Table of Contents

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMitemo muitiro wokunzwisisa nokushandisa nheyo dzakarongwa mubumbiro remitemo renyika. Nokuda kwavagari vemo vezuva riri rose, uyu muitiro unotapura maruramiro avo, rusununguko, uye mitemo zvinodzora upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa kuti bumbiro remitemo rinoturikirwa rinobetsera sei vanhu kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo inodzivirira fariro dzavo ndokuumba nzanga mavanogara.

Kududzira kunoita matare, vaiti vemitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vadudzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kune revo huru nokuda kwamamirioni avanhu. Kubva mukodzero dzaunoshandisa pakutaura norusununguko kudziviriro kwaunogamuchira mukuita utsotsi, kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwehurumende. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera chikonzero nei kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo nhau kuvagariwo zvavo uye kuti mitoo yakasiana yokududzira inogona sei kuchinja nzvimbo yapamutemo nenzira inoshamisa.

Fandesheni: Kunzwisisa Basa Rebumbiro remitemo

Hurukuro yacho inobatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika.Unosimbisa chimiro chehurumende, kurondedzera masimba amapazu akasiana - siana, uye hunovimbisa maruramiro makuru.Urongwa ihwohwu hunodudzirwa sei kushandurwa kwekushandiswa kwemitemo nemitemo izvo zvinotapura vagari vemo pahwaro hwezuva nezuva.

Chikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo chinozivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo zvinoitwa pasi pechiremera charo zvichava mutemo mukurusa wenyika.iyi gadziriro yakabetsera kusimbisa ukuru hwakafara hwesimba rokutonga, kureva kuti apo matare anodudzira Bumbiro remitemo, ari kugadza mitemo yapamutemo yokuti rudzi rwose rutevere.

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rakarongedzerwa kuva gadziriro mhenyu yaigona kuchinjika mamiriro ezvinhu apo yaichengeta nheyo huru. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akataura iyi denho kupfurikidza nokucherekedza kuti "ndiyo bumbiro remitemo tiri kutsanangura . . .. yakaitirwa kutsungirira kwamazera anouya, uye somuuyo, kuchinjirwa kuzvinetso zvakasiana - siana zvenhau dzavanhu. Iyi nzwisiso yenheyo inozivisa kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kushandiswa kumigariro isingagoni kutongogona kufungidzira.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Basa rakaoma reDare Gurusa rinobva muchiremera charo kukuparadza mutemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinorwisana neBumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rehwirudzuro ye "jekisero" rakapa Dare mutoro unokosha mukuvimbisa maruramiro omunhu oga.

Kuhwirudzura dare mutoo mukuru umo Dare Gurusa rinotapura nawo maruramiro avagari vemo. Iri simba rinobvumira matare kusarudza kana mabasa amapazu emitemo neanotungamirira achiwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo haripi simba iri zvakajeka, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakarisimbisa munhau yechiratidzo yeMarbury v. Madison, apo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akazivisa kuti mutemo unonyangadza kuBumbiro reMitemo remitemo hauna maturo.

Chiremera ichi chinoumba zvikurukuru hurumende yehurumende yeAmerica. Dare rinogona kuzivisa kuti chiito cherimwe bazi rehurumende chinoputsa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo uye naizvozvo hachina chinhu kana kuti hachiwirirani nemitemo. Iri simba rokuhwirudzura dare rutivi runokosha zvikurusa rwamasimba eDare, achibatira se "faumper" yomutambo wezvamatongerwe enyika, achiudza vakuru vakasarudzwa vakasiana - siana zvavanogona uye zvavasingagoni kuita.

Chikonzero Nei Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo Kuchikosha

Kududzira kungaita kuti kodzero dzepamutemo nezviito zvehurumende zvichinje. Vagari vanotapurwa netsanangudzo idzi nokutonga kwedare, zvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye mitemo yehurumende inowanikwa mubumbiro remitemo.

Kutapura Kwakananga Kodzero Imwe Neimwe

Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungisa uye zvinobatanidza, zvichiumba kududzirwa kwemitemo yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo nokuda kwematare ose epasi.

Vagari vanobatsirwa netsanangudzo dzakajeka dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwavo uye dzinoita kuti vabatwe zvakanaka pasi pomutemo.

Apo Dare Gurusa rinopa murangariro, rinova "mutemo wenyika," unosungisa pavamiriri uye unoshanda senhungamiro nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi. Iyi mirau inogona kutungamirira kuchinjo mumiitiro yehurumende, mufambiro womunhu mumwe nomumwe, uye tsika dzenzanga. Zvisarudzo pamusoro poutano, kodzero dzebasa, uye kuva woga zvinopesvedzera zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva, sezvo dudziro dzeDare reBumbiro remitemo nemitemo yehurumende zvinorondedzera miganhu yorusununguko rwomunhu nemitoro.

Kuchinja Nzvimbo Yepamutemo Yezvizvarwa

Dare Rapamusorosoro idare rakakwirira zvikurusa munyika, rinopomerwa kuvimbisa ruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye kutsigira maruramiro anovimbiswa neBumbiro reMitemo. Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoumba nzira iyo kodzero dzinodudzirwa nayo muzviitiko zvezvizvarwa, uye muzvimwe zviitiko kunyange mazana amakore.

Pashure pema1930, Dare rakatanga kufarira zvikuru kutsanangura kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwairatidza kodzero dzevanhu. Mumhaka dzakatevedzana dzemakumi emakore, Dare rakashandisa urongwa hwakawanda hweBill of Rights pahurumende nokuzivisa kuti hwave hwabatanidzwa mumashoko akakodzera eGaramende rechi14. Nguva ino, Bill of Rights yakadzivirira vagari vemo pamabasa aingoitwa nehurumende yehurumende chete, asi Dare reMitemo ye14th rakava chitima chakashandiswa nedzimwe kodzero mukurwisana nehurumende.

Kukosha Kwokududzira

Huzhinji hweBumbiro reMitemo hunotaurwa zvakawanda, huchisiya nzvimbo yakakwana kuti Dare ridudzire gadziriro dzaro risati radzishandisa kumamiriro ezvinhu akati epamutemo neechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, Pession yeChipiri inorava kuti, "Militia yakasanodzorwa, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, kodzero yevanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haisati ichizodziviswa. Rugwaro rwoga haruna kusarudza zvakananga kana "kodzero yevanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo" ichitambanurira kuvagari vose kana kuti kubatira mumubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa. Iyi yakasarira mberi chisarudzo chakakamuraniswa zvikuru cha2008 chakaitwa muyangariro yakare.

Mutauro wakafara wegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo unoreva kuti kududzira hakusati kuri kwokuzvidira. Mashoko akafanana "kufamba," "dziviriro yakaenzana," "kutsvaka kusina mufungo," uye "chirango chechienzi" anoda matare kuziva revo yawo mumashoko akapoteredza. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinodudzira zvinotapura zvakananga kuti vagari vemo vanowana sei kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kusvika Kukuru Kududziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoshandiswa nevatongi kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti nei matare achiguma nemhedziso dzakasiyana panyaya dzakafanana.

Mashoko Okutanga: Zvinorehwa Nezvazvakaita Munhoroondo

Vanodavira kuti mashoko emitemo anofanira kupiwa revo yapakuvamba yavanhu yokuti angadai akavapo panguva yaakava mutemo.

Kurerekera kudzidziso kurondedzero ine mwero yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo yakavakirwa munhau yakakanganwika zvikuru mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20. Itsika nokuti haisati ichiti inonyorazve Bumbiro remitemo nezvirevo zvakaisvonaka kana kuti rondedzero dzetsika. Inongoraira bedzi kunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa paizvo Bumbiro remitemo rinotaura.

Kune zvimiro zvakasiana zvekuvamba. Chimwe "donzo repakuvamba" icho chinotaura kuti tinofanira kuturikira Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa paicho vagadziri varo vairongedzei pakuvamba apo vakarinyora. Imwe nzira inonangidzira ngwariro parevo yavanhu yapakuvamba.

Kunzwisisa pakuvamba kwehurumende ndiko kunopa revo yegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro penzira iyo vanhu vaibvumirana nayo vangadai vakanzwisisa kazhinji kazhinji kuva yaireva.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti dzidziso dzapakuvamba dzinogovera dzikamo uye dzinodzivisa vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo yomunhu oga. Pasina kutsanangurwa murugwaro rwebumbiro-mitemo, vatongi vakasununguka kuisa mipimo yavo vamene vachidudzira bumbiro remitemo. Nzira imwe ine nheyo yokudzivisa iyi ndeyokuti vatongi vasaite mipimo yakananga iyo rugwaro kana kuti nhau dzinoratidza kuti vagadziri vamapurani vaigona chaizvoizvo kuva vakarongedzerwa uye vanokwanisa kushandurirwa mumitemo ine nheyo." Kupfurikidza nokutevera revo yapakuvamba, Dare rapakuvamba rePamusorosoro ringa "ringada kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikuru," uye mirauro yaro yaro yaizodzoreswa.

Kurarama Mubumbiro Remitemo: Kuchinjira Kunguva Dzazvino Uno

Masangano anoongorora mabumbiro emitemo anodavira kuti zvinorehwa nerugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo zvinochinja nokufamba kwenguva, magariro evanhu paanochinja, kunyange pasina kuchinjwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti rienderane neChikamu V cheBumbiro Romutemo.

Kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kunoratidza nzira idzo kutsanangura magwaro kunogona kuchinja nadzo nokufamba kwenguva, maererano nepfungwa uye tsika dzakapararira dzenguva yakapiwa.

Rondedzero ye "Bumbiro reMitemo rinogara" yakaraira kuti vatongi vadudzire Bumbiro reMitemo kwete mukuwirirana nomutauro waro, asi panzvimbo pezvo mukuwirirana nemipimo yenzanga. Namamwe mashoko, vatongi havafaniri kunangidzira ngwariro pane izvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinotaura, asi zvarinofanira kutaura kana rakanyorwa nhasi.

Mutongi Elena Kagan, mutsoropodzi wenguva dzose wedzidziso dzokutanga dzisingachinji, anotaura kuti mamwe mativi eBumbiro reMitemo akanga akafara namaune uye asina kujeka kubvumira kuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zviadudzire seakakodzera nguva.

Vatsoropodzi vedzidziso yapakuvamba vanotaura kuti mutoo usingachinjiki, wakashatiswa wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, unorwisana kuti vararami veBumbiro reMitemo havangagoni kuva vakafunga nezvemigariro yaizomuka munguva dzazvino uno. Vanopikisawo kuti kududzira Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa parevo yapakuvamba kungakundikana kudzivirira maruramiro maduku nemhaka yokuti vakadzi nevorushoma vakanga vasina maruramiro mamwe chetewo panguva yokuwanikwa kwazvino uno.

Kunyora Mashoko Nedzimwe Nzira Dzokududzira Nadzo

Kududzira mashoko inzira yokududzira inoreva zvakajeka mashoko echinyorwa chepamutemo. Textalism inowanzosimbisa kuti mashoko ari muBumbiro remitemo aizonzwisiswa sei nevanhu panguva yaachatenderwa, uyewo mashoko akapoteredza anooneka mashoko iwayo. Vanyori vanowanzodavira kuti pane revo yemashoko, uye havanyatsobvunzi mibvunzo pamusoro pechinangwa chevagadziri vemanyorero acho pavanowana revo kubva murugwaro.

Miitiro yenhau yamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika manyuko anokosha erevo yebumbiro remitemo. Matare akarangarira miitiro yenhau samanyuko erevo yeBumbiro remitemo munhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwemasimba, hurumende, uye maruramiro omunhu oga, zvikurukuru apo rugwaro rusingapi mhinduro yakajeka.

Iyi mitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira nayo haisati ichingova zvayo miitiro yedzidzo yakasiyana - siyana — zvinoparira misiano chaiyoiyo munzira iyo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshandiswa nayo kumigariro yezuva riri rose inotapura vagariwo zvavo vemo.

Kutapura Kunoita Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo Upenyu Hwezuva Riri Rose

Kubvira paunomuka kuti uongorore foni yako uone mashandisiro aunoita mitemo, kutsanangura kwomutemo kunochinja kodzero dzako uye rusununguko rwako.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura

Madudzirirwe anoitwa matare eFirst Amendment anosarudza kuti kutaura kunodzivirirwa sei uye kuti chii chinogona kudzorwa. MuDaundi Moines, nhau yacho yakanga iri yokuti Gadziriro Yokutanga inorambidza vakuru vechikoro kuti vasapfekedze vadzidzi kupfeka zvisungo zvitema kuti vafananidze kurwisana nehondo. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti vadzidzi havasati va "chibvisa kodzero dzavo dzepamutemo dzorusununguko rwokutaura... pagedhi rechikoro. Dare rakawana kuti kutaura kwevadzidzi kwaigona kurambidzwa kana kukakanganisa chaizvoizvo muitiro wedzidzo, uye nemhaka yokuti hapana ufakazi hwokuramba hondo yakadaro, chikoro chakaputsa mutemo weFirst Amend.

Kududzira uku kunotapura vadzidzi munyika yose, kuchisimbisa kuti vanhu vaduku vanochengeta kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange mugadziriro dzedzidzo.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nechinoitika Chakafanira

Tsananguro yeBumbiro reMiranda neArizona, Dare rakataura kana mapurisa achidikanirwa nemitemo kuzivisa vanhu vari mukodzero dzavo. Dare rakawana kuti Hurumende yeshanu neyechitanhatu dzinoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanhu vari muchengeteko kuti vane kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara uye yokubatsirwa negweta. Kana mapurisa akakundikana kuita kudaro, mutongi wedare angatonga kuti mashoko api naapi anotaurwa nevanopomerwa haagoni kubvumwa souchapupu mukati mokutongwa.

Muna Gidheoni naWainwright, Dare rakati Dare reChitanhatu maruramiro okubetsera zano rinoshanda kumitongo yehurumende uye kuti “vatongi mudare routsotsi vanodikanwa, kwete zvinhu zvoumbozha ” pamwe chete nekodzero yokubetsera vapomeri vehurumende, chisarudzo chaGidheoni chakava nomuuyo wokuwedzera gadziriro dzavose dzokudzivirira munyika yose.

Kududzira uku kunoita kuti vagari vemo vapiwe mhosva dzokupara mhosva vagamuchire dziviriro dzinokosha, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro avo ezvinhu ezvemari.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Munguva Yokushandiswa Kwemadhigirii

Kodzero dzakavanzika, kunyange zvazvo dzisingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, dzakazivikanwa kupfurikidza negadziridzo dzakasiana - siana. Griswold v.Connecticut yakasimbisa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuvandika kwavaroorani pamusoro pokudzivisa kubata pamuviri, anobva mu "penumbres" yedzimwe dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Uyu murangariro woungwaru wakatambanudzirwa gare gare kuzvimwe zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga.

Matare anowedzera kutsanangura kuti vanhu vari munyika ino vanofarira kudzivirirwa sei pazvinhu izvi.

Kuenzana Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

MuBrown Board of Education v. Ferguson, Dare rimwe chete rakapidigura Plessy v. Ferguson ndokurangarira kuti mitemo yehurumende inoda kana kuti inobvumira zvikoro zvinosarura rudzi inoputsa Ecult Protection ye 144th Amendment. Dare rakataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "Zvivako zvedzidzo zvakasiyana hazvienzaniswi. Chisarudzo chaBrown chinoziviswa sechishamisiro munhau yeDare Gurusa, chinoputsa dzidziso ye "Battle asi yakaenzana" uye chinobetsera kuisa nheyo nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nokubatana munyika yose.

Iyi dudziro inoshandura yeKudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana inoratidzira kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona sei kushandurazve nzanga. Kudisa kweDare kunzverazve tsananguro dzakapfuura ndokushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kutsinhiranisa nenzwisiso dzokuenzana kune tapuro huru pazvinoitika zvakararama zvavagari vemo.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nekutora Rutivi Rwezvematongerwe Enyika

Kunyange zvazvo Dare re15th Amendment richirambidza kodzero yokuvhota parudzi, Dare rakagadzirisa zvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana zvokuvhota. Somuenzaniso, Shelby County v.

Matsananguriro anoita matare maererano nokuvhota anonyatsokanganisa kodzero dzevagari vemo dzokuita basa rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Ukoshi Hunoshanda Hwokududzira Kunoitwa Pabumbiro Remitemo Nokuda Kwavagari Vapasi

Kunzwisisa dudziro yebumbiro remitemo kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vatsigire utongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji zvinobudirira zvikuru uye kutsigira kodzero dzavo.Hezvi zvikonzero zvikuru nei vagari vemo vezuva nezuva vachifanira kuva nehanya nemadudzirwe eBumbiro remitemo:

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kupera kwama1990, Dare rakazivisa zviito zvinopfuura mazana maviri zveCongress zvisina kubvumirwa nemitemo yeHurumende uye zvakashayisa simba chiverengero chikuru zvikuru chemitemo yehurumende.

Vagari vemo pavanonzwisisa kuti kududzira kunoshanda sei, vanogona kuziva zviri nani apo kodzero dzavo dziri kudzivirirwa kana kuti kutyisidzirwa.

Nhungamiro Yavaiti Vemitemo Nevagadziri Vemitemo

Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo inogovera gadziriro umo vaiti vemitemo navakuru vakuru vanofanira kushanda. Chiremera cheDare rinoigonesa kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende yainorangarira kuva isina murairo. Somuenzaniso, kana Congress ikapfuudza mutemo unoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, Dare Gurusa rinogona kubvisa simba kumutemo iwoyo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rehurumende rinopfuura ganhuriro yaro yebumbiro remitemo, rinoshanda secherekedzo mukati megadziriro yamasimba akaparadzaniswa.

Kunzwisisa matsananguriro ebumbiro remitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vaongorore mitemo inodiwa, vachiziva kuti ndedzipi matanho angangoramba achiongororwa uye angasangana nematambudziko anokonzerwa nemitemo.

Kuzvidavirira Kunoitwa neHurumende

Alexander Hamilton akanga anyora kuti kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare Dare rakavimbisa kuti kuda kwavanhu vose, sokuratidzirwa muBumbiro ravo remitemo, kwaizova kukuru pamusoro pechido cheimba yomutemo, ine mitemo ingaratidzira bedzi kuda kwechinguvana kworutivi rwavanhu. James Madison akanga anyora kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunofanira kusiiwa kurutongeso rwakarongwa rwavatongi vakazvimirira, panzvimbo penyongano nerwisano zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana nhau iri yose yemitemo yaizosarudzwa nebvumirano yapachena, Bumbiro remitemo raizoderedzwa kuva nzvimbo yehondo yemakwikwikwi, zvamatongerwe enyika uye mudzimu wechitsotsi.

Nheyo iyi yakavakirwa panheyo inoreva kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoshanda senzvero pamakuru ezvematongerwe enyika echinguvana, kuchidzivirira maruramiro makuru kunyange apo anenge asingafarirwi.Vagari vanobetserwa neuyu mutoo wokuzvidavirira, uyo unodzivisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuputsa ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo kunenge kuchibetsera mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuramba Uchingotevedzera Mutemo uye Uchifanodeya Kutaurwa

Dare parinodudzira mitemo, zvinenge zvichinzi zvinotevedzerwa nemitemo, kazhinji kacho zvinenge zvichienderana nekufamba kwenguva, zvichiita kuti vagari vemo vanzwisise kodzero dzavo uye varonge maererano nezvavanenge vachitaura.

Zvisinei, kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona kuchinja.

Nharo Dzapanguva Ino Netapuro Yadzo Pavagari Vacho

Kukakavadzana kuripo iye zvino pamusoro pemadudziro ebumbiro remitemo kuri kukurumidza kuva mugumisiro wezuva nezuva kuAmerica.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuva Woga

Sezvambotaurwa, dudziro yebumbiro remitemo inofanira kutaura nezvokudzivirirwa kunoitwa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuongorora zvinhu zvechina, kuongorora zvinhu paIndaneti, uye kugadzira zvinhu zviri kubuda.Vatongi vanoshandisa zvinhu zvinotsanangura zvinhu izvi (hwungava uchishandisa zvinonzwisiswa nevagadziri vemafomu pamusoro pokuongorora kana kuti kugadzirisa mitemo yemitemo maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu azvino uno), kunoratidza kuti vanhu vanodzivirirwa nezvinhu zvavanowana.

Kurapwa uye Kuvhiya Zvishoma

MuRoe v. Wade, nhau yacho yakanga iri yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinorambidza mitemo inoganhura kana kuti inoramba kukwanisa kubvisa pamuviri kwomukadzi. Dare rakagumisa kuti mitemo yakadaro inoputsa kodzero yeBumbiro remitemo kuva voga. Iyi dudziro, uye kuchinja kwayo kwakatevera, inoratidza kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunotapura zvakananga sei zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga uye udzori hwomuviri.

Kuchinja Kwezvokutengeserana Nezvemari

MuGibbons naOgden, Dare rakasarudza kuti kudzora kufamba nemvura chaiva chiito chaidzora zvokutengeserana.Izvo zvinoitwa neGibbons zvichiri kuonekwa nhasi sezvazvinoita kuti hurumende ive nenzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda inodzora kutengeserana kwezvoupfumi.

Kutsanangura kunoita matare eChommerce Claus kunobatsira zvinhu zvose, kubvira pamitemo yebasa kusvika pakudzivirira mhoteredzo kusvika pakutarisira utano.

Nhau Dzinonyandura Dzinowana Nharo Dzokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo

Mitemo yemavara okugara nhaka nemitemo yetsika inoumbwa nemitoo yokududzira nayo. Motokari dzinozvitonga nenhau dzinoparira mutoro zvinopesvedzerwa nenzwisiso yebumbiro remitemo. Cryptuturancy nemirau yezvemari zvinotapurwa nedudziro yeChemmerce Claus. Kukura kwomutemo wapanzvimbo inotungamirirwa nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo mumiganhu mitsva.

Vanhu vanonzwisisa kutsanangurwa kwemitemo yacho vanokwanisa kukurukura kuti mitemo yepamutemo inofanira kushanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Kunzwisisa dudziro yebumbiro remitemo hakusi kungodzidza chete, asi kunobatsira kuvimbisana uye kutsigira kuroorana kwevanhu.

Kuzivisa Nokusarudza Kuziva

Apo vagari vemo vanovhota vapurezidhendi navatarisiri, nenzira isina kunanga vanopesvedzera kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro uye matare ehurumende akaderera.

Kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunobetsera vavhoti kuyera vatongi navakuru vakuru vanovagadza. Mibvunzo pamusoro pedzidziso yapakuvamba nemitemo mipenyu, ganhuriro yedare mukupesana nokushanda kwechiito, uye mitoo yokududzira haisati iri yechinhu chakavanzika, zvinodeya kutaura kuti vatongi vachatonga sei panhau dzinotapura maruramiro avagari vemo.

Kunyengetedza uye Hurukuro Yavose

Kana vanhu vachitaurawo nezvenguva dzavanenge vachitaura, vachionana nevamiririri vakasarudzwa, kana kuti vachibatanidzwa mukuronga nzanga, kuziva mitemo yepamutemo kunosimbisa nhamburiko dzokuita zvinhu zvechitsotsi.

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachifanira kuzvimiririra, havafaniri kungoita zvinhu pasina chavari kuita.

Kudzidza Zviri Pamutemo uye Kuzvidzora

Kunzwisisa matsananguriro ebumbiro remitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva pangava nekodzero dzavo dzokutyora mutemo uye padzinogona kupiwa mukana wokuzvibatsira.

Nepo vagari vemo vazhinjisa vasingazotongopokani nhau pamberi peDare Rapamusorosoro, kunzwisisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kunobetsera mumigariro yezuva riri rose — kubva pakuziva kodzero dzako mukati mokumira kwemotokari kuti unzwisise dziviriro dzokutaura dzakasununguka munzanga kusvika pakuziva rusaruro runobvira.

Kurangana Kwedzidzo

Vagari vemo vanogona kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwavo kupfurikidza nezviwanikwa zvakasiyana - siyana.National Constitution Center, mirangariro yeDare Rapamusorosoro, ruzivo rwepamutemo, uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvinogovera mashoko anowanika pamusoro pomutemo webumbiro remitemo nokududzira.

Kubatanidzwa neizvi zvinhu kunobetsera vagari vemo kupfuura kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kusinganzwisisi nheyo dzemitemo dzenharo dziri munharo dzebumbiro remitemo.iyi nzwisiso yakadzama inogonesa kutora rutivi kune revo zvikuru muudzori hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nharo Inopfuurira: Chikonzero Nei Ichikosha

Gakava riri pakati penzira dzakasiyana dzokududzira pamutemo harisi kungopesanawo zvako pakati penyanzvi dzemitemo, (8) rinoratidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kodzero, uye kudzora kunotapura mugari wemo ari wose.

Kudzikamisa Kugadzikana Nokuchinja Kwezvinhu

Vanodavira kuti mashoko epamutemo akanyorwa nenzira yetsika vanotaura kuti revo yorugwaro rwapamutemo yakagadzwa uye kuti inofanira kubatanidza vatambi vebumbiro remitemo.

Vagari vemo vanobatsirwa nokutsiga kwebumbiro remitemo rinopa kodzero dzinozivikanwa uye miganhu pasimba rehurumende.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Kwechiito Chose uye Chiremera Chokutonga

Mibvunzo pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo pakupedzisira ine chokuita nebasa rakafanira ravatongi vasina kusarudzwa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Gakava riri pakati pavatsigiri vemitemo navadzori vemitemo igakava zvikurukuru pamusoro pokuti Dare rinofanira kutsanangura, kana kuti kazhinji sei Bumbiro reMitemo. Vatongi vanokamuraniswawo pamusoro penzira iyo basa rinofanira kuitwa nayo.vatongi veDare Gurusa nguva dzose vakafungidzira kuti vanofanira kushanda sedare romutemo, kupfurikidza nokushandisa nheyo dzokududzira nhau dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe munzira yedonzo uye yokusafarira uye kupfurikidza nokubata nhau dzakafanana.

Iyi mibvunzo pamusoro pechiremera chokutonga inotapura zvakananga vagari vemo nemhaka yokuti inosarudza kuti matare anodzivirira zvakadini kodzero dzomunhu oga mukupesana nokuzviisa pasi pezvinhu zvikuru zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kudzivirira Ruramisiro Huduku

Rimwe basa rinokosha redudziro yebumbiro remitemo nderokudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji. Muna 1970 Dare rakashandisa nheyo yokunzvera yakakomba: Kusafanana nomutemo wezvemari, mitemo inoganhurira maruramiro makuru kana kuti inoshanda kukuvadza vana vaduku vasina simba mune zvematongerwe enyika inofungidzirwa kuva isingashandi kutoti yava inokosha zvikuru kuti vasvitse vavariro yehurumende inokosha zvikuru. Kusvikira muma1990, Dare rakapfuurira kudzoresa simba repamutemo rechokwadi muzvinoitika zvakadaro.

Kutsanangura kunoita matare kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo kwevaduku - duku — kunyange vari verudzi, vechitendero, vezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti vasiri vamwe — kana mapoka asina dziviriro achiwana dziviriro ine revo kana kuti achisiyirwa tsitsi nevakuru vakuru vezvematongerwe enyika.

Miuyo Chaiyoiyo Yenyika: Zvidzidzo zveNgoro

Kunzvera mienzaniso yakananga kunoratidzira kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoparira sei miuyo inooneka paupenyu hwavagari vemo.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri uye Kodzero Dzepfuti

District of Columbia v. Heller akashandisa dudziro yedzidziso yekare kuSecond Amendment. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kududzira nzira yokushandisa nayo mitoo kunotapura nayo miuyo. Mufungo wekare unonangidzira ngwariro pakunzwisiswa kwenhau kwekodzero yokutakura zvombo kwakaparira muuyo wakasiana noungava nomutoo mupenyu wemitemo yemitemo, unotapura zvakananga mano avagari vemo okuzvipfura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvida.

Kuenzana Kweroorano

Obergefell v. Hodges akatambanudza maruramiro eroorano achishandisa rondedzero mhenyu. Iyi nhau inoratidza kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona sei kukudza maruramiro okubatanidza mapoka asingadudzwi zvakananga murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Nzira yokududzira yakasarudzwa kana vaviri vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vangagona kuroora, kuchitapura zvakananga mamirioni oupenyu hwomunhu oga nomugariro wapamutemo wevagari vemo.

Kutengesa Claus Nesimba Rine Simba Rokutengeserana

Gibbons v. Ogden akakudza simba renyika pamusoro pokutengeserana kwenyika. United States v. Lopez Commerce Claus anosvika, achiratidzira pesvedzero yapakuvamba. Wickard v. Filburn Commerce Claus kuti abatanidze mibato yomunzvimbomo inotapura kutengeserana kwenyika.

Uku kududzira kwakasiyana - siyana kweChommerce Claus kunoratidzira kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunosarudza sei ukuru hwesimba rehurumende nerehurumende, kuchitapura mweroi wehurumende unodzora chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pakutarisira utano kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumipimo yavashandi.

Nguva Yemberi Yokududzira Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Sezvo chaunga chinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, dudziro yebumbiro remitemo ichatarisana nedenho itsva idzo dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwavagari vemo.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Chisarudzo chemitemo

Mitemo yeFirst Amendment inoshanda sei kana masangano ehurumende akashandisa uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu kuti aite zvisarudzo zvinotapura vagari vemo?

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nekodzero Dzezvakatipoteredza

Sezvo kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuchikonzera zvinetso zvitsva, matare angada kutsanangura mirayiridzo yebumbiro remitemo yokugadzirisa nhau dzezvakatipoteredza.Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira kodzero yemamiriro okunze akatsiga here?

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakugadzira Makemikari uye Kuwedzerwa Kwevanhu

Kufambira mberi mukuchinja majini, zvikamu zvemakombiyuta, uye zvimwe zvinoshanda zvinomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro poutongi hwomuviri, kuva woga, uye kuenzana. Madudzirero anoita matare anodzivirira mabumbiro emitemo munzvimbo idzi achasarudza kuti vagari vemo vanogona kuitei nemitumbi yavo pachavo uye kuti imitemo ipi inogona kupiwa nehurumende.

Kodzero Dzemadhigita uye Kutaura NepaIndaneti

Kududzira kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoratidza kuti kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment kunoshanda sei pazvikamu zvemasangano zvenzanga, kuti kudzivirira kweChina kunoshanda sei pamashoko ekombiyuta, uye kuti zvinodiwa zvakakodzera ndezvipi pakushandisa mashoko epaIndaneti zvine mwero.

Matanho Anoshanda Kuvagari Vemo

Hedzino nzira dzinoshanda dzinogona kuitwa nevagari vemo panyaya idzi:

Ramba Uchiziva Pamusoro Pemhosva Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Tevera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, zvikurukuru izvo zvinokurukura nhau dzinotapura upenyu hwako. Manyuko akafanana [ SCOTBlog, website yeDare rapamusorosoro, uye mabudiro enhau epamutemo anogovera mashoko anowanika pamusoro penhau dzakamira kumira uye zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura.

Nzwisisa Kodzero Dzako

Zvijairane nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinotapura upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Ziva kodzero dzako dzeGadziro rechina mukati mokusangana kwamapurisa, kodzero dzako dzeFirst Amendment muruzhinji, uye kodzero dzako dzakakodzera mukuita zvinhu muzviitiko zvehurumende. Masangano akafanana ne American Liberties Union inogovera zvinhu zvinotsanangura kodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo.

Kugoverana Mudzidzo Yakakwana

Shandisa zviwanikwa zvedzidzo pamusoro pedudziro yeBumbiro remitemo nebumbiro remitemo. Constitution Center yeNational inopa zvirongwa, zviratidziro, uye zviwanikwa zvepaIndaneti zvinoita kuti mutemo webumbiro remitemo usvike kuvasiri mutemo.

Vamiriri Vanorovedzwa

Kana nyaya dzebumbiro remitemo dzikamuka mumitemo kana kuti mumatare okutonga, taura nevakuru vakuru vako nevamiririri kuti vataure maonero ako.

Masangano Anotsigira Anotungamirirwa Netsika Dzako

Masangano akawanda anopa mhosho dzebumbiro remitemo uye anotsigira mitoo yakati yokududzira. Kana uchitsigira masangano echipringi chapakuvamba kufanana ne Féderalist Society kana kuti mapoka anofambira mberi akafanana neACLU, masangano anotsigira anowirirana nemipimo yako yebumbiro remitemo anodzikamisa inzwi rako mukurukurirano dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro Pedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Pfungwa dzinoverengeka dzisina kururama dzinotadzisa vagari vemo kubatanidzwa zvizere nenhau dzinotsanangurwa nebumbiro remitemo.

Murangariro Usina Kururama: Mutemo Webumbiro remitemo Wakaoma Kunzwisisa Zvikuru Nokuda Kwavagariwo Zvavo

Nepo mutemo webumbiro remitemo uchibatanidza mirangariro yemitemo, nheyo huru dzinowanika kumunhu upi noupi anoda kudzidza. Haudi dhigirii romutemo kuti unzwisise maruramiro makuru ebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuziva apo kududzira kunotapura fariro dzako.

Murangariro Usina Kururama: Tsananguro Yebumbiro remitemo Ndeyezvamatongerwe enyika Chaidzoidzo

Nepo dzimwe nguva kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuchipesvedzera kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, nheyo dzapamutemo dzechokwadi nemitoo zvinotungamirira kugadziriswa kwechisarudzo chikurusa chorutongeso.

Pfungwa Isina Kunaka: Revo yeBumbiro Romutemo Hainei Nezvairi

Kudai revo yebumbiro remitemo yaibvira nguva dzose, paisazova nokudikanwa kwedudziro. Mutauro wakafara weBumbiro reMitemo unoda kududzirwa kushanda kumigariro yakati, uye vanhu vane mufungo vanogona kusabvumirana pamusoro pomutoo wakanakisisa wokududzira.

Murangariro Usina Kururama: Vagari Havagoni Kupesvedzera Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo

Nepo vagari vemo vasingadudziri Bumbiro reMitemo zvakananga, vanopesvedzera kududzira kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kuvhota, hurukuro yavose, uye kutora rutivi mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Vatongi vanodudzira Bumbiro remitemo vanogadzwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kuvimbisana kwavanhu kunoumba tsika huru yepamutemo.

Mugumo: Chikonzero Nei Mugari Wose Achifanira Kutarisira

Kubva pakodzero dzaunoshandisa zuva nezuva kusvika pakudzivirirwa kwaunopiwa nehurumende yaunonyengedzwa, kutsanangurwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunoumba magariro epamutemo oupenyu hwako.

Kunzwisisa dudziro yebumbiro remitemo kunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise:

  • Ziva apo kodzero dzavo dziri kudzivirirwa kana kuti kutyisidzirwa
  • Itawo utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu zvinobudirira zvikuru
  • Vatongi vatsva nevakuru vakuru vanovagadza
  • Vaitsigira zvavaifarira munharo dzebumbiro remitemo
  • Ita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire kumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo
  • Batanidza zvine revo nhau dzapamutemo nedzezvematongerwe enyika dzinotapura nzanga dzavo

Gakava riri kupfuurira pakati pechibvumirano chapakuvamba nechinotsamira pamitemo, pakati peganhuriro yokutonga nechiito, pakati perugwaro nerukudzo (rurimi rwokunyora) idzi hadzisati dziri kakavadzano dzedzidzowo zvayo. Dzinomirira mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro penzira yatinozvidzora nayo timene nayo, kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga, uye dzikamo yemipimo inokwikwidzana muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasiana - siana.

Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinobuda — kubva pakugadzirwa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira kuenda kuchinjo yemamiriro okunze kugadziriro yebiotechnology", constitumical rondedzero ichapfuurira kuva yemhindumupindu.Vagari vanonzwisisa muitiro uyu vanokwanisa zviri nani kuumba kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzishande sei mumigariro mitsva iyi.

Bumbiro reMitemo nderavose veAmerica, kwete magweta navatongi chete. Tsinhiro yaro inotapura maruramiro evagari vemo voga voga, rusununguko, uye mikana. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa chikonzero nei nhau dzebumbiro remitemo dzichidudzirwa uye kuti dzinoshanda sei, vagari vemo vezuva riri rose vanogona kushandisa maruramiro avo nenzira inobudirira zvikuru, kutsigira fariro dzavo, uye kutora rutivi muchirongwa chinopfuurira chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Kana uchiitira hanya maruramiro okuvanza pazera remitemo, dziviriro dzakaenzana nokuda kwamapoka akaderedzwa, miganhu pasimba rehurumende, kana kuti imwe nhau ipi neipi yebumbiro remitemo, kududzira kunokubatsira kuita zvine revo zvikuru neiyi mibvunzo inokosha. Vimbiso yeBumbiro remitemo yerusununguko neruramisiro nokuda kwavose inotsamira kwete pamashoko echinyorwa chete, asi pamadudzirirwe nokushandiswa kwamashoko iwayo.