Nhoroondo uye Kudiwa Kwokuchinja Zvinhu Zvepamutemo

Good Friver Agreement (inozivikanwawo seBelfast Aprtigument), yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, yakanga iri mugumo wamakore ekurukurirano dzakanangidzirwa kugumisa rwisano yezvenyika yose inozivikanwa seNhamo. Rwisano, iyo yakapararira, kubvira mukupera kwama 1960 kusvikira kumugumo wema1990, yakauraya upenyu hunopfuura 3 500 uye yakasiya kuputsanya kukuru kwenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo chibvumirano chacho chinowanzochengetwa sechibvumirano chorugare, nhaka yacho yechokwadi iri mugadziriro yapamutemo yachakatangwa kushandura utongi hweNorthern Ireland, kodzero dzavanhu, uye zvishandiso zvokuchengetedza. Pasi pezvinjo dzepamutemo, kugadzikwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kungadai kusina kuchengetwa kwomuitiro urongwa urongwa husingagumi.

Kunzwisisa chinjo dzapamutemo kunoda kuonga nzvimbo yapamberi pa1988. Northern Ireland yakanga yatongerwa mukutonga kwakananga kubva kuWestminster chifo chokusimudzwa kweStormont paramende yapakuvamba muna 1972. Gadziriro yapamutemo yakadzorwa nomutemo wengozi, kubatanidza Prevention of Terrorism Acts, iyo yakapa masimba makuru kumauto echengeteko. Guta raidzo hurusa hondo, uye rusaruro munzanga yevezvourudzi mudzimba, basa, uye kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvakasanonyorwa. Good Wearversariclation yakatsvaka kutsiva iyi murairo wapamutemo negadziriro imwe yakavakirwa paukwakaenzana, simba ravanhu, uye kodzero dzavanhu.

Mamiriro Emitemo uye Kubvumirana Nevamwe

Chibvumirano chakabatanidza nheyo yapamutemo yepamutemo: Chimiro chebumbiro-mitemo cheNorthern Ireland mukati meUnited Kingdom chaizoramba chisina kuchinja kutoti vazhinji vavanhu vayo vakavhota neimwe nzira. Iyi nheyo yokubvumirana yakasimbiswa mu Northern Ireland Act 1998 , iyo yakadzoserazve hurumende yeIreland Act uye yakatanga masangano matsva akasarira. Act inozivisa zvakajeka kuti kuberekwa kwavanhu vose veNorthern Ireland kunozvizivisa ndokugamuchirwa seIreland kana kuti British, vose vari vaviri, sezvo vangasarudza kudaro. Uku kwakanga kuri musengwa wapamutemo uyo wakabvisa masangano matsva akaredhirojeka ayo akanga aita rwisano.

Kupfuurirazve, chibvumirano chakagadzira mutoo wenzvero yomuganhu: Munyori weHurumende yeNorthern Ireland angadana terendamumu kana kuchiratidzika kuva sezvingabvira kuti vazhinji vavavhoti vaizotsigira kubatanidzwa neRiphabliki yeIreland. Nepo simba iri risati ratongoshandiswa kuvambira musi, rinoramba riri chisarudzo chapamutemo, chichangobva kukurukurwa mumugariro wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wemisiano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuterama kwemitemo kwakagoverwa nenheyo yemvumo kwakapa uchokwadi hwepamutemo kuvose vari vaviri vabatanidzwa nevanotonga nenyika, kuchivabvumira kutora rutivi mukudzora pasina kutya kuti rumwe rutivi rungachinja mugariro wacho.

Druevolution neGungano reNorthern Ireland

Kugadzirwa Kwehurumende Yakatemwa Mumutemo

Northern Ireland Act 1998 yakagadzira Gungano reNorthern Ireland sedare reSangano reMitemo reMitemo reNorthern Ireland rine mitezo 90 (yakazoderedzwa kusvika ku90 kubva ku108 mukugadziridza kwa2017). Gungano rine simba rokuita mutemo mukuru mu "kubvisa zvinhu" kubatanidza utano, dzidzo, zvokurima, zvakapoteredza, uye ruramisiro (pashure pokubviswa kwedare remapurisa nemasimba eruramisiro muna 2010). Nhau dzinochengeterwa, dzakadai sechipurisa neruramisiro (pamberi kwa2010), dzaida kubvumirana neyapamberi, nepo kunze kwenhau dzakaitwa, dzakadai senhau dzokunze kwenyika dzenyika nedziviriro, dzinoramba dziripo neParamende yeUK.

Chitsva chapamutemo chinodikanwa chokuvhota kwapamutezo mukuru pazvimwe "zvisarudzo zvekeyi," kubatanidza sarudzo yoMufundisi wokutanga nomutevedzeri woMufundisi Wokutanga, kugamuchirwa kwemira, uye migove yemari. Sarudzo yemichinjikwa inogona kuitwa nevoruzhinji vemitezo yose pamwe chete nevoruzhinji vakasarudzwa vevabatanidzwa navanosarudzwa venyika, kana kuti nevoruzhinji vanenge 60% vemitezo yose uye vanenge 40% venzanga imwe neimwe. Iyi gadziriro inobvumiranisa uye inodzivisa nzanga ipi neipi pamutemo kudzora chibvumirano.

Hofisi yeMushumiri Wokutanga uye mutevedzeri woMufundisi Wokutanga

Mumutemo weUK webumbiro remitemo, Mutungamiriri weMasaiguru wokutanga nomutevedzeri woMumiririri Wokutanga ihofisi inobatira pamwe yakasarudzwa neAssembly pahwaro hwemuchinjikwa. Ose ari maviri ane masimba akaenzana uye anofanira kuita mubatanidzwa. Uku kuyera kwapamutemo kunoreva kuti hapana kuzviisa pasi perimwe racho kupfurikidza noune kuti nzanga imwe inofanira kuva nenzvimbo yokutanga. Hofisi yebato yakaedzwa mukati ma200-2007 yedevotion, asi kuvakwa kwayo kwapamutemo kunoramba kuripo uye kwave kuchishanda nenzira inobudirira nehurumende dzinotevedzerwa.

Kusimbisa Simba uye Kudzidzisa

Chibvumirano chakaraira mukuru mukuru mukuru anotarisira simba umo vabati vanogoverwa mukuwirirana nesimba ravo muGungano vachishandisa nzira yed'Hondt. Uyu muitiro wakagadzwa pamutemo: Mutungamiriri wokutanga anogadzwa neboka gurusa rezvamatongerwe enyika (mubatanidzwa kana kuti mutungamiriri wenyika), uye muteveri weMufundisi wokutanga haatsaurwi nebato gurusa kubva pazita rechipiri gurusa. Vamwe vafundisi vanogadzwa ipapo vachivakirwa pasimba, vachivimbisa kuti mubatanidzwa, mubatanidzwa worudzi, uye "zvimwe" zvitatidzo zvose zvinomiririrwa. Kusafanana neWesternstern, hakuna maruramiro okusarudza kana kuti kurasha vashumiri vokutanga.

Muenzanisiro wesimba unopa simba wakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokubvumira masangano kuvhara zvisarudzo zvehurumende kupfurikidza nokubva pamukuru mukuru, sezvakaitika pakati pa 2017 na2020 pamusoro pomutemo weIndat Intecentive isimbiso nemitemo yomutauro weIrish. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvaka kwapamutemo kuchiripo, uye chinjo dzinotevera, dzakadai seNew Heminues, New Approach bvumirano ya202020, dzakasimbisa nzira dzokuzvidavirira, kubatanidza kusikwa kwechishoro chehurumende uye mitemo yakatsigariraniswa pamusoro pekuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nemitemo Yakaenzana

Chibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu cha1998 uye Northern Ireland Act 1998

Zvichida chinjo yaisvika kure zvikurusa yaibatanidza chibvumirano chapamutemo cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) kupinda mumutemo wemhuri kupfurikidza noMurayiro Human Rights Act [, unoshanda muUK. Asi Northern Ireland yakaenderera mberi: Northern Ireland Act inokuita kuve kusingabvumirwi nokuda kwechiremera chipi nechipi chavose, kubatanidza Gungano neGunhu, kuita nenzira isingawirirani neCRC. Iyi gadziriro inodzorwa zvakananga mumatare, ichipa vatongi chishandiso chine simba chokurova kana kuti kubvisa mutemo wechina unoputsa kodzero dzavanhu.

Chikamu 75: Kutonga Kunosimudzira Kuenzana

Chikamu 75 cheNorthern Ireland Act 1998 chinoisa basa rinosungirwa rakasiyana uye rapamutemo pazviremera zvehurumende kuti zvive "zvine chokuita nokudikanwa kwokusimudzira kuenzana kwemukana" mumapoka mapfumbamwe: chitendero, maonero ezvamatongerwe enyika, zera, mamiriro eroorano, mamiriro evatano, mamiriro evatano, urema, uye kuminondo inotsamira pamunhu. Ichi hachisi chinhu chinongova hacho chishuvo. Chikamu chavanhu vose chinoda kuti vaite mabasa okuenzana akasimba zvikuru munyika, uye chinotaura zvakananga kusarura kwenhau kwakabetsera kurwisana.

Kokorodzano Yamaruramiro Avanhu Nebasa Rokuenzana

Chibvumirano chacho chakagadzawo masangano maviri akazvimirira emitemo: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) ne [FLT]] Commission yeIrland Northern Ireland yeSangano. Ose ane masimba okupa hurumende, kuongorora, kupa betsero yapamutemo kuvanhu, uye kuunza nhau muzita ravo vamene. NHIRC, somuenzaniso, yave ichishanda mumiitiro yehurumende inodenha pamusoro pokubvisa mimba, roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano (pamberi pamutemo muna 20192020), uye nhaka. Masangano anopa pamutemo chibvumirano che "kufanana kwetsika dzetsika dzetsika imwe neimwe.

Commission yoKufara kweNorthern Ireland inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame paChikamu 75 kuteererwa.

Kuchinja Kwetsika: Kubva Kunzvimbo Inochengeterwa Mhuka Kuenda KuPSNI

Patten Report nePolice (Northern Ireland) Act 2000

Police yakanga iri imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa mukati meNharo. Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) yakanga iri Purotesitendi inokurira uye yakaonekwa navanorwa namarudzi vazhinji sesimba rehondo rakapfeka yunifomu. Good Foundation Applice yakapiwa ku "mavambo matsva echipurisa muNorthern Ireland," inoguma ne Commission on Policision yakaitwa naChris Patten. Mushumo wayo, wakabudiswa muna September 1999, waiva nerumbidzo 175, zhinjisaidzo dzakaitwa mu Chiratimeidzo] 2000.

Kuchinja kukuru kwepamutemo kwakabatanidza:

  • Kugamuchira simba re [[FLT: 0] Office yeNorthern Ireland (PSNI) kuzivisa chizivikanwo chitsva.
  • Kuumba Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB), boka rinoumba vamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika nemitezo yakazvimirira, kuti riite kuti Chiremera Chikuru chizvidavirire.
  • Kutanga muitiro wokunyoresa 50:50 (wakazotsiviwa nezvinoiswa pakati penzanga) kuva nechokwadi chokuti basa ramapurisa rakaratidzira chinyorwa chenzanga. Uku kuraira kwapamutemo kubvumwa kwakatsigirwa nematare sekwakachinjika uye kuri madikanwa mumutemo wekodzero dzavanhu.
  • Kugadza Police Ombudsman weNorthern Ireland segadziriro yokunyunyuta yakazvimirira ine masimba okunzvera pomero dzekusazvibata kwamapurisa noutsotsi.

Chinjo dzacho dzakanga dzichimutsa nharo pakati pavarwi vairangarira kuti nhaka yeRUC yakanga ichibviswa zvisina kururama, asi chinjo dzakanga dziri madikanwa kuti vatsigiri venyika vatenge zvinhu kumapurisa. Pakasvika 2020, PSNI yakanga yava inogamuchirwa zvikuru munzanga dzose, kunyange zvazvo denho dzichiripo panzvimbo yokunyoreswa nokuchengetwa kwavakuru vakuru veKaturike.

PSNI] PSNI [ inoratidzira gadziriro yazvino nokuzvidavirira.

Kurega Zvombo

Dare Renyika Dzakawanda Rinozvimirira Pamusoro Pokurambidzwa

Chibvumirano chacho chaida mapoka ose ehondo kuti "apedze" zvombo zvavo mukati mamakore maviri. Ichi chakanga chisati chiriwo hacho chishuvo chezvamatongerwe enyika asi chakapinzwa mumutemo kupfurikidza ne Northern Ireland Arms Decoming Act 1997. Chiratidzo chakavamba [[FLT:] . Chibvumirano chakabvumira [[FLT:] International Commission on Decoming [ICD])[FLT], chakagarwa naGeneral John de Chaclain, namasimba okutarisira, shoorwa, uye kusimbisa kuraswa kwezvombo. dare reICICD rapanze routsotsi kubvumira mauto okushandisa panzvimbo yezvombo kunze kwezvombo zvisina kutongwa nomutemo kuti zvishatiswe.

Kurega kutora basa kwakanga kuchinonoka uye kwakazara nenjodzi dzezvematongerwe enyika. IRA yakabvisa matura ayo pagore pakasvika 2005, yakapupurirwa neIILCD uye yapupurirwa nevafundisi vanozvimirira. Mapoka emauto akavimbika akatevera zvishoma nezvishoma, UVF neUDA achipedza kunyoresa pakazosvika 2010. IICD yakatsakatika zvachose muna 2011, uye pamutemo wayo wapera. Zvisinei, nheyo yokuti kukanda pasi kwemauto kunofanira kutevedzerwa uye kutozvimirira inoramba iri muenzaniso wezvimwe zviitiko zvorugare munyika yose.

SERS yeWeb yeCAIN paUlster University inogovera magwaro akachengetwa emishumo yeIVCD.

Batira pamwe yeBharder neDare roUshumiri reNorth - South

Chibvumirano chacho chakaumba chirongwa chepamutemo chebatira pamwe pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki reIreland kupfurikidza ne North-South Minister Council (NSMC). Mutumbi uyu unounganidza vashumiri vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri kuti vatange mitemo inowirirana munharaunda dzakadai sezvokurima, zvokushanyira, zvokufambisa, uye zvakapoteredza. NSMC inoumbwa pasi pomutemo wamarudzi ose kupfurikidza neBritish-Irish Aguementation, chibvumirano pakati peUK neIreland zvakanyoreswa neUnited Nations. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinobatira pamwe chete mumativi ose ari maviri, uye zvine mubatanidzwa wechigarire nemibatanidzwa mibatanidzwa mitanhatu (zvakadai seIreland neIntertrairendrelands).

Hwaro hwapamutemo hweNSMC hunovimbisa kuti batira pamwe yemutsetse unopfuudzira pasinei zvapo nokudzikama kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwamasangano anobviswa. Kunyange mukati ma2017-2020 eGungano, NSMC yakapfuurira kusangana, kunyange zvazvo yakaderedzwa. Pashure peBret, NSMC yakawana revo yokuwedzera senzvimbo yokutanga yokutarisira gadziriro dzakasiana pasi peNorthern Ireland Protocotocol, zvino Windsor Framework.

Ruramisiro Nechengeteko: Chinjo yePolicia neruramisiro

Mutevedzero weChinjo ya 2010 Yehurumende neruramisiro

Kunyange zvazvo Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chakaisa muchiono kuti mapurisa neTsitsi zvaizobviswa pakupedzisira, izvi hazvina kuitika kusvikira pa 12 April 2010. Northern Ireland Act 2009 uye ] uye Chiratidzo neRuramisiko Dzechinjo Devoration 2010 yakatsinhamisa mutemo wemitemo pamusoro porutsiro, pomubato, poropoti, uye matare okubva kuWestminster kuGungano. Chifocho, Mutungamiriri weRumbiso (akagadzwa nevhoti yemuchinjikwa, kwete dhondt) anotarisira Dhon' Justice, iyo inobatanidza basa reTorongo, Probition Activection.

Dvolution yakabvumira Northern Ireland kubvumira gadziriro yayo yeruramisiro nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kuumbwa kwesangano reruramisiro repwere rakabatana uye chinjo kunonotsa kuchengetwa kwepwere. Zvakapawo simba Gungano pamusoro pokuti zvigaro zvamagariro zvagara zvagara zviripo zvinoitiswa sei. Zvisinei, Mutungamiriri weRuramisiro anoramba achizvidavirira kuGungano uye anofanira kushanda mukati meganhuriro imwe cheteyo yokuvhotera sevamwe vashumiri.

Zvinetso Zvinopfuurira Nechinjo Dzepamutemo Pashure Pekunge Wava Muviri

Kuparadza Nokusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chirongwa chepamutemo chakabvumikisa kuva chakasimba asi kwete chakadzivirirwa kunjodzi. Gungano neGuru raMakurukota zvakamiswa kana pakati pa2000 na 2007, zvichidzokera kudzokera kudzoresa kuLondon. Kushaikwa kwevafundisi kwaida mutemo mukuru paWestminster (Northern Ireland Act 2000 kwakagovera hwaro hwemitemo hwokubvisa). Kurevererwa kwapakarepo kwakatangira January 2017 kusvikira kuna January 2020, apo mabasa avose aitarisirwa navashandi vehurumende pasi pomurayiro weNorthern Ireland Office. Kushaikwa kwevashumiri kwaireva kuti zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvemitemo, zvakadai sokukwidza mitero kana kuti kuisa mutemo mutsva, zvakanga zvisingabviri. Izvi zvakasimbisa utera mutsika yesimba: kushaiwa purogiramu yokudzorwa kwechisarudzo pakuitwa kwedare papopo.

Brexit neMuitiro Wemitemo woKuchamhembe kweIreland

Breet akatanga vhiringidziko itsva dzapamutemo idzo nyanzvi dzeChibvumirano chaMakurukota cheChishanu dzaisagona kufanoona. Paratition yeIreland yokuMadokero[FL:1], rutivi rweU-Eafreat Regated Advment, yakachengeta nenzira inobudirira Northern Ireland muEU yemisika imwe yezvinhu, ichigadzira muganhu wetsika nedzoro muIrish Sea. Iyoyi yakanga ichiruramiswa sekudzivirira bvumirano yeChishanu chaMadokero yeNorth-South neupfumi hwose hwenyika. Zvisinei, mutemo wakatungamirira kuchishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kumasangano eEUS, uyo akaiona sokushatisa mutemo webvumirano kupfurikidza nokubata Northern Ireland kubva muBritain yakasiyana neBritain.

Kupindura kwapamutemo kwakanga kuri Traemor Framewor (March 2023), uko kwakatanga miitiro mitsva nokuda kwebvumirano yedemokrasi nemuitiro. Zvikurukuru, basa rakaita "Stormont Brake," kuchibvumira vashomanene veMMMSA kumutsa kuramba kumitemo mitsva yeEU inoshanda muNorthern Ireland. Nepo ikoku kwakanga kwakaitirwa kudzorera chivimbo chomubatanidzwa, kwakawedzera rimwe vhiri rapamutemo kugadziriro dzokudzora dzakatooma kunzwisisa.

[[FT:0] zvinyorwa zveHurumende zveFrameswor [ zvinorondedzera zvibvumirano zvapamutemo.

Nhau Dzenhaka uye Muitiro Wezvinetso woKuchamhembe kweIreland (Ruramisiro Nokuyananisa) 2023

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvapamutemo zvinokakavadzana zvikurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura yave iri nzira yehurumende yeUK yokubata nayo nenhaka yeNhamo. Muna 2023, Nhamo dzeIreland yokuMadokero (Legacy neConciliation) Act yakapfuudzwa, inomisa kutongwa kwenhau dzenguva yemberi neutsotsi nokuda kwezvinetso zvine chokuita nemhosho (kunze mumigariro yakaganhurirwa) ndokuzvitsiva neDare idzva reIndecrence reReconficiation neRecovery (ICRIIIRIRI). Mutemo wakadentswa namapoka avanyajambwa, Hurumende yeNI Kodzero dzavanhu, uye Ireland, iyo inodzivisa ECHRB nechipikirwa cheChishanu. Chibvumirano chikuru chakawanikwa muDare reSangano reSangano reSangano reMakurusano muMakurukota 204 muChibvumirano chavanhu chinokarirwa kuMarudzi 20 (C).

Iyi gakava inoratidzira kusawirirana kukuru munhaka yapamutemo yeGood Frinth Agreement: kudzikamisa rugare nedzikamo nemitemo namaruramiro avanyajambwa. Vashori veChibvumirano vanopikisa kuti kukanganwirwa kwechikomo muzvose asi zita rinosekesa chivako chose chapamutemo chakavakwa nebvumirano. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuri madikanwa kuisa mutsetse pasi penhau kuti vadzivirire gadziriro yorugare.

Mugumo: Chirongwa Chinogara Chepamutemo

Good Friver Augnition yakaparira chinjo hurusa yapamutemo muNorthern Ireland chifo chokukamuranisa. Yakaparira simba rinodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo, kuenzana nedziviriro dzamaruramiro avanhu, basa ramapurisa rakachinjwa, uye gadziriro yebatira pamwe yemuchinjinga iyo yakakunda njodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, Bretit, uye zvirwere zvapasi pose. Nepo denho dzapamutemo dzichisara(kubatanidza pesvedzero yeBretit sycrotom, mutemo wenhaka, uye kuparadzwa kwenhau kwapanhambo nenhambo nenhambo kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwechibvumirano zvinopfuurira kugovera nheyo inodzikamiswa nokuda kwehurumende neukama hwenzanga.

Chibvumirano hachisi chinyorwa chapamutemo. Chibvumirano cheichi chakaedzwa, kugadziridzwa, uye kuwedzerwa kupfurikidza nezvimwe zvibvumirano zvakadai saSt Andrews (2006, Hillsborough (2010), Stornt House (2014, uye New Head, New Approach (2020). Chibvumirano chimwe nechimwe cheichi chakawedzera gadziriro itsva dzemitemo, kubva pakuchinja ruramisiro kusvikira kukuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwomutauro weIreland muna 2022. Chiitiko chaGood Wewerefu chakaisvonaka chapamutemo chingava mano acho okugadziridza /kugovera chigadziko chokupedza nharo kupfurikidza nomutemo panzvimbo pemasimba masimba.