Kutanga: Simba Risinganyanyi Kudzikamiswa

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba pakati pemapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye anotonga rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reUnited States. Ichi chirongwa chakavakwa noune naVavambi kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuti chisawane chiremera chisingadzorwi. Apo rimwe bazi rinodarika miganhu yaro yebumbiro remitemo, kunotyisidzira mwero unodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga nokudzora kwehurumende. Hurumende inonyengera haidzongodzongodzongodzori bedzi kuparadza kwakarongwa kwemasimba asi inogonawo kuparira miuyo inoparira miuyo yakadai sokushatisa kodzero dzavagari vemo dzavanhu, kuderera ruvimbiko rwavose, uye rwisano inokura. Kunzwisisa icho chinoparira kukanganisa, chikonzero nei kuchiitika, uye kuti kunogona kuongororwa sei kunokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose anoda kuchengetedza riphabliki.

Kunzwisisa Mapazi Ehurumende

Masangano eBumbiro reMitemo anoisa masimba akasiyana mumapazu matatu akaenzana, ane zvinhu zvine simba rokuganhurira mamwe. Chivako ichi chinozivikanwa segadziriro yokuongorora uye kudzikamisa.

  • [ `Registative Bazu (Chorerfor): Yakagoverwa nokuita mitemo, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana, uye kudzora bhajeti. Masimba azvo anodudzwa akarongwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi (Mutungamiriri uye Utungamiriri): Mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo, kutungamirira mirau yokumwe, kuraira mauto, uye kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Chikamu chinoisa aya masimba muPurezidhendi.
  • [ Jodicial Bazu (Dare reBazu reMakuru neDare rakaderera): Akapiwa mhaka nemitemo yokududzira, kuhwirudzura pamutemo, uye kuratidzira kukakavadzana. Artigilamu III inosimbisa judiary.

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa zvishuvo zvezvimwe. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison mu [[FLT: 0] Mutsauri wa [[FLT: 1] A. 51, “Kuzvitutumadza kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukurira gwinyiro.” Nharidzano yakanga iri yokuita hurumende yakadzika midzi mumutemo panzvimbo pokuda kwechinhu chimwe chipi nechipi.

Ndechipi Chinoita Kuti Hurumende Inyanye Kupinda Mubasa Rayo?

Kushanda kwakanyanyisa kunoitika apo bazu rinoshandisa simba rinopfuura ganhuriro inogoverwa naro neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti apo rinoputsa chiremera chapamutemo cherimwe bazi. Kunogona kuoneka somutemo unoputsa kodzero dzomunhu oga (kunyengera kwokunyanyisa), zviito zvokutungamirira izvo zvinofuratira Congress (kukunda kwokuparadza), kana kuti mirau yokutonga inoparira muitiro panzvimbo pokududzira mutemo panzvimbo pokutsanangura mutemo (mudaviri wezviito). Tsanangudzo yakananga kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pakududzirwa kworugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nemamiriro ezvinhu enguva inopoteredza. Zvisinei, nheyo yenheyo inosara: chiito chipi nechipi chinodzongonyedza kuenzana kwamasimba akaparadza anoparira njodzi kumuitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu imene.

Mienzaniso Yomunguva Yakapfuura Youkuru Hwehurumende

Alien naSedition Acts (1798)

Federalist-buroded Congress yakapfuudza Alien naSedition Acts pasina kurukurirano ine revo, ichikuita mhaka kubudisa “nhema, chinonyangadza, uye kunyora kwakaipa” muhurumende. Iyi mitemo yakanangidzirwa pakushora chishoro nokuganhurira kubuda munyika. Vapepeti vemapepanhau vazhinji vakasungwa. Zviito zvacho zvinomirira mhaka yakajeka yemitemo inodzivisa kudzorwa kwevimbiso yeFirst Amendment. Vakaparira kudzosera kwavose uye vakapawo kuvhotera kwaThoma Jefferson muna 1800. Pakupedzisira, zviito zvakapera kana kuti zvakadzoserwazve, asi zvinoramba zviri muenzaniso wenyevedzo yokuti kutya Globalks kunogona kusunda sei chibvumirano kuti chishamiso.

Kupindira kweAmerica kweJapan (1942)

Pashure pokunge Japan yadenha Pearl Harbor, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akabudisa Urairo Ukuru pakati pa 906, achibvumira kubviswa nokuiswa mutorongo kwevaJapan vanopfuura 120 000 vaAmerica (vaviri- 350 vaiva vagari vemo veU.S.) mauto akataura kuti kwakanga kuri madikanwa nokuda kwechengeteko yorudzi, asi hakuna ufakazi hwokusavimbi hwakambobudiswa. Dare Rapamusoro pakare gare gare rakatsigira murairo mu [FLT: 0] Koritatsu v. United States [19444], chisarudzo chakatsoropoteswa zvikuru sokukundikana kwokunzvera mukuru mukuru mukuru. Makumi gare gare gare gare, hurumende yakabvumira pamutemo kusaruramisira uye kubhadhara. Ichi chinoitika chinoratidzira kuti kutya nokusarura kunogona kubatanidzwa kubereka maruramiro kukuru.

Ramgate (1972 - 1974)

Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akabatanidzwa mumuitiro wemibato isiri yapamutemo, kubatanidza kuputsika, kurovanya, uye kudzongonyedza ruramisiro. Apo Congress yakanzvera, Nixon akawana ropafadzo yechiremera ndokuramba kubatira pamwe. Dare rapamusoro rakabvumirana kumuraira kubudisa matepi eOval Office [[FLT]] United States v. Nixon. [FLT]]. Kutarisana neropafadzo, iye anorega. Watergate semuenzaniso wazvino unois'ukurusa wezvidzori zvebasa, uye kwakaratidzira kuti kunzvera neganhuriro zvinogona, negadziriro yakakwana, muchadzoro yakakwana, mudimonidheri.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicialius Since (1803)

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall mu [FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison akatanga nheyo yehwirudzuro yedare(simba rematare rokuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo. Nepo iri simba zvino riri pakati pebasa rejajitari, vatsoropodzi panguva yacho vakataura kuti raimirira kukunda nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro remitemo haripi matare chiremera ichi. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuongorora kwedare kwakava musoro wemutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Mhaka inoratidza kuti icho chinotanga kuonwa sechitsoropodzo chingagamuchirwa somusi uri madikanwa nokuda kwegadziriro yokushanda, vachisimbisa mugariro wedare nemhaka yokuti muganhu unosakafanira wesimba.

Kuedza Kupamba Dare (1937)

Vashatirisi vakakanganisika nezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakaparadza mutemo weNew Deal, Purezidhendi Franklin D.Rosevelt akakarakadza mutongo wokuwedzera kumitemo mitsva mitanhatu kuDare. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti iyi yakanga iri nhamburiko yakajeka yokusekesa kuzvimirira kwedare ndokuchinja kunyorwa kwepfungwa dzeDare. Chikarakadzo chakatarisana nechishoro chinotyisa uye chakakundikana pakupedzisira. Zvisinei, chakasunda Dare kubvisa chimiro charo pamitemo yezvemari. Dare rakaramba richiramba riri muenzaniso webhuku wemitengo inodzorwa yemitengo yedare rinotonga.

Hondo yeVietnam Nesimba reHondo (1903)

Purezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson naRichard Nixon vakakudziridza kubatanidzwa kwehondo muVietnam pasina ziviso yehondo yapamutemo inobva kuCongress. Uyu mukuru mukuru akanyengera akasunda Congress kupfuudza Simba reHondo ra1973 muMugadziro waNixon, achiraira purezidhendi kubvunza Congress asati aisa mauto kurwisa. Mutemo unoedza kudzorera chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kuzivisa hondo, kunyange zvazvo simba rayo rave richikurukurwa kubvira panguva iyoyo.

Migumisiro Yokunyanyodzvinyirira

Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo

Apo vatambi vehurumende vanopfuura murairo wavo webumbiro remitemo, kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinowanzotambura.Alien and Sedition Acts, kubatanidzwa kweJapanese, uye mamiriro ezvinhu okuongorora mienzaniso yakakomba. Kunyanyoita kuti pfungwa inoguma inoruramisa ive inoreva, kuchinetesa dziviriro dzapamutemo idzo mugari wemo ari wose anotsamira padziri.

Kurasikirwa Nokuvimbwa Kwavose

Kana vagari vemo vakaona kuti mitemo inoshanda zvisina kufanira kana kuti vatungamiriri havarangwi, kutenda mumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kunoparara. Nzvero dzemakumi emakore achangopfuura dzinoratidza kuti kuvimba kunoramba kuri mumapazu ose matatu, kunokonzerwa nokutsotswa kwemapazi uye kurwisana kwevasingakuvadzi.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kana rimwe bazi rikanyanya kunyanyisa, boka rinopikisa rinotsiva, zvichiita kuti kupesana kuwedzere.

Kupindira Kwokutonga Nekukanganisa Kunoitirwa Bumbiro Romutemo

Apo matare anova akakomba, angakumbirwa kudzorera nhevedzano. Nhau dzemarking dzakafanana ne Protown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawiter (1952) umo Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti Purezidhendi Truman aisagona kuba zvigayo zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea //reaftment muganhu wesimba rechiremera. Nenzira yepanikidzo, apo judiaary imene inoita mitemo inoshandiswa kudzosa muitiro wokuisa mutemo, inotungamirira kudzosera kudzosa uye kuedza kuganhuriro yechiremera.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivisa miitiro inoverengeka kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora:

  • .Legislative Checks on the Gumite:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurira mavhoti apurezidhendi nevhiri mbiri, kutendera kana kuti kuramba kuronga nezvibvumirano, kubvisa purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kudzora bhajeti, uye kunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira.
  • .Legislative Checks pa Judia: Congress inogadza ukuru hweDare Rapamusorosoro, inosarudza murairo, inogona kudzosa vatongi, uye inokarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuputsa mitemo.
  • Nzvero dzeChiito paMutemo: purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, kudana marusando chaiwo eCongress, uye kurumbidza mitemo.
  • Deccutive checks paJudia: Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vomubatanidzwa, anopa kukanganwira nokudzokera shure, uye anogona kupesvedzera kuchengetwa kwemirairo yedare.
  • judicial Chekits on the Guice and Legistration: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina wirirano kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Vanodudzira mutemo uye vanogona kubudisa mirairo yokudzivisa zviito zvisiri pamutemo.

Nhoroondo inoratidza kuti macheki aya anoshanda chete kana bazi rimwe nerimwe richidzivirira kodzero dzaro uye kana vatungamiriri vehurumende vachizvidavirira.

Nhau Dzazvino Dzokunyanyogadziriswa

Nhevedzo Dzine Simba Nesimba Roupurezidhendi

Chirevererisitime chazvino uno chaona kukura kwemirairo yehurumende, mimwe yayo yakafuratira kuita chinjo dzemiitiro inokosha. Muganhu wechiremera chavakuru vakuru munharaunda dzakadai sevatami, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yorudzi wakapokanidzwa mumatare. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru haifaniri kutsiva mutemo, nepo vadziviriri vanonongedzera kumiganhu yemitemo seruramiso. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama’s Defiser Action for Childhoolding Agedals (DACA) naPrezidhesidhendi weTrump yakashora kufamba kwose kuri kuviri kwakatarisana nedenho dzemitemo yemitemo yakaedza miganhuro yechiremera chapamusoro.

Zvinhu Zvinowanikwa Nehurumende uye Kuva Woga

Chifo che 9/11 denho, bazu rinotungamirira rakakudza nenzira inoshamisa gadziriro dzokunzvera. USA Patriot Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FASA) purogiramu dzezvirongwa zvokuunganidza zvitsaru zveNSA metammato dzakamutsa itiro hanya dzakakomba pamusoro peGaramende yeChina. Mu [[FLLT:0] ACLU v. Kukakavara pakati pekuchengeteka [[FLT] [FLT] [2015], Secorts Counters short yakatonga kuti marekodhe yaNSA’s apfuure chiremera cheSauthory. Misi inguva ichangobva kupfuura, dare rakabvumira chikamu chakakodzera kuti chipere, asi kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuvarira. Kukakavara mwoyo pakati pomugariro womugariro womugariro womugariro womugariro womugariro wokunze inoramba kunzwika.

Kuvhiya Kwapamutemo Uye Chiito Chisiri Chomutemo

Kuparadzaniswa kwemitemo kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaomera kuti Dare ripe mutemo panhau huru. Uku kusavapo kazhinji kazhinji kunokurudzira chiito choukuru sebasa rinotenderera, rimwezve simba rokupa ngwariro muWhite House. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kuratidzirwa kweCongress kwebasa raro rokutonga ichimiro chokusagona kudzora (kana kuti kukundikana kwomutoro). Kutenderera kwemitsetse nahuni kunoderedza kuparadza kuparadza masimba uye kuderedza muitiro wokubvisa simba.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Dare harina kudzivirirwa pakunyengerwa. Apo nhau dzematare dzinoparadza mitemo inobudirira kutanga mutemo mutsva, vatsoropodzi vanovapomera mhaka yokuisa mitemo mubhenji. Zvisarudzo zveLandmark zvakadai se Roe v. Wade [7773] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Obergefell v. Hodges [[[FLT]] [20] [20] (20]) zvose zviri zviviri zvakachengetwa nokushurikidzwa nokuda kwebasa razvo. Gakava pamusoro pezviito zvokutonga rinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare munzanga inotonga. Bazu rinotonga rinofanira kudzikanisa basa raro rokudzivirira pamutemo nedikaro rechiremera mativi ose.

Kudzivirira Kukundwa Zvikuru

Dzidzo Yemiviri Nokungwarira

Zivo ndiyo jira rokutanga rokuzvidzivirira. Kunzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo, mabasa ebazu rimwe nerimwe, uye miitiro yechekedzo nedzikamo zvinosimbisa vagari vemo kuziva vatendi vanonyengera apo inosvika. Zvikoro, zvinobudisa nhau, uye purogiramu dzenzanga zvinofanira kusimbisa kurava nokunyora kwapamutemo. Masangano akafanana ne National Archives inogovera zviwanikwa zvapachena nokuda kwokudzidza.

Kuzvidavirira

Vagari vanogona kusimudzira mitemo inowedzera kujeka, simba ravakuru vakuru, uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Kutsigira masangano akadai sechiwiti cheAmerican Civil Liberties Union kunobetsera kuongorora zviito zvehurumende. Dzvinyiriro yavose inogona kumanikidza Congress kuti ishandise basa rayo rokutarisira nesimba zvikuru. Kudzora kunobatanidzawo vamiriri, kutora rutivi mukutsutsumwa, uye kushandisa matare kudenha zviito zvisiri pamutemo.

Kutora Rutivi Nokufarira

Kurumbidza musarudzo iri yose(_federal, hurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo(is) inokosha zvikuru vakuru vakuru vanopa ngwariro vane bviro huru yokuremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo apo vanotya kuvhota. Sarudzo dzeCongregation dzapakati penhambo dzinonyanya kukosha nokuda kwokunzvera simba ravakuru. Kupfuurirazve, kuvhota nzvimbo dzedare munyika umo vatongi vanogona kupesvedzera dzikamo yesimba.

Kuchinja Kwezvirongwa

Vamwe vanokarakadza chinjo dzezvivako kuderedza ngozi yokunyengera. Izvi zvinobatanidza miganhu yeshoko pamitemo yeDare Rapamusorosoro, inoda kuti zviito zvezvikuru zvive zvavakuru vakuru, kusimbisa War Powers Revolution, uye kumutsa chibvumirano chewisc revito (icho Dare Gurusasaidzo rakarova mu INS v. Chachaha muna 1983). Chinjo ipi neipi inofanira kuva yakagadzirwa nokungwarira kudzivisa miuyo isingagoni kuparira miuyo ingaparira mikana mitsva nokuda kwaMubayiro weArcerie.

Basa Rezvinobudisa Nhau

Mapepanhau akasununguka uye akazvimirira anobatira secherekedzo inokosha pamapazu ose. Rusando rwenhau rwokusaidzira runoratidzira kushata, runozivisa vanhu, uye runopa mhaka kuzvidavirira. Kutyisidzira kumanikidzira rusununguko . zvakadai savatori venhau kana kuti utsotsi hunonangidzirwa pakutsoropodza kutsoropodza.

mhedziso

Hurumende yakahwina idenho inogara iripo nokuda kwehurumende ipi neipi inodzorwa nemitemo yakaparadzana. Gadziriro yeAmerica yamasimba akaparadzana nenzvero nedzikamo yakarongedzerwa kupedza iyi denho, asi inotsamira pakutora rutivi kwokushingaira kubva mumapazu ose matatu navagari vamene. Nhau inopa zvidzidzo zvinodzokororwa pamusoro pengozi dzechiremera chisingadzorwi, kubva kuAlien neSeddition Acts kusvikira kuMiitiro yazvino uno yokunzvera. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi mienzaniso uye kuramba vakasvinurira, vaAmerica vanogona kuchengeta dzikamo inodzivirira maruramiro avo. Nhungamiro yokupedzisira mukurwisana nemunyengeri inyanzvi uye vanhu vanokumbirwa kuomerera kuBumbiro remitemo.