Pfungwa yokuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti sangano zvinofanira kuva nesimba risingadzorwi ndeimwe yemifungo yekaresa uye inokosha zvikurusa muudzori. Inozivikanwa se michina nedzinoyera, iyi gadziriro inoparadzira chiremera mumapazu akawanda ehurumende, kupa bazi rimwe nerimwe maturusi okuganhura zviito zvavamwe. Iko kutangira kwemitemo yehurumende yazvino uno, kuvimbisa rusununguko, kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu. Kana uri mudzidzi, mugari wehurumende, kana kuti mumwe munhu anoda kuziva pamusoro penzira rinoshanda nayo, kunzvera uye chiyero iko chinokosha kukunzwisisa kuti basa razvinosarudzwa nehurumende zvazvinotsungirira sei kwamazana amakore.

Kunzwisisa Pfungwa Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo

Pakati pezvipikirwa, kunzvera nokudzikama ndiko kuratidzirwa kunoshanda kwe kwamasimba. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparadzanisa hurumende kuva mapazu akasiana---shandukira(anowanzova omutemo, anotarisira, uye anotonga). Asi kuparadzanisa simba hakuna kukwana; bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanirawo kukwanisa kudzivisa kupindirana navamwe. Somuenzaniso, chigadziko chinoita mitemo, asi mukuru anogona kuaisa pasi mitemo inoputsa mutemo, asi mutongi anogona kuisa pasi mitemo inopesana nomutemo, asi vatongi vanogadzwawo navatungamiriri uye vanosimbiswa nedare.

Manyuko oungwaru etsika ino ari mumanyoro omuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Masteusquieu, ane basa rake 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [[ akarangarira kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo masimba ehurumende anoparadzaniswa. Mavambi eUnited States akadzidza Montesquieui nekupinza pfungwa dzake muU.S. Constitution. Sezvo James Madison akanyora zvinozivikanwa mu [[FLT:] Féda] First.[5], , [FLT]]

[[FOLT:0]]" kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Kana ngirozi dzaizodzora vanhu, kana kuti kudzora kwokunze kana kwomukati pahurumende kwaizova kuri madikanwa.) – James Madison, Federalist No. 51

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvishande, panofanira kuva namapazu matatu akaparadzana uye akaenzana. Nepo udzame hunosiana nenyika, muenzaniso weU.S. ndiwo unofundwa zvikurusa uye unobatira somutsivi wehurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika.

Bazu Romutemo

MuUnited States, bazu remitemo ndiro . Asika, rinodzora mari yehurumende, inogona kuzivisa hondo, nyika nevezvokutengeserana vokumwe, uye rine simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi nevatongi. Rinosimbisawo kuranga kwapurezidhendi (nokuda kweDare) uye kunyoresa. Masimba aya anoshanda senzvero ose ari maviri.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinotungamirirwa ne Presidenti. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatira seMutungamiriri wemauto ehondo, uye anogadza vatongi nemitezo yedare (nekusimbiswa kwedare). Nzvero hurusa pabazu reChibvumirano i [[FLT:] simba rapamberi pedare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anobatira seMutungamiriri wemauto, anogona kuramba kusaina chirevo, achidzorera kuDare. Accourageter yedare rehurumende (ne orgatect). Nhendo hurusa yemapazuro yeChibvumirano i [[FLT:] simba [FLT] [FLT]]: anogona kuramba kusaina chirango mumutemo, kudzokera kuDare. Hurumende inogona kudzorwa bedzi negadziriro yezvikamu zviviri zvezvikamu zvose, izvo zvakaomawo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ane simba rokutungamirira kutungamirira ku [Fotextex]: [Foct:]

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare, rinoumbwa neDare redare redare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rePuriro, rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti iwirirane neBumbiro reMitemo. Chishandiso charo chine simba zvikurusa ndi judicialial[, chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti mabasa ehurumende. Simba iri rakatangwa munhau yechiratidzo [1803] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [5]] barbury. [[[FLT] v] ] [[FLT]]] [2]. [FLT] [z] . [FLT] . Dare rinodzokorora pamutemo kana kuti ripfuuresa, ripfuure, rinotongedze dare remitemo.

Kuongorora Nokudzikamisa Basa

Pasi apa pane mamwe emabasa anokosha zvikuru, rimwe nerimwe rinopa bazi rimwe nzira yokuvhara kana kuti yokupesvedzera zviito zverimwe.

  • Presidential Veto and Congregational Battle: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupfuudza mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress. Asi Congress inogona kukurira ruzhinji rwamatatu maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, achimanikidzira murairo pasinei zvapo nechirambiso chaPurezidhendi.
  • Sayense Inglisect of Fraclees: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotonga vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vanyori vedare, asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa ava vamiriri kupfurikidza nevhoti yoruzhinji. Ikoku kunopa bazu remitemo nzvero yakananga pazvisarudzo zvavatarisiri.
  • Kupasa nokubvisa: Imba yaVamiririri inogona (kuunza pomero pa) Purezidhendi, Mutongi Mutongi, kana kuti mutongi upi noupi wehurumende nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvikanganiso". Dare ipapo rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Dare rapamusoro namatare ehurumende akaderera anogona kushayisa simba mitemo kana kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Uku kunzvera pazvose zviri zviviri mapazi emitemo neanotarisira.
  • [ Simba rePuroteji rePuz: Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa nebazi guru kutoti Congress ichiikodzera. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero huru papurogiramu dzaPurezidhendi.
  • Ratiation: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kutaurirana zvibvumirano namarudzi okumwe, asi zvinoshanda bedzi pashure pezvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zveDare rinotenderwa.

Pamwe chete, iyi miitiro inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rinogona kuita rimwe chete. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kubatira pamwe, kana kuti zvimwe kushivirira, mamwe — amasimba iwayo anobvumirana uye kurangarira.

Kukosha Kwekero Nedzikamo Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Chinonyanya kuitirwa kunzvera nokudzikamisa ndezve udzvinyiriri. Apo simba rinoiswa mumunhu mumwe kana kuti boka, nhau inoratidza kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira hakudzivisiki. Nzvero nedzinopesana, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti pave nechisarudzo. Iyi tsika inotsigirawo [[[FLT:] kuvakwa kwemitengo [[[FLT:]]: nemhaka yokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kufumura mabasa avamwe, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kuita nenzira inova nechero. Vagari vemo vanogona kuona kuti davi rine mutoro wechisarudzo chipi nechipi uye rinogona kuvhotera nenzira inowirirana. Kuwedzera, kudzivirira uye ganhuridzo. [mazati, inodzokasairwa namamwe mapepa]

Nhoroondo uye Mavambo Edzidziso Dzezvakaitika Kare

Murangariro wehurumende yakavhengana . "nokudzosa, , uye demokrasi" zvinodzokera shure kuGirisi yakare neRoma. Zvisinei, pfungwa yazvino uno yechekero nedzikamo yakakudziridzwa zvizere zvikurusa mukati me Njerendindi[. Montesquieu's [[FLT]]] Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] wakataura kuti rusununguko runoda paradzaniswa kwechinjo, mukuru, namasimba okutonga. Pfungwa dzake dzakapesvedzera zvikuru vanyungurira kudzo, avo vakanga vakatsunga kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwechiBritish . Mukati , mukati muganhu weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chemitemo cha1787, James Macemion, Hamian, uye mamwe makuru anopariranwa muano anopesana naManyuko.[Fosenyunyu]

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakaumba nheyo idzi. Mumazana maviri amakore akatevera, tsika yakashanduka kupfurikidza nokushandisa uye muenzaniso. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa simba raro rokuhwirudzura mu Marbury v. Madison. Dare rakakudziridza matare anoongorora. Mapuresi vakashandisa zviratidzo zvehurumende nevetoes kuumba. Bazi rimwe nerimwe rakakudza chiremera charo panguva dzakati, kuti ringonzverwa bedzi navamwe, kuti richengetedze chitekiso navavambi.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Kunoshanda: Mienzaniso Yezvakaitika Kare Isingacherechedzwi

Munhau yose yeAmerica, nzvero nedzikamo zvakaedzwa murwisano dzakakwirira. Hedzino dzimwe dzedzinokosha zvikurusa.

Chinokwezva Chinoiswa Mumvura

Mumavambo ama 1970, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akabvumira kukwidzwa kwechifukidzo padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee. Apo Congress yakatanga nzvero, Nixon akaramba kubatira pamwe, achitaura ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru. Dare Gurusa, mu [FLT] United States v. Nixton[FLT] [12] [777]), rakasarudza nokubvumirana kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kutenderesa tepi, kuramba ropafadzo yapamutemo. Kutarisana neImba uye sezvinobvira neDare, Nixon. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira simba rokuhwirudzura nokutarisira kuzvidavirira.

Kurayira kwaPurezidhendi Bill Clinton

Muna 1998, Imba yaVamiririri vakashorwa naPurezidhendi Bill Clinton nokuda kwenhau yejeri uye kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro zvine chokuita nenhau yake neNzvimbo Inoyera. Dare, pashure pokutongwa, rakakundikana kusvika pamativi maviri matatu aidikanwa kusungwa, kusiya Clinton iri muhofisi. Chiitiko chacho chakaratidzira kuti kusateerera muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika newemitemo; Dare rinobatira secherekedzo yokupedzisira papomero dzeImba. Yakaratidzawo kuti kunzvera nedzinodzikamiswa zvinogona kutungamirira kurwisano yeChinjo, asi tsika ichiri inoshanda kupedza magakava pasina masimba masimba.

Kuwedzera Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Kunorwisana

Muna 1937, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt, akakangaidzwa nemitemo yeDare Rapamusorosa purogiramu dzeNew Deact, akakarakadza "kupambwa" Dare kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kumatare matsva matanhatu. Congress, kubatanidza vazhinji vebato reRooosevelt, vakaramba gadziriro. Chinoitika muenzaniso wakatanhamara wechekedzo yemitemo pakunzvera kudzora − nedzekuzvimirira kwejajiro kwejastiary zvichichengetwa nemhaka yokuti Congress aramba kufamba. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mapoka ose ari maviri akakurukura zvigaro zvokuwedzera kuDare, asi hapana chinjo yakaitika, ichiratidza simba rinogara regadziriro yapakuvamba.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri Nehwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anowanzoshandisa zvirairidzo zvavatungamiriri kuti vasunde Congress panhau dzinokakavadzana. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kwaPrezidhendi Obama uye kurambidza kufamba kwaPrezidenti Trump kwakashorwa mudare. Vatongi veFederal vakabudisa mirairo inodzivisa mirairo, uye Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa pakupedzisira rakaremerwa. Iyi dare rapashure nerechipfuvaro rinoratidzira kuti matare anogona sei kuderedza chiito choukuru mukuru, kumanikidza Purezidhendi kushanda mukati memigaro yemitemo kana kuti kutsvaka tendero yedare.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvemano Nedzikamo

Pasinei zvapo namasimba ayo, gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri isingatapurwi kuzvinetso. Kumwe kutsoropodza kukuru ndekwokuti kunogona kutungamirira ku gricklock[. Apo mapazi akasiana - siana anodzorwa namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshora, mutemo unogona kudzorwa, mabhajeti angasapfuura, uye mabhajeti ehurumende anova anodzivisa. Vatsoropodzi havasati vachikarira nhasi kudzorwa nechaungadzosera hurumende.

Rimwe denho iwedzero yapashoma napashoma yesimba rinoderedza . Kubvira muzana ramakore rechi20, purezidhendi akashandisa zvirango zvavakuru vakuru, kusaina, uye masangano ehurumende kuti asunge Dare. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti bazu revakuru razova rakanyanyodzora, richideredza dzikamo yakarongedzerwa. judicary, kunyange zvazvo zvichiri chekero, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inozviisa pasi pachiito chapamusoro panhau dzechengeteko, ichiita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ezvokuchengeteka.

Kunewo nhau ye [[FLT: 0] yechiito chemitemo. Chidziviso. . Apo matare anorova mitemo yakakurumbira, angaonekwa seanodarika basa rawo. Nenzira inopesana, apo anozviisa kune mamwe mapazu zvakanyanyisa, anokundikana kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Kuwana dzikamo yakarurama kunoramba kuri kurukurirano inopfuurira.

Pakupedzisira, mamwe masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anodzivisa noune nzvero nedzikamo. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom, mapazu ehurumende nemitemo anobatanidzwa, achibvumira kuti pave nehurumende dzinobudirira zvikuru. Masangano aya anotsamira pamimwe mibato yazvo yakadai sebasa rehurumende rakasimba, judicary, uye mapepanhau akasununguka (*) kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Muenzanisiro weU.S. haisati iri nzira bedzi yokudzivirira nayo rusununguko, asi simbiso yawo pamapfundo akawanda anokuita kuti ive inodzivisa zvikurukuru chinjo yakamwe kamwe kamwe, huru.

mhedziso

Mipimo haisati iri bedzi nheyo inooneka inobva mubhuku rehurumende. Idzo igadziriro yokufema inoumba nzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo, inomanikidzirwa, uye inodudzirwa zuva riri rose. Nokuparadzira simba pamapazu matatu uye kupa midziyo yokudzivisa mamwe, tsika inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, inodzivirira kuzvidavirira. Nepo inogona kuva inoshatisa uye inononozeka. Zvikurukurusa, munguva dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoumbwa sei. Inomanikidza kusanonzvera nokubvumirana kukuru pamberi pezviito zvehurumende. Understate namiyes inopa vagari vemo simba rokuita kuti vabati ushe vabatane nehurumende, kudzivirira apo simba rinobatwa zvisina kufanira, uye kuonga kushatisisa kunoita democracyism ibvire. Sezvakanyorwa naMadison, "Udiso yevanhu, hachipokakakakakakakarirwa, chinoitwa noruzivo rukuru rwehurumende; asi kurangarira kudikanwa kwehurumende kubetsera vanhu. Kunzwisisa kubetsera kwezvikwanwa kwehurumende kunoitwa nezvinotokodzero zvikuru.