Nzvero nedzikamo ibwe renheyo yehurumende yebumbiro remitemo, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazi ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa. Gadziriro inowirirana yechiremera netarisiro imwe inovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoramba zvichizvidavirira, zvichioneka, uye zvichisimbiswa mumutemo. Nepo pfungwa yacho yakakurumbira zvikurusa muUnited States Constitution, misiano yechekero nedzinodzikamo iripo mugadziriro dzedemocracy munyika yose. Kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro iyi inoshanda sei kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti democracy inodzivirira sei rusununguko rwomunhu nero rinochengetedza sei urongwa hwehurumende yazvino uno.

Kunzwisisa Pfungwa Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo

Pakati pezvisakiso, Constitution itsika inodzora inoparadzira simba pakati pamapazu akasiyana ehurumende, rimwe nerimwe rine mano okuganhura kana kuti kurwisa zviito zvemamwe. Uku kuparadzana hakusati kuri kungova kudzora bedzi; idziviriro yamaune pakudzvinyirira. Mitemo yeU. Constitution, inotora kubva kuvazivi vokujekeswa seMontesquieu, yakaramba kuva nesimba ravakaona mukutonga kweBritain. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakagadzira tsika umo mitemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazu okutonga zvinoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi anogona kunyora mitemo, uye Dare gurusa anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kubatana. Iyi inoparira kupesana kwoudzokorodzano, uye kudzokorodza kudzorwa.

Nheyo dzecheki nedzinodzikama dzinowanzowirirana nokuparadzana kwamasimba, asi maviri akasiana. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunogovera mabasa chaiwo kubazi rimwe nerimwe; cheki nedzinoyera zvinopa bazu rimwe nerimwe maturusi okutarisira nokudzivisa mamwe. Pasina zvinhu zvose zviri zviviri, bazi rimwe ringagona kupindira nyore nyore panzvimbo yerimwe. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru midzi youzivi, Munyoreri wemapepa [] kunogovera tsinhiro huru pamusoro penzira iyo vavambi vairuka iyi vanoshandisa.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

MuUnited States, Bumbiro Remitemo rinogadza mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiyana namasimba.

  • [[[Nto:0] Bazu reIndaneti:[[FT:1] Rinoita mitemo, inoumbwa neDare neImba yavamiriri (Koreta).
  • [[[FT:0] Bazu rePurezimenti:[[FT:1] Mitemo inodzorwa naPurezidhendi, netsigiro inobva kuMutungamiriri wePurezidhendi naKabhinati.
  • [[FUNZI] judicial Bazu: Rinodudzira mitemo, inoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera.

Bazu Romutemo

Congress, sebazu romutemo, ine simba rechikwama, chiremera chokuzivisa hondo, uye mutoro wokuita nokupa mutemo wehurumende. Chivako charo cheBidamal chinoumbwa nedare rakaenzana neImba yakagoverwa navanhu nenzika-(www), chakanga chiri chibvumirano chakarongerwa kudzikamisa fariro dzenyika huru neduku. Bazu remitemo rinodzora kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye simba rokusarudza. Inosimbisawo kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano. Pasi pebazu reChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chemitemo, hapana mitemo yaizoitwa, uye dare rapamutemo raizoshaiwa gadziriro inodikanwa kudzora.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rinoshandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nemitemo inomanikidzirwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anobatira saMutungamiriri weProfende wezvombo zvehondo, anoitisa mirau yokumwe, uye anopa zvirairo zvavakuru vakuru kutungamirira masangano ehurumende. Zvisinei, simba ravakuru vakuru harina kukwaniswa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuita mutemo, asi Chibvumirano chingapfuura mutemo kuti nevoruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi kudare rejajitary nero guru inoda kusimbiswa nedare redare.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Dare reChikurusa, sedare rakakwirira zvikurusa, rine chirango chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison[. Vatongi vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu kuti vadzivirire padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi vanoiswa pasi naProfesaro uye vanosimbiswa neDare. [VFF]

Kuongorora Nokudzikamisa Basa

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi okuganhurira mabasa ezvimwe zviviri, zvichiita kuti pave nedzikamo inoda kushandira pamwe uye kubvumirana. Pasi apa pane zvinhu zvikuru zvinoongororwa nerimwe bazi.

  • .Legislative Checks pa Hurusarudzo:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurira vapurezidhendi (navazhinji vaviri nezvitatu), anopesana ndokubvisa Purezidhendi, anodzora bhajeti rehurumende, anosimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru, uye zvibvumirano zverafy. Kuwedzera, Dare rinogona kunzvera zviito zvebazu kupfurikidza nokunzwa kwedare ndokumanikidza chipupuriro.
  • .Legislative Checks pa Judia: Congress inosimbisa matare ehurumende akaderera, inosarudza simba rawo (nemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo), uye inogona kuchinja chiverengero chevatongi veDare Gurusa. Rinewo simba rokubvisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa.
  • Mitemo Cherekedzo paChirevo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupfuudza mari yechikwereti naCongress. Mutungamiriri weSangano anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare, achivhota mavhoti echibata. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anewo simba rokuita kuti kana kuti kudzosa Hurumende mumigariro yechienzi.
  • Mutengi anonyora vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Gurusa, vanopiwa rumbidzo neDare. Purezidhendi anogonawo kupa kukanganwira nokudzorera mhaka dzehurumende, idzo dzinogona kutapura miuyo yokutonga.
  • Judicial Checks paLegistrative: matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress isina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Anogonawo kududzira revo yemirau, inoshanda nenzira inoshanda kuti mutemo unoshandiswa sei.
  • judicial Checks pa Hurusarudzo: Matare anogona kutonga kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru kana kuti zviito zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Anogonawo kupa mirairo yokumisa zviito zvechiremera zvinomirira hwirudzuro yapamutemo.

Iyi gadziriro yakasiyana - siyana inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rinogona kuita chimwe chinhu pasina donzo guru. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi angapa murairo wavakuru vakuru, asi kana ukapesana nomutemo wemitemo, Congress inogona kubudisa mutemo kuti uparadze (pasi pomumwe murwi), uye mutongi unogona kuuparadza. Muuyo ihurumende inoita chiito namaune, ichida kuti kubvumirane mumativi akawanda.

Chikonzero Nei Kunzvera uye Kudzikama Zvine Nhaka

Nzvero nedzikamo hazvisati zvichingovawo hazvo nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzisiri dzepamutemo; zvine revo dzakasimba nokuda kwokudzora norusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Kudzivisa Kudzvinyirirwa

Donzo guru rokunzvera nokudzikama nderokudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kana kuti mutungamiriri pakuunganidza simba risingadzorwi. Nhau yakazara nemienzaniso yehurumende umo kuisa simba kwakatungamirira kuudzori, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamaruramiro avanhu, uye kusagadzikana. Vadzori veBumbiro remitemo, vachiva vakawana kutonga kwehurumende muhurumende ine simba, vakatsvaka kuita gadziriro umo chiremera chingaparadzirwa nokutarisirwa. Iyi dziviriro yezvivako inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kweidi ipi neipi yokudzora nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinobetsera kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinofanira kudzokororwa nokutarisirwa kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, kana Congress ikapfuudza mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, Dare Rapamusoro rinogona kuuparadza. Nenzira yakafanana, kana dare rikaraira kuongororwa kusina kukodzera, rinogona kutonga chiito ichocho chisina pamutemo. Iyi dziviriro inonangidzirwa inoreva kuti kodzero hadzisi dzinotsamira parunako rwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa; dzinoiswa mugadziriro yemitemo.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira

Kana bazi rimwe nerimwe rikagona kudzora nokumanikidza vamwe, vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kuita chiito pasina chirango. Kutonga kwemitemo kunogona kufumura kusashanda zvakanaka kwemitemo yehurumende. Kunyange tyisidziro yokusatevedzerwa inogona kuva chidziviso chine simba. Uku kuoneka kunosimudzira chivimbo chavanhu uye kunosimbisa mutemo. Vagari vemo vanogona kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire, vachiziva kuti hapana bazi risingadzivisirwi pakunzverwa.

Kukurudzira Kuzvidira Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Gadziriro inomanikidzira kuti mapazi akurumidze kutaurirana. Purezidhendi haagoni kungogadza muitiro pasina bvumirano yesangano; Congress haagoni kupfuudza mitemo pasina kurangarira chirevo; uye matare haagoni kuita muitiro kubva pabhenji. Uku kupesana kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira mutemo wakangwara zvikuru nemiraudzo inoratidzira bvumirano huru. Nepo jasi remitsetse ringakangaidzawo kudzivisa mitemo inoiswa nokukurumidza iyo ingazvidemba gare gare.

Nhoroondo uye Kufurirwa Kwazvakaita

Vavaki veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweChenezwo, zvikurukuru mabasa aJohn Locke, Montesquieu, naWilliam Blackstone. Montesquieu's Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo[ [1748] [1748]) yakataura kuti kuparadzanisa mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende, chibvumirano, uye mabasa okutonga zvakanga zviri madikanwa musimba ramaune. Vavambi vacho vakanga vapupurirawo kushatapukwa kwesimba pasi paMambo George III, apo madzimambo echipfuroma, aigona kuuraya, uye kutonga pasina kudzorwa. Bumbiro remitemo rinovapo, rakasimbiswa muna 1788, rakaitwa mukuedza kwoune simba.

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akadudza mufungo muFederalist No. 51: "Kuzvidzora kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa gwinyiro. Iye akarangarira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva nemitoo nevavariro yokudzivisa kupindira kwamamwe. Uhu uzivi hwakatungamirira kukusikwa kwezviremera zvinopfuudzwa nezviremera (sokufanana neveto, kuongorora, nesimbiso yedare, uye Dare rinovimbisa gadziriro yacho kuti irambe yakadzikama munguva. rugwaro rwakazara rwechirongwa chamapepa ] runowanika kubva kuBiblic of Congress for avo vanoda kunzvera aya maganits.

Kumuka kwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika, kuwedzera kwehurumende, uye kukura kwesimba rapurezidhendi zvose zvakaedza magadzirirwo akaitwa pakutanga. Asi nheyo inokosha inoramba iripo: Simba rinofanira kuongororwa.

Zvishandiso Zvenyika Chaiyoiyo Zvecheki Nedzikamo

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvenhau zvinoratidza kuti kuongorora uye kudzikama kunoshanda sei mukushanda.Idzi mienzaniso inoratidza gadziriro iri pabasa (uye pane dzimwe nguva kuoma kwainotarisana nako.)

  • Kutendeutswa kwaMapurezidhendi: Congress yakanyoresa mapurezidhendi matatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), naDonald Trump (209 ne2021). Hapana akawanwa ane mhaka neDare, asi muitiro umene wakaratidzira utarisiri hwemitemo womukuru mukuru. Muchinoitika chaJohnson, pedyo nechibvumirano chakasimbisa miganhu yesimba rapurezidhendi mukati mekugadziriswa kwePronson.
  • Judicial Review yakatangwa: Marbury v. Madison [1803] akagadza muenzaniso wokuti Dare Gurusa raigona kuzivisa mabasa eCongress pasina kuwirirana. Iyi mhaka yakabva mugakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pekugadzwa kwedare ndokusimbisa basa rejudicary sebazu rakaenzana.
  • Mirairo yeProfesi yakadenha: Mu Protown Comment Comment Comment=Upfuuriro & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti murairo womukuru mukuru wokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea wakanga usingawiriraniswi nemhaka yokuti wakanga usina chiremera chemitemo. Iyi yakasimbisazve kuti kunyange mapurezidhendi enguva yehondo haagoni kudarika bazu reChibvumirano.
  • , Dare guru rakabvisa pamutemo mumwe weimba yemitemo , richitonga kuti Komishoni haigoni kuchinja zvisarudzo zvemapazu evakuru vehurumende pasina kumira nokupa Purezidhendi. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kuparadza kwemasimba.
  • `Bridget Batt Batts's's:[ Congress inodzora kushandiswa kwemari yehurumende, uko kunoipa simba rinokosha kupfuura zvinhu zvokutanga. Hurumende inodzima, zvakadai seiyo muna 2013 na20182019, inoitika apo Purezidhendi naCongress vasingagoni kubvumirana pamusoro pemiedzo inodzorwa asi inonzwika.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kuongorora nokudzikama hazvisi zvekufungidzira; zvinonyatsodzora uye zvinomanikidza mapazi kuti akurukure kana kuti atarisane nezvinetso zvepamutemo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kugadziriro Yacho

Nepo nzvero nedzikamo zvichiramba zvakasimba, zvinotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru mukutonga kwepanguva imwe cheteyo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Kupesana kukuru kunogona kushayisa simba gadziriro. Apo mumwe munhu anodzora purezidhendi uye mumwe anodzora Congress, miitiro yokutarisira ingashandiswa zvombo. Kunzvera kunogona kuva kudenha kwokuvhozhokera panzvimbo pekuzvidavirira kwechokwadi. Nenzira yakapesana, apo rimwe boka rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri mapazi ewirovhiriyo neanotungamirira, nzvero dzechishoro dzinoderera, uye voruzhinji vangada zvishoma kuzviruramisa. Gridlock inozivikanwa, asi ndokwakaitawo kuderera kwemipimo apo ruvimbiko runokunda basa reboka.

Kukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Muzana remakore rapfuura, bazi rinotungamirira rakura muukuru uye chiremera, zvichikonzerwa nemhaka yehurumende dzemazuva ano. Mapurezidhendi akawedzera kushandisa mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru, kusaina mashoko, uye kuiswa kwemitemo kuti vasateerere. Nepo vatongi vanogona kukunda vatsoropodzi, kuwanda kwebasa rokutungamirira kunoita kuti kutarisira kwakazara. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muitiro uyu unokanganisa kuenzana kwemitemo kwaifungwa pakutanga.

Kusarudza Kutonga Nepfungwa

Muitiro wokusimbisa vatongi vehurumende, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare guru, wave unodzorwa zvikuru. Nokugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, purezidhendi mumwe anogona kuumba mutongi kwemakumi amakore. Hondo dzekusimbisa dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakaputsa tsika dzokuzviisa pasi pechirevo nebatira pamwe. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kubatana uku kunotyisidzira kuzvimirira kwedare uye mano aro okubatira somubati wejeri.

Kuwandisa KwemaNorm Necheki Zvomumasanga

Hakusati kuri kunzvera kwose kunosimbiswa muBumbiro reMitemo. Vazhinji vanotsamira pamipimo isinganyorwi yakadai sokuremekedza kuzvimirira kweBato reRuramisiro kana kuti kurega kupfura mukuru mukuru pasina chikonzero. Apo iyi mipimo inoputswa, macheki epamutemo angabvumikisa kuva asina kukwana. Mugariro unotsamira kwete bedzi pazvivako zvesangano asiwo pakuzvipira kunogoveranwa kunheyo dzedemocracy.

mhedziso

Makemikari nedzikamo zvinopfuura chisaririra chenhau; igadziriro mhenyu inochengeta rusununguko, inovimbisa kuzvidavirira, uye inodzivisa kusimbiswa kwesimba. Kuvambira pakusimbiswa nokupindwa mudare neSanihenari, mutoo mumwe nomumwe unobatira sedziviriro inokosha. Nepo denho dzazvino uno dzichiedza kuvandudzwa kwetsika ino, gadziriro yenheyo inoramba yakanaka. Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa basa zvinoshongedzerwa zviri nani sei kuchengeta nokudzivirira nheyo dzehurumende inotonga. Nguva yemberi yetsika ino ino inotsamira pakungwarira, kuvimbisana, goverano inopfuudzira.