto anoregwa haasati ari anokosha uye anoda tsigiro huru yebhipatishani kana kuti kudzorwa kukuru neboka rimwe.

Basa Routungamiriri Hwomutemo

Utungamiriri hwemitemo hunowanzova nesimba zvikuru. Kufanana nenzira iyo vatungamiriri vedare vanoshandisa nayo chitsama chikuru chesimba pamusoro pezvikwereti zvinoona chiedza chezuva muCongress, vatungamiriri venzvimbo imwe neimwe yehurumende vanewo simba guru. Nzvimbo dzoutungamiriri dzinobatanidza Mutauriri weImba, Purezidhendi kana kuti Purezidhendi ProTempore, uye vatungamiriri vazhinji navashomanene mukamuri rimwe nerimwe.

Vanowanzosarudza migove yedare nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, uye vanosarudza kuti idare ripi rinofanira kukarakadzwa kurangarira.Izvo zvinogona kunyange pane dzimwe nguva pasina kurangarira kuva nomutongo ndokuudzivisa kufambira mberi. Iri simba pamusoro pomuitiro womutemo rinobvumira utungamiriri kuumba purogiramu yemitemo uye kuisa nhau dzakati pamusoro pedzimwe.

Vatungamiriri vemitemo vanoitawo mabasa anokosha mukukurukurirana nagavhuna, kukurukura nagavhuna, kuronga nharo dzouriri, kuvaka mibatanidzwa kuti ipedze mutemo wokutanga, uye kumiririra dzimba dzavo mukurukurirano dzavo dzavoruzhinji. Pesvedzero yavo inopfuura masimba emitemo kuti isanganisirwe kunyengetedza kusina kurongwa, kuvaka ukama, uye kuumba chisarudzo chakakodzera chinoumba mativi ose egadziriro yomutemo.

Kubatanidzwa Pachena Nokuona Zvakajeka

Kupinda Dare Rinotonga

Marusando akawanda emitemo anobatanidza mikana mikuru yokutora rutivi, achiziva kuti kuvimbisana kwevagari kunokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Matare kazhinji kazhinji anoita misangano yokukurukura zvikwereti.Aka kazhinji kazhinji akazarukira vanhu kupinda ndokupa tsinhiro dzavo.Kunzwa kwapachena kunogovera gadziriro yakarongeka yokuti vagari vemo vagoverane mirangariro yavo, zvinoitika, uye unyanzvi navaiti vemitemo.

Kubatanidzwa kwakananga mumuitiro wedare kupfurikidza nokuvimbisana zvakananga nemitezo yedare, chipupuriro chapachena, kana kuti mashoko akanyorwa kunogona kuva kune simba guru. Varevi vanokoshesa kunzwa zvakananga kubva kuvakwanyina pamusoro penzira iyo mutemo unokarakadzwa ungatapura nayo upenyu hwavo, mabhizimisi, uye nzanga. Chipupuriro chakasanongwa, chinofungwa chinogona kupesvedzera nzwisiso yemitezo yedare yenhau uye vhoti dzavo pamusoro pomutemo.

Chipupuriro Chinozviisa Pasi

Vagari vehurumende vakawanda vakapa mitongo yavo yokupindira kwavo pachena kuti vabvumire uchapupu hwavo hwekare, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti vagari vemunyika yose vaite basa remitemo pasina kuenda kudzimbahwe rehurumende.

Pavanenge vachipupurira pamberi pedare, vagari vemo vanofanira kuzvizivisa zvakajeka, kutaura zvavanofunga pamusoro pomutemo wacho, uye kupa zvikonzero chaizvo zvokutsigira kwavo kana kuti zvokushora.

Vamiriri Vanoonana

Kupfuura chipupuriro chapamutemo, vagari vemo vanogona kuonana navamiriri vavo murusando rwemitemo kuti vataure mirangariro yavo pamitemo inomirira. Nhare dzerunhare, maemail, tsamba, uye mumisangano yose zvinogovera mikana yokuti vagoverane navakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa. Vadzori vapamutemo vanowanzochengeta hofisi dzose dziri mbiri dzoruwa nehofisi dzechipoturo kuti varerutsira kurukurirano.

Ipfungwa yakanaka kuronga musangano nomuiti wemitemo apo iye ari muruwa. Kurukurai funganyo dzenyu pamusoro pomutemo. Ratidza kuti munoda kushanda nehofisi yeChikamu panhau yakati. Kuvaka ukama hunopfuurira navaiti vemitemo navashandi vavo kunogona kukudza kubudirira kwomugari wemo mukupesvedzera muitiro womutemo.

Kuwanika Nenzira Yakajeka uye Kuwanikwa Kwavose

Masangano akawanda ehurumende anopa masangano epamutemo uko vagari vemo vanogona kutsvaka mabhiri, mapurogiramu edare rokuona zviri kuitika, mapurogiramu emapurogiramu epaIndaneti okuona mamiriro ezvinhu, mapurogiramu edare, kuona purogiramu dzepabutiro repasi kana kuti edare, uye kukurukura nedare.

Kuwana mashoko emitemo kweruzhinji kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa mumakore achangopfuura sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuparadzira mashoko uye kubatanidzwa nevoruzhinji vari kure.

Nhau Dzakakurumbira Dzomutemo Nenzvimbo Dzemitemo

Hurumende dzinokurukura nyaya dzakawanda dzemitemo dzinochinja zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvinokosha zvichisiyana nehurumende uye rusando, dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogara dzichinyatsofunga nezvemitemo.

Tsika Dzedzidzo

Dzidzo inomirira imwe yenzvimbo hurusa dzemutoro wehurumende uye mari. Marusando okupa pamutemo anowanzorangarira mari yemari yedzidzo ine chokuita nemari yeK-12, muripo womudzidzisi, mipimo yedzidzo, kukotsekana kwedzidzo yechikoro, mari yedzidzo yakakwirira, yamuro yemari yavadzidzi, uye nhano dzedzidzo. Gakava redzidzo dzinowanzoparira fariro huru yavose nokuvimbisana navadzidzisi, vabereki, vatarisiri, uye dzidzo.

Mitemo Yezvoutano

Gadziriro yezvoutano ndiimwe donzo guru romubato wewirirano yehurumende. Mabhiri angataura nezvokuwedzera kwemitemo kana kuti kutarisirwa kwemitemo yeinishuwarenzi youtano, mirairo inoiswa mishonga, mishonga yemishonga, mabasa outano, zvirongwa zvoutano, nhau dzezvoutano, uye kutarisirwa kwenguva refu. Mutemo wezvoutano unowanzobatanidza kurangarira kwomuitiro wakaoma uye zviitiko zvinokosha.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kubhadhara Mutero

Kugadzirwa kwebhajeti netendero zvinomirira rimwe remabasa anokosha zvikuru epurogiramu ipi neipi yemitemo. Hurumende inoronga mabhiriyoni emadhora mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana nemabasa, ichiratidza zvinokosha zvemitemo uye zvinokosha. Kuronga mari kunobatanidza kuongororwa kwakakwana kwemitemo yemari, zvikarakadzo zvokushandisa, uye migumisiro yemiitiro.

Mitemo yemitero yakabatana zvikuru nokurangarira mari, sezvo mitemo yemitero inosarudza mari inowanika kumabasa ehurumende. Vareveri vangarangarira chinjo kumitero yemari inowanwa, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yezvinhu, mitero yebhizimisi, uye mitero yebhizimisi yakasiana - siana nemitero. Gakava remitero yetero dzinowanzobatanidza kurangarira kunokwikwikwidzana kwezvinodikanwa zvemari, muuyo wemari, uye ruramisiro.

Mitemo Yokuchengetedza Vanhu

Mutemo wokuchengeteka kwehurumende unobatanidza kuchinja kwemitemo yematsotsi, kudzika mutemo, kururamisa uye kupa mitongo, kuronga zvinhu zvinoda kukurumidzirwa, kutsva kwemoto, uye mitemo yomumugwagwa.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo yazova nharaunda yakatanhamara zvikuru yomubato wemitemo yehurumende. Mabhiri angagadzirisa chinjo yemamiriro okunze nokugadziridza, kugadzirwazve kwesimba rinomutsidzirwa, mipimo yemhepo nemvura, kutarisirwa kwematura omusikirwo, kutarisirwa kwetsvina nokugadzirwazve kwenzvimbo yakapoteredza.

Kubudirira Kwezvemari Nokugadziridzwa Kwebhizimisi

Masangano ehurumende anogara achirangarira mitemo inoitirwa kusimudzira kukura kwezveupfumi, kukwezva mabhizimisi maduku, uye kudzora maindasitiri akasiyana - siyana. Izvi zvingabatanidza zvirongwa zvokukurudzira mitero, kusimukira basa, mari yokutenga zvinhu, kuchinja mabasa, uye mitemo yemaindasitiri.

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Mari yokufambisa uye mitemo zvinogona kubatsira pakugadzira nokugadzirisa migwagwa mikuru, kufambisa vanhu, kutsigira mari, kuronga kwemotokari, uye kubuda kwenhau dzakadai semotokari dzemagetsi uye motokari dzinozvitonga.

Kubatsira Vanhu

Mitemo ine chokuita namapurogiramu ezvirongwa zvemasangano enzanga nemitemo inotapura zviwiro zvavagari vemo zviri nyore, kubatanidza garikano yavana, mabasa nokuda kwavakweguru navanhu vakaremara, vasina musha, yamuro yezvokudya, uye gadziriro dzemhuri. Zvikwereti izvi zvinowanzoratidzira mipimo inokosha pamusoro pebasa rehurumende mukutsigira avo vanoshaiwa.

Kubatana Kwematongerwe Emitemo Nezvematongerwo Enyika

Gore Rechisarudzo Rinochinja Zvinhu

Mugore resarudzo, vaiti vemitemo vanowanzoda kudzosa marusando avo nomutoo wakakodzera nguva kubvumira nguva yakawanda mumaruwa avo kuti vashingairire. Ikoku kunogona kuparira dzvinyiriro nokuda kwemisi yapakuvamba yebvumirano uye kungatungamirira kunhambo yakavhiringidzika zvikuru neyakakomba yekurukurirano yemitemo.

Kuva pedyo kwesarudzo kunogona kusimudzira utanhamari hwe "kutsvaka" mapepa anosundwa nezvamatongerwe enyika akagadzirirwa kuisa misiano mikuru nokuda kwamadonzo enhimbe, panzvimbo pevavariro huru yokuita. Kunzwisisa aya masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika kunobetsera vagari vemo kuturikira mufambiro wemitemo ndokuyera sundo dziri seri kwezvikarakadzo zvakasiana - siana zvemitemo.

Kudzora Kwepaparera Nokupariswa

Kuumbwa kwedare remitemo kunopesvedzera zvikuru purogiramu yemitemo, marudzi emabhiri anogamuchira kurangarirwa, uye bviro yokupfuura nokuda kwezvikarakadzo zvakasiana - siana. Apo mumwe mubato anodzora zvose zviri zviviri makamuri emitemo nehurumende (a "trifecta"), boka iroro rine mano makuru zvikuru okufambisira mberi purogiramu yaro. Hurumende yakakamukana, uko mapoka akasiyana - siyana anodzora mapazu kana kuti makamu, kazhinji kazhinji inoda kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakawanda uye batira pamwe nebhipartisha.

Kunyange munyika dzine mativi makuru anosarura, batira pamwe yebipartis ingava iri madikanwa kusvitsa marudzi akati emitemo, zvikurukuru ayo anoda vhoti hurusa kana kuti kupedza nhau dzinokurira mapoka anosarura. Mwero weparatistiya unosiana nenzira inoshamisa zvikuru munyika dzakavakirwa patsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mitemo yesangano, uye nhau dzakananga dzinorangarirwa.

Pesvedzero Yeboka Rinofarira

Mapoka echido, masangano ezvokutsvaka mari, uye masangano ezvokudzora anoita mabasa makuru mugadziriro yemitemo. Masangano aya anoshanda kuti ape mitemo kupfurikidza nokupa mashoko kuvagadziri vemitemo, kuunganidza midzi yemichero yevhu tsigiro kana kuti chishoro, kupupurira pakunzwa, uye kuvakira ukama navagadziri vezvisarudzo vakuru. Nepo kukumbira dzimwe nguva kuchirangarirwa zvisina kunaka, kunoshandawo mabasa anokosha kupfurikidza nokugovera unyanzvi, kumirira mifungo yakasiana- siyana, uye kukurukurirana pakati pevagadziri vemitemo navanotapura.

Kunzwisisa basa remapoka anofarira kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva simba rakasiyana - siyana rinoumba migumisiro yemitemo uye kunovapa simba rokuita zvinobudirira zvikuru panhau dzavane hanya nadzo.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwakaita Nyika Dzose

Nguva Yakazara v. Mitemo yeNguva yeChikamu

Hurumende dzinopa misha inosiana zvikuru mukuitwa kwayo nomhiko wenguva inodikanwa kuvaiti vemitemo. Masangano emisionare yenguva yakazara, akadai saavo vari muCalifornia, New York, uye Pennsylvania, anosangana munenge munenge makawanda wegore, anobhadhara vaiti vemitemo mari yakawanda, uye anopa tsigiro yavashandi vakawanda. Nguva imwe kana kuti "yechipan'idzori" inozivikanwa zvikuru munyika duku, anosangana nokuda kwenhambo dzakaganhurirwa, anopa muripo une mwero, uye mari shomanene yavashandi.

Iyi misiyano inotapura gadziriro yomutemo, marudzi avanhu vanogona kubatira savaiti vemitemo, ukuru hwenzvero yetsika, uye simba rose redare rokukurukura nhau dzakaoma. Musiyano pakati peiyi mienzaniso une revo huru. Kukwanisa kwemitemo kunowirirana zvakananga nourefu hwayo. Rusando rupfupi rwebhajeti mudare renguva imwe cheteyo runoda kusvika kwakasiana zvikuru kupfuura gore rakarebeswa, rusando rwakazaruka mudare rakazara.

Misiyano Yebumbiro remitemo Nemitemo

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rinogadza mitemo yechienzi inodzora marusando emitemo. Izvozvi zvingabatanidza ganhuriro dzerusando, zvinodikanwa zvemari yakadzikama, zvinodikanwa zvamarongedzero akaisvonaka nokuda kwamarudzi akati omutemo, ganhuriro dzezvigadziko nokuda kwamarusando chaiwo. Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo yakananga yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupinda nenzira inobudirira nedare rehurumende rakati.

Bill Carver Process

Mitengo inosiana mukuti zvikwereti zvinopfuudzira kuvambira pagore rimwe kusvikira kurinotevera munhambo yegore rimwe remitemo. Munyika dzine gadziriro dzokutakura, mabhiri anotanga kutangwa mugore rokutanga rebiennium achiri mupenyu uye anogona kurangarirwa mugore rechipiri pasina kudzoserwazve. Muhurumende dzisina kutakura, mabhiri asingapfuuri mugore rimwe anofa uye anofanira kuiswazve murusando runotevera kana vaiti vemitemo vachida kupfuurira kuaronda.

Zviwanikwa Zvokutevera Misangano Yemitemo

Mawebsite Apamutemo Apamutemo

Mutezo wedare wehurumende mumwe nomumwe unochengeta website yepamutemo inopa mashoko akakwana pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo, mabasa erusando rwazvino uno, kunyorwa kwemitemo, purogiramu dzedare, uye mashoko omutengi. Mawebsite aya anowanzopa mabasa okutsvaka anobvumira vashandisi kuwana zvikwereti nenhamba, shoko rakasiyana, kana kuti mutsigiri, uye kufambira mberi kwezvikwereti kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemo.

Mawebsite akawanda emitemo anobatsirawo kuti pave nepurogiramu dzepauriri uye nyaya dzedare dzakachengetwa, zvichiita kuti vagari vemo vari kwose kwose vachengete mitemo.

Masangano Okutsvaka Mutemo

Kune vaya vanofanira kuongorora mitemo munyika dzakawanda kana kuti nhamba huru dzemabhiri, masangano ezvokutengeserana anoongorora uye kuronga zvinhu zvinoda kutevedzerwa anogovera zvishandiso zvamashandisirwa akaisvonaka uye kuongorora. Masangano aya anobudisa mashoko kubva kunyika dzose 50, anopa mhedziso dzinoda kuongororwa kwemitemo yemitemo. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa aya achida kuti vanhu vabhadhare mari inobhadharwa, anogona kuva anokosha zvikuru kumabhizimisi, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye nyanzvi dzehurumende.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nokuongorora

Kutevera manyuko enhau akakurumbira kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza, rezvemapfundo emitemo, uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakapoteredza mibato yemitemo.

Masangano Okuva Mufundisi

Masangano asingapinzi purofiti anonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro kazhinji kazhinji anogovera mashoko anowanika pamusoro pomutemo wakafanira, kunzvera miuyo yezvikwereti, uye mikana yokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Masangano aya anogona kubetsera vagari vomunyika kunzwisisa nhau dzetsika dzakaoma kunzwisisa uye kusonganirana navamwe vanogoverana fariro dzavo nezvinovanetsa.

Kuita Marusando Akanakisisa Omutemo Somugari Wemo

Kuramba Uchiziva

Kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunobudirira kunotanga nokuziva nezvemabasa emitemo.Vagari vemo vanogona kusaina kuti vagadzirise maemail kubva kuvaiti vavo vemitemo, kutevera nhau dzemitemo, kunyora zvikwereti chaizvo zvefariro, uye purogiramu dzedare dzinotarisira. Kunzwisisa karenda remitemo uye miganhu mikuru yemitemo kunobetsera vagari vemo kuti vagadzirise kuvimbisana kwavo nokuda kwetapuro huru.

Kuvaka Ukama

Kukudziridza ukama hunopfuurira navaiti vemitemo navashandi vavo kunokudza mano evagari vemo okupesvedzera gadziriro yomutemo. Kupinda horo dzetaundi, kuronga misangano mukati menhambo dzebasa reruwa, uye kuchengeta kurukurirano yenguva dzose zvinobetsera vaiti vemitemo kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokosha nezvinonetsa. Vadzori vemitemo sezvingabvira zvikuru vanogamuchira vagari vomunyika vavanoziva uye avo vakaratidzira kuvimbisana kwenguva refu.

Kudzidzisa Kunobudirira

Kupa nyaya dzomunhu oga nemienzaniso chaiyo kunoita kuti pave nenharo dzemitemo dzinooneka uye dzinobatsira vatsigiri vemitemo kuti vagadzirise zvavanoda, vachinyanya kuisa pfungwa panhau dzinokosha dzakadai semakurukota edare, mavhota epauriri, uye chiito chagavhuna.

Kuvaka chibvumirano kunobatanidza manzwi avanhu vamwe navamwe. Kushanda navamwe vanogoverana nharidzano dzakafanana kunowedzera kuoneka netapuro yenhamburiko dzokuva mutevedzeri. Chipupuriro chinobatanidza, kuronga onano dzinobatanidzwa, uye kupa shoko rakabatana kunogona kupesvedzera zvikuru miuyo yomutemo.

Kunzwisisa Maitiro Acho

Kukurukurirana zvakanaka uye kuremekedza matauriro anoitwa nevanhu, kubvuma kuti mitemo yakaoma, uye kuziva kuti vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinhu zvinopesana uye kuona zvinhu nenzira inoita kuti pave noukama hwakanaka uye hunobatsira.

Kukosha Kwezvirongwa Zvemitemo yeHurumende

Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvehurumende zvinomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iri kushanda, kushandura zvinonetsa zvavagari vemo uye zvishuvo zvavose. Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa mukati mezvikamu izvi zvine tapuro huru pamasangano edzidzo, kusvikwa kwezvoutano, mitoro yemitero, kunaka kwemhoteredzo, chengeteko yavose, uye mamwe mativi asingaverengeki oupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kunzwisisa kuti marusando emitemo anoshanda sei kunosimbisa vagari vemo kuti vatsigire zvinobudirira zvikuru mumasangano ehurumende yavo yehurumende. Kungava nokuvhota, kukurukura nevamiririri, kupupurira pakutonga, kana kuti kungogara vachiziva, kuvimbisana kwevagari kunosimbisa utongi hunomiririra uye kunobatsira kuti migumisiro yemitemo iratidze kufarira vanhu.

Masangano ehurumende anobatira samarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, achiedza mitoo yakasiana - siana nemitoo mitsva iyo gare gare ingagamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika kana kuti hurumende yehurumende. Mhatsa yemitoo yapakati penyika 50 inoratidza mipimo yakasiana, zvokutanga, uye migariro, nepo achigoverawo mikana yokudzidza nokuchinjika.

Sezvo hurumende dzehurumende dzinopfuurira kuita mabasa anokosha mukupedza zvinetso zvikuru zvemiitiro yetsika — kubvira pakuchinja dzidzo kusvika pakutarisira utano kusvika pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze — kunzwisisa uye kuva negadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende kunova kunokosha zvikuru kuti pave nevagari vakadzidza uye kuti vashande zvakanaka.

Nokuda kwemashoko akawanda pamusoro penzira iyo matare ehurumende anoshanda nayo uye mikana yokuvimbisana, shanyira Dare reNational reState Legislatures, iro rinogovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda pamasangano ehurumende okuronga mitemo, kana kuti kuongorora [ Ballotentia [[ nokuda kwemashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemasangano ehurumende nepurogiramu dzemitemo dzazvino. Vagari vangashanyirawo wepanyuro yehurumende yavo yehurumende kuti vapinde maturusi okushandisa zvirongwa zvemitemo, madare, uye mashoko evamiririri vavo.