Sumo kuUnited States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru kutanga kwetsika; kutaura kwakabatanidza donzo renyika uko kwakatsigira kuzivikanwa kweAmerica kweanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Mumashoko makumi mashanu namaviri chete. Vavambi vakaronga gadziriro youzivi yerepublic yacho: ruramisiro, runyararo rwemhuri, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko. Asi mavambo haasati ari mashoko okutanga echizivikanwe chenyika yeAmerica nokuda kwamazana amakore maviri. Murwisano yose makuru pamusoro pa “Vanhu” uye icho chinoreva kuumba“ Union yakakwana zvikuru.” Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei Pregation achipfuurira kuzivikanwa kuva muAmerica chizivikanwo chayo. Mutauro wayo, mashoko awo makuru, uye basa rayo rinopfuurira mudzidzo, uye upenyu.

Zvinorehwa Nenhau Yacho

Pregge yakanyorwa muzhizha ra1787 neCommittee of Style, yakatungamirirwa naGouverneur Morris, uyo akanga ane mutoro nokuda kwokunyorwa kwokupedzisira. Yakanga isiri rutivi rwekurukurirano dzapakuvamba paConstitution; panzvimbo pezvo, yakabuda senzira yoku profiletein chiremera nedonzo reBumbiro remitemo kuruzhinji rinopanikirika. Dare reConfederation rakanga rakundikana nemhaka yokuti rakanga risina chiremera chikuru. Pregdage yapedza ikoku kupfurikidza nokuisa pasi hurumende itsva mumanyuko mamwe epamutemo: vanhu vamene.

Vavambi vakakweva zvikuru uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweNjereso, zvikurukuru murangariro waJohn Locke wouchangamire hwakakurumbira neMontesquieu pamusoro pokuparadzana kwamasimba. James Madison akanyora muFederalist No. 45 kuti hurumende itsva yakawana masimba ayo “kuvanhu” uye yai “shumira navanhu vaiva nenzvimbo dzavo mukati momufaro, kwenguva yakaganhurirwa, kana kuti mukati momufambiro wakanaka.” Hurumende yakanga isiri mubatanidzwa pakati pehurumende asi chiito che“ Vanhu veUnited States. Iyi yakanga iri kutama kukuru kubva kuZvikamu, izvo zvakanga zvavamba ne “Isu takagadzwa pasi pezvikamu zvapamberi zveUnited States.”

Ndaza yezvinangwa zvitanhatu — “kuumba Dare rakakwana zvikuru, kugadza Ruramisiro, kugovera dziviriro dzemhuri, kutsigira kudzivirira kwavose, uye kudzivirira Zvikomborero zveRusununguko” — yakanga isina kubvumirwa. Mashoko mamwe namamwe aitaura kundikano yakananga yeZvikamu zveConfederation: kushaikwa kworudzi rwakabatana zvikuru, kusakwanisa kupedza gakava renyika, tyisidziro inopfuurira yenyongano (yakadai seRwisado yerudzi kana kuti gadziriro yemitero yemari.

Nenzira inokosha, Sumo yakaitwa nokungwarira kudzivisa kuronga masimba akati. Iyo yakasiiwa kumuviri weBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, Suguga inogovera raisiti yemagirazi umo rugwaro rwacho rwasara runofanira kuturikirwa. Sezvinoreva Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall gare gare akanyora Mcculloch v. Maryland [1819], Pregagedge “ichinokosha chinobetsera kuvavambidziri." Iri basa rokududzira rave riri repakati pekubetsera kupfuurira.

“ Isu vanhu veUnited States, muChirevo kuumba Dare rakakwana zvikuru, kutanga Ruramisiro, maruramiro okudzivirira avagari vemo, kugovera dziviriro dzavose, kusimudzira Ugarikano, uye kudzivirira Zvikomborero zveRusununguko kwatiri timene nePresitorendi yedu, tinogadza ndokugadza iyi Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States of America.” ( National Archives)

Mapfundo Makuru Netapuro Yawo Yazvino Uno

“ Isu Vanhu”

Hapana kutaura muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweAmerica kunorerukirwa zvikuru kupfuura “Isu vanhu.” Ndiko kutaura kwehwaro kwouchangamire hwakakurumbira: kuti chiremera chose chehurumende chinobuda kuvagari vemo, kwete kubva kumambo kana kuti kuvakuru vakuru vari kure. Asi anorangarira sa “Vanhu” vakapokanidzwa zvinotyisa munhau yose yeAmerica. Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba harina kubatanidza vakadzi, vaAfrica vakapinzwa muuranda, kana kuti maIndia okuAmerica munhambo iyoyo — bva mutauro wePreging yakaita mupimo wetsika nechidimbudzo izvo masangano apashure aizoshandisa kuraira kuva pamwe chete.

Vadzori, vatsigiri vekodzero dzavagari vemo vose vakakumbira “Isu Vanhu” sechipikirwa chisati chazadzikwa. Frederick Douglas, mukutaura kwake muna 1852 kuti“ Chii kuMuranda chiri Chinai chechina?” vakadanidzira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga riri “gwaro rerusununguko rune mbiri” chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti kusuma kwaro hakuna kutaura rudzi — uye naizvozvo kwaigona kutsanangurwazve kubatanidza vanhu vose. Gadziriro ye14, inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana nounzi mugari wemo, inogona kuonwa sechibvumirano chapamutemo icho pakupedzisira chinobatanidza mutumbi weBumbiro remitemo rinotonga nechipikirwa chinopfupikisa. Nhasi, “Vanhu havasati vadudza rudzi rwekodzero dzokuvatamikira kune dzimwe nyika.

“ Kuti vaumbe Ungano yakakwana zvikuru”

Mashoko okuti “Union yakakwana zvikuru” inobvuma kuti Union yakaumbwa muna 1787 yakanga isina kukwana — uye kuti yaisazotongova yakakwana. Vavambi vakashandisa“ kukwana kwapashoma napaduku. Shoko iri rimwe rakagadzira chirongwa chinopfuurira nokuda kworudzi rwacho: kuvavarira nguva dzose kushanduro iri nani pacharo. Chivil War, Reconstanton, New Deal, uye kodzero dzevanhu zvose zviri munhamburiko inopfuurira kuita kuti Union ive yakakwana zvikuru.

Muhurukuro yazvino uno, “Union yakakwana zvikuru” inodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji napurezidhendi namajangarati. Hurukuro ya2008 parudzi yaiva nomusoro iwoyo. Dare Guru rakanongedzera kutaura mumhaka dzinobatanidza unani, dzakadai se United States v. Lopez [19595] uye National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius[FLT] , kududzira ukuru hwesimba renyika. Rovero ye “I Union yakakwana” inosimudzirawo kurukurirano dzenguva ino parusarudzo, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kusarira.

“ Ronga Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko”

Nhaka musumo haisati iri rusununguko rwakakwana asi rusununguko runorairwa nomutemo uye rwakachengetwa nokuda kwa “isu timene neForth.” Uyu mutauro unotarisirwa mberi unobatira chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuchengetedza nokuwedzera rusununguko nokuda kwavaAmerica vomunguva yemberi. Chitsama chamadigatori chamabumbiro erusununguko chave chichishandiswa mumitengo yemitemo yetsika, kubatanidza Brown v. Board yeDynication [1954]] [1954] [[FLT] OF:2]berge b. Hodge brock v.[FLT:] (20). (20) Muyapedzisira, Justicerist Anthony Kennedy akawana murangariro mukuru wePreast kusimbirira kuti chipikirwa cherusununguko rwetsika rwenzanga rwenzanga.

Uyezve, “kuchengeta Zvikomborero zveRusununguko” inzvimbo inopesana negadziriro dzechengeteko yorudzi. Kunyanduka pakati porusununguko nechengeteko kwave kuri musoro unodzokororwa munhau yeAmerica, kubva paAlien naSedition Acts kusvikira kuPatriot Act. Pregary haipedzi kuoma ikoko; inogovera gadziriro yokukukurukura.

Kudzokera Kune Imwe Nguva

Nhasi, sumo inoramba iri mupimo wekurukurirano painodokuva nhau huru iri yose yetsika yavose. Nemhaka yokuti inojekesa zvinangwa zvehurumende — ruramisiro, runyararo, dziviriro, chengeteko, rusununguko — inopa mupimo kupfurikidza nawo kutongwa kwemitemo nemiraudzo. Apo Congress inokakavadzana pamusoro pezvoutano, kushambadza kwezvivako, kana kuti kubuda munyika, kuri kubvunza nenzira idikanoti: ikoku kunosimudzira garikano here? Inochengetedza rusununguko here?

Sumo yakaitawo basa munhau dzeDare rapamberi pezvi. Pamutendi weHomeland Security v. Regents weYunivhesiti yeCalifornia [20], Dare rarangarira kudzorwa kwedaidzo yeDACA. Kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chacho chakavakirwa paAdministrative Procedure Act, mirangariro inopesana yanongedzera kumusengwa wePrecut ku “kurega kusununguka” uye“ garikano.” Panguva ino, nhau pamusoro pedavidzo, kuvhotera, uye nhizha pamusoro pokuti hurumende iri kuita zvamazvirokwazvo mufariro ya“ Isu vanhu."

Pesvedzero yePreggee inotambanuka kupfuura matare. Ipfundo renongedzero rinozivikanwa navose muhurukuro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mugariro wekero dzomubatanidzwa, uye kunyange zviratidzo. Chitsama chamashoko chokuti “Isu Vanhu” tinooneka pazvivako zvehurumende uye pamitambo yokuberekwa. National Constitution Center’s shoo inonyandura inobvumira vashandisi kunzvera mashoko mamwe namamwe mukudzika, kuratidzira kuti Pregegeing ichiri kudzidziswa nokunzwisiswa sei sechinyorwa chipenyu.

Kushandiswa Kwedzidzo Nekubereka

Mashoko okutanga nderimwe remagwaro okutanga anodzidziswa mukirasi dzehurumende dzeAmerica. Vadzidzi vanodzidzira nomusoro, vanoiongorora, voibatanidza nezviitiko zviripo. Mupindi weCUVIC Education unobatanidza kutanga kwe “Isu vanhu” zvidzidzo zvayo, zvakashandiswa nemamiriyoni evadzidzi. Kududza mashoko okusuma pamberi pekirasi yehurumende kana kuti gungano rechikoro kunosimbisa kuzvipira pamwe chete kuzvinangwa zvenyika.

Tsika idzi dzinosimbisa kuti kuva muAmerica kunoreva kuisa panzvimbo yekodzero dzevatangi chete asiwo mitoro inorehwa nezvinangwa zvekutanga.

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo namasangano pane dzimwe nguva zvinova ne “kutanga kurava” paZuva reBumbiro reMitemo (September 17). zvinoitika izvi zvinobatanidza mitezo yenzanga yamazera ose kusimbisazve nharidzano dzakavakirwa parudzi. Munhambo yapakati penyika, Preging inopa nzvimbo isingawanzowiwi: vose vari vaviri vakasununguka navane mwero vanogona kuwana mutauro unosimbisa chiono chavo cheAmerica.

Kududzira Kutonga Nechiremera Chokutanga

Kunyange zvazvo Presage isingapi masimba api naapi chaiwo kana kuti maruramiro, matare akatoashandisa kare senhungamiro inodudzira. Munhau yapakuvamba, Chahisholm v. Georgia [1793] (1793), Dare Gurusa rakataura nezvePregatori kuti ritsigire murangariro wokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga riri chiito chavanhu, kwete chikamu chikuru chehurumende. Mutongi James Wilson akanyora, kuti: “Kutanga kunogadza kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakagadzwa uye rakatangwa navanhu veUnited States. Vanhu, ipapo, imadzimambo echokwadi enyika."

Zviitiko zvakazonatsiridza basa rePregagery. Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), Dare raitsigira mitemo yemajekiseni, richicherekedza kuti “garikano yehurumende” muPregaryw inobvumira mashoko okudzora nokuda kwezvakanaka. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. [196], Justice Sutherland akadudza Pregary souchapupu hwokuti hurumende ine masimba omunzvimbomo mune dzimwe nyika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti Pregtion inogovera gadziriro yemiitiro yemiitiro yokusarudza pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo ichirangarira iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anopesana.

Pasinei zvapo nokushandiswa kwaro kwapanhambo nenhambo, kubhejera hakumanikidziswi pachako. Seizvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura mu Jacobson, “sumo haigoni kutsaurirwa, kutanga simba risati rapiwa.” Asi simba raro rokusada kupindura harirambiki. Apo mutongi kana kuti muiti wemitemo anodana kuti “Isu vanhu” kana kuti“ Union yakakwana zvikuru,” ivo vari kupinda mumanyuko makurusa emitemo yeAmerica.

Kutanga Sesimba Rinobatanidza Munhambo Yakakamuraniswa

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nzanga yeAmerica yakawedzera kuva yakakamukana. Kuvimba mumasangano kwakaderera, uye kukakavadzana pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro remitemo kwakawedzera. Bva Sumo inoramba iri pfundo risingawanzowaniki rebvumirano. Mukuwirirana ne Pew Research Center[ Nzvero pazivo yebumbiro remitemo, vazhinji veAmerica vanogona kuziva “Isu vanhu” samashoko okutanga eBumbiro remitemo, uye vazhinjisanoratidzira tendero yakasimba yemipimo inoratidzirwa muPregtion.

Simba rinobatanidza rePregagery riri muukuru hwaro. Harisati richiraira miitiro yakananga; rinogadza nharidzano idzo inodokuva vaAmerica vose vanotendera: ruramisiro, rugare, dziviriro, garikano.

Uyezve, mutauro wePregage of destries (“kwatiri timene neKuchinja kwedu”) unokurudzira murangariro murefu wenhambo. Mutsika inonangidzirwa pamiuyo yapakarepo, Pregedge inokumbira vaAmerica kurangarira nhaka yavachasiyira zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Uyu mutoro wechizvarwa chechizvarwa ndewenharo pamusoro pechinjo yomugariro wokunze, chikwereti chenyika, uye chinjo yedzidzo.

mhedziso

Sumo yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haisati ichingova hayo chiziviso chenhau; kutaura kwayo kupenyu kwedonzo rorudzi. Kubva murwisano kutsiva Zvikamu zveConfederation kukushandiswa kwazvo kwazvino uno mumatare, makirasi, uye nzvimbo dzavose, Pregedge yakagovera mutauro unogoverana nokuda kwokukwikwidzana icho Amereka inofanira kuva. Mashoko ayo makuru — “Isu Vanhu,” “Mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru,”“ kudzivirira zvikomborero Zvorusununguko” — akakumbirwa navaRevo vadzorwi, vatungamiriri vekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye vagari vemo vanoraira kuti rudzi rurarame maererano nezvido zvarwo.

Sezvo vaAmerica vanopfuurira kurwisana nemibvunzo yezivikanwo, ruramisiro, uye kuva vanhu, Sumo inogovera gadziriro yakasimba. Haigoveri mhinduro dziri nyore, asi inogadza miganhu imene yekurukurirano. Muzera reboka, Pregadge inotiyeuchidza kuti tichiri “Vanhu ” — uye kuti basa redu nderokuvavarira chiUnion chakakwana zvikuru. Ndicho chikonzero nei, anopfuura mazana maviri amakore pashure pokunyora kwayo, Pregegeing inopfuurira kuumba kuzivikanwa kweAmerica kwehurumende nhasi.