Sumo

Apo kutonga kwevagari vemo kunotanga, zvose zviri zviviri dare rinokarira kuti vatongi vachatonga noune ndokudzorera chisarudzo nenzira imwe kana kuti imwe. Asi vatongi vanoumbwa navanhu vane mirangariro yakasiana, uye pane dzimwe nguva misiyano iyoyo haibviri kuyananisa. Muuyo wacho i sulquancing jaji ̬ mugariro umo vatongi havagoni kusvika chisarudzo mukati momupimo wapamutemo unodikanwa. Nokuda kwomupi noupi anofunda tsika yapamutemo kana kuti anobatanidzwa mukuturikira, anonzwisisa chinoitika pashure pedare revagari vemo mumugariro wavagari vemo. Iyi inonzvera vagadziri vemitemo, zvisarudzo dzinowanika kumapati, uye zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinovandurirwa pashure pokutongwa kwapamutemo.

Vatongi vakaturikwa vane miuyo inokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vapamberi navanopomerwa.Haisati ichipedza gakava, uyewo haireveri rutivi rumwe. Panzvimbo pezvo, inosiya gakava raregwa, ichimanikidzira mapoka kusarudza kana aizoshandisa nguva yokuwedzera nemari mukutonga kutsva kana kuti kutsvaka zvisarudzo zvakasiana. Pamugumo weiyi nyaya, uchava nomufananidzo wakajeka wokuti muitiro wapamutemo unobata sei dare rinobetsera vanhu uye izvo kurangarira kwapamutemo kunovapo.

Chii Chiri Mubvunzo Wakashata Mukutonga Kwehurumende?

Vatongi vakaturikwa, vanozivikanwawo sedare rinobetsera vatongi vakarongerwa, vanoitwa apo vatongi mukutonga kwevagari vemo vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chinosvitsa chinodikanwa. Mukutonga kwehurumende, Faceral Paramel of Civil Procedure[ inoda chisarudzo chavose kutoti kana mapoka akabvumirana. Matare akawanda ehurumende, zvisinei, anobvumira kutongwa ne magerity kana kuti [FLT:] [FLT] majer-jer-jom'or [[FFFFFFFF:5] .[FLT:]... &22; somuenzaniso, muvatanhatu murusarukime, kana kuti vapfumbamwe muboka rina rokutonga, vakakundikana kutongedzera, kunyange dare rinodikanwa.

Kusiyana nenhau dzoutsotsi umo vatongi vakaturikirwa vasingasiyi mukwiri ane mhaka kana kuti asina mhaka (kubvumira kutongwazve pasina nhau mbiri dzinokuvadza), mhaka dzevagari vemo hadzibatanidzi dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo dzinopa njodzi mbiri. Nokudaro, migumisiro yedare rehurumende rakaturikwa inongova yegariro nedzemari. Mhaka yacho inoramba isina kugadziriswa, uye posttiff Ù kutaura hakudzivisirwi nerutongeso rupi norupi rwapamberi.

Misiyano Inokosha Pakati Pematsotsi Nemabhomba

  • Mutemo wedare wedare: matare anobetsera matsotsi anofanira kuva anobvumirana mumativi mazhinjisa; matare avagari vemo anogona kazhinji kazhinji kusarudza nevoruzhinji.
  • [[FLT: 0] Matsotsi akakura: Kutsotsi pashure pokunge vatongi vakaturikwa vabvumirwa; hapana ngozi yakapetwa kaviri mumhaka dzevagari vemo.
  • Bhibhendi roUfakazi: Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinoda kurangarirwa kwoufakazi, uko pane dzimwe nguva kunogona kuita kuti kutenderedza kwamatare anobetsera vatongi kuve kwamanomano zvikuru.
  • Mibayiro:[ Mitongo yavagari vemo yakaturikwa inobatanidza mari kana kuti nyaradzo yezvisingadzorwi, kwete rusununguko, naizvozvo miuyo yemirangariro neyapakarepo inosiana.

Kushandiswa Kwakaitwa Mushonga Wokufema

Kusarudza kunogona kutora maawa kana kuti mazuva, zvichienderana nokuoma kwenyaya yacho. Mukutonga kwevagari vemo, mutongi anowanzorayira vatongi kuedza kusvika pachisarudzo, asi havadikanirwi kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira zvitendero zvavo zvokutendeseka.

Apo vatongi vanoshuma kusakwanisa kusvika chisarudzo, mutongi angatora nhano dzinoverengeka asati azivisa dare risina kururama. Chishandiso chimwe chinozivikanwa navose ndicho Allen pomero [ (inonziwo mutongo kana kuti murayiridzo wokuwedzera), iyo inokurudzira vatongi kuti vaongororezve nzvimbo dzavo ndokuedzazve kusvika chisarudzo. Pomero yaAllen inoshandiswa muzvose utsotsi nemiedzo yavagari vemo, asi kushanda kwayo muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo kunogona kusiana nehurumende. Kana dare redare rikaramba richifa pashure pokugamuchira mirayiridzo yakadaro, mutongo uchazivisazve kutongwa kwakaipa.

Kuputsika Kwevhudzi Rakafa Kunotongwa

Vatongi vane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka apo vanotarisana nedare rinobetsera vatongi rakarongerwa rufu:

  • Sarudzazve kurangarira: Mutongi angakumbira vatongi kudzokera mukamuri rokurangarira ndokupfuurira kukurukura ufakazi.
  • Mutongi angajekesa mutemo, zvisarudzo zvokuvhota, kana kuti migumisiro yedare rinobetsera vatongi rakaturikwa.
  • Kubvunza kana nguva yokuwedzera yaizobetsera: Vamwe vatongi vanobvumira vatongi kugadza nguva yakarongerwa vamene yokusvika chisarudzo.
  • Mutongi angabvunza mumwe nomumwe ari oga kana kumwe kurangarira kwaizova kunobudirira.

Kana pasina nhamburiko idzodzi dzinoputsa dare, mutongi achazivisa nenzira yakarongwa kutongwa kusina kururama ndokubudisa vatongi. Mhesano yokusunungurwa [ ipfundo rakakomba: kubvira panguva iyoyo, mhaka yacho iri kugadziridzwa nenzira inobudirira kumugariro wayo wapamberi pedare, kubvisa nguva nezviwanikwa zvakatopedzwa.

Migumisiro Yepamutemo Yehung Jury: Kutongwa Kwemhosva

Apo vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo mukutonga kwehurumende, mutongi anozivisa kutonga nemhaka yedare rapamberi. Kutonga kunoreva kuti kutonga kwaguma pasina rutongeso rwokupedzisira pakodzero. Maererano nemutemo, mhaka yacho inenge iri sekuti kutonga hakuna kumboitika. Mapoka anodzoserwa kunzvimbo dzaaiva nadzo kutonga kusati kwatanga, uye hapana mhedziso dzechokwadi kana kuti dzepamutemo dzinovabatanidza.

Kukanganisa kwacho kunoreva kuti mutongi anogona kudzorera dare rimwe chetero kana kuti kuraira kutongwa kutsva, uye mukwirirwi anogona kumutsa dziviriro imwe cheteyo. Miuyo bedzi inoshanda: ndyiko yomuedzo wokutanga inorasika, uye mapoka anofanira kutanga.

Kunetsa Muporidhe

Kumutongi, vatongi vakaturikwa kazhinji kazhinji chidzongonyedzo. ivo vakapedzera nguva, mari, uye simba remirangariro kuti vape nhau yavo, kuzongova bedzi vasina chisarudzo. Pashure pokutonga kusina kururama, mutongi anofanira kusarudza kana kuchifanira:

  • [[FT:0] Kukumbira kudzorwa kwedare kupfurikidza nokuronga kufamba nedare, zvikurukuru munguva yakatarwa (umh., mazuva 30).
  • [ Chinoparira nhau yacho [ nokuzvidira, iyo ingava nerusarura kana kuti isina rusaruro kuchitsamira pamirau yedare.
  • [[[FOL:0] Musha weExplore [ nomukwirirwi, uchishandisa miuyo yokutonga (kana kuti kushaikwa kwazvo) sechokushandisa.
  • [ Appel? Cherekedza: Hapana rutongeso rwokupedzisira runoshuviwa kubva mukusarurama. Chinongogona kuva chikumbiro bedzi kana mutongi akaita chikanganiso mukuzivisa zvikanganiso, izvo zvisingawanzowaniki.

Plattiff ’ chisarudzo chinotsamira pasimba roufakazi hwavo, pfuma inowanika, uye bviro yokuwana chisarudzo chakanaka mukutonga kwechipiri.

Kuedza Murevereri

Mupomerwi mumhaka yavagari vemo haasati achisunungurwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi rakaturikwa. Vanoramba vachiratidzirwa zvizere kukutaura kumwe cheteko kwemhosva. Pashure pokutonga kusina kururama, mukwirirwi anofanira kusarudza kana kuchifanira:

  • [ Defend zvakare mudare rekudzosera, uko kunoreva kudzokorora muitiro wose wokubatanidza.
  • [[FT:0] Kutsvaga kugarwa kuti udzivise ndyiko nokusava nechokwadi kweimwe muedzo.
  • Kuedza kuita kuti mhaka idzingwe [ pazvikonzero zveprocedual kana kuchibvira (mh., mutemo wenhau dzine ganhuriro kana kuti zvimwe zvinodzivirira kutsunga zvingave zvakamutswa pakuvamba).

Nokuda kwavakwirirwi, vatongi vakaturikwa vanogona kurangarirwa sorukundo rushomanene, zvikurukuru kana mhaka yacho yakanga isina kusimba kana kuti mutongi airamba achivakotseka.

Zvirongwa Zvinozoshandiswazve

Pashure pokunge dare raziviswa, dare richaronga chaizvoizvo musangano wenzvimbo. Pakutonga ikoko, mutongi achagadza musi mutsva wokutonga kana kuti kubvunza vapamberi kana vachida kupfuurira. Nguva yokutongazve inogona kusiana zvikuru: mamwe matare anogadza misi mukati memwedzi, nepo kupfupikisa kusinganzwisisiki kungatora gore kana kuti kupfuura.

Nhano huru ndeyokuti papati itsvake kutongwazve (kazhinji kazhinji mupurisa) kugadzira mvumo yokudzorera mhaka nokuda kwokutongwa. Dare richapa chiito kutoti pane danda rapamutemo, rakadai sebvumirano yegweta kana kuti kudzingwa kunoitwa nomupoteri.

Zvinhu Zvinoita Kuti Chisarudzo Chokuwedzera Kuwedzera

Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoremedza zvikuru chisarudzo chacho:

  • [[FOLT:0] Nhetevedzano yeUfakazi: Kana mutongi airamba ari mubato ̱ mhaka yacho yakanga isina simba, vangashaiwa chivimbo mumuuyo wechipiri. Nenzira inopesana, kana vatongi vakanga vachinyanyosendamira nzira imwe (mh., 9-3 nokuda kwevoruzhinji vanodikanwa), mutongi angakurudzirwa kuedzazve.
  • [[FT:0] Cost: Kutonga kwavagari vemo kunodhura. Zvapupu zvinopa mari, mari, uye mari yegweta zvinowedzera. Vaparidzi vangagumisa kuti kupora kungabvira hakururamisi mumwe mutongo.
  • [[FT:0] Nguva: Litigating inogona kupfuurira kwamakore. Kugadziriswazve kunoreva imwe mwedzi inoverengeka kana kuti yakawanda, ingasava inogamuchirika nokuda kwamapati anotsvaka kuvakwa.
  • [[FT:0] Mhedziso: Nhamo yomuedzo haisi duku. Mamwe mapoka, zvikurukuru vanhu vamwe navamwe, angasarudza kugara kuti angopfuurira.
  • [[[FT:0] Commotion: dare rakabatikana rinogona kunonotsa dare. Nguva yakamirira ingasunda mapati kugarisa.

Migariro Yakagadzikana Pashure Pokuva Muduku

Vatongi vakaturikwa kazhinji kazhinji vanoita fashoni yokugadzikiswa. Mativi ose ari maviri zvino aona ufakazi hunopiwa mugadziriro yedare, uye vane pfungwa yedare rinobetsera vatongi ̱ mirangariro (kupfurikidza nebvunzurudzo dzapashure pedare kana kuti mhindu yamasanga inobva kumutongi). aya mashoko matsva anogona kuganhurira mukaha pakati penzvimbo dzezvigaro. Nhau zhinji dzinoguma nedare rakaturikwa pakupedzisira dzinogadzikiswa dare rechipiri risati ravamba.

Murevereri asina kwaakarerekera anogona kubatsira vanhu kuti vaongorore nyaya yacho pasina kubvumirana pasina kuisa mumwe mutongi mungozi kana kuti mutongo wakaipa.

Nzira Dzokudzivisa Kuzvidzora

Vatongi vari kumativi ose ari maviri vane sundo dzokudzivisa vatongi vakaturikwa. Kurokoka kazhinji kazhinji hakudiwi nemhaka yokuti kunosiya muuyo usina chokwadi uye kunomanikidza mapoka kudzokera kumativi mana. Kuvatongi vakaturikwa, kazhinji kazhinji itsotsi nemhaka yokuti vanokundikana kuwana rutongeso. Kuvakwirirwi, vatongi vakaturikwa vangava vari nani kupfuura mutongi anoshanda ̱ chisarudzo, asi chakashata kupfuura chisarudzo chokuzvidzivirira nemhaka yokuti mhaka yacho inopfuurira.

Heano manomano anoshandiswa kuderedza ngozi yedare rinobetsera vatongi mukutongwa kwehurumende:

  • Chisarudzo Chamaune: Mukati mengozi, magweta anogona kuziva ndokubvisa vatongi vanobvira avo vanoratidzika kuva vasingachinjiki kana kuti vasingadi kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Vanosarudza vatongi vanogona nenzira yamaune ndokutevera mutemo vanoderedza mukana wokufa.
  • Kujeka neCompell Pission: Kubatanidza ufakazi kana kuti nharo dzinonyonganiswa dzinoparira kusawirirana pakati pavatongi. Mhaka yakasanorongwa nerondedzero yakajeka inokuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vatongi vasviki vasvike bvumirano.
  • Nhanho dzePromoal: Kuedza kubvisa ufakazi hunofungira mano akaipa kana kuti husingakoshi kunogona kudzivisa zvinotsausa zvingaparira kupesana pakati pedare rinobetsera vatongi.
  • Mirayiridzo: Kukumbira mirayiridzo yakananga iyo inotungamirira vatongi pamusoro penzira yokuyera nayo ufakazi kana kuti kushandisa mutemo kunogona kuvabetsera kuramba vari mugwara. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, magweta anogona kukumbira mirayiridzo inoyeuchidza vatongi vebasa ravo kuedza kusvika mutongo.
  • Kushandiswa kweMitifomu Yechienzi: Chimiro chorutongeso chaicho chinokumbira vatongi kupindura mibvunzo chaiyo panzvimbo pokudzorera chisarudzo chavose. Iyi nzira yakarongeka pane dzimwe nguva inogona kubetsera vatongi kuwana donzo rakafanana panhau imwe neimwe kunyange kana vasingabvumirani pamuuyo wose.

Pasinei zvapo namazano aya, dzimwe nhau dziri pedyo zvapachokwadi kana kuti dzinobatanidza zvitendero zvedare zvapamutemo zvakachengetwa zvakasimba zvisingagoni kuvharwa.

Nzwisiso Nenongedzero Dzapamutemo

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo seri kwemitongo inodzora kutongwa kwevagari vemo kunoda kutarira pamitemo inodzora nyaya dzehurumende. Nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende, chiremera chakafanira ndei Federal Guide of Civil Procedure 48, iyo inokurukura nhamba yedare redare uye chinodikanwa chorutongeso. Mutemo unoti kana mapoka asina kutaura neimwe nzira, chisarudzo chinofanira kubvumiranwa uye chinofanira kudzorerwa nedare remitezo inenge inenge inenge mitanhatu. Kana mutongi akakundikana kuita izvi, dare ringazivisa kutongwa kusina kururama.

Matare akawanda ehurumende ane mitemo yawo amene. Somuenzaniso, California inobvumira chisarudzo chezvitatu nezvina mumhaka dzavagari vemo (9 dze 12 jumpers), nepo New York ichida zviito zvishanu nezvitanhatu zvehurumende mumabasa ehurumende (10: 0. American Bar Association inogovera kupetwa kunoshanda kwemiitiro yedare redare ravagari vemo.

Mamwe manyuko ane chiremera itsananguro ye . Nokuda kwemirau yeGinani reGeneral Information Institute, iyo inotsanangura pfungwa yehuru hwenhau dzakananga. Unogona kurava rondedzero yavo pa LII'SHP'S [. miraudzo yehurumende, [[FLT:] National Center yeState Courts inounganidza mabhii pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvedare rinotonga. [[FLT:]]

Pakupedzisira, kana uri kufunda muitiro wapamutemo, Federal Judication Center inopa bhuku revatongi rinobatanidza nhungamiro yokubata majaji akavharwa. Chikamu chamashoko chinogona kuwanwa [ panzvimbo ye FC . Zvinhu izvi zvinosimbisa kuti nepo juries hadziwanzowanika mumiedzo yavagari vemo (inopinda mu2-5% yezvinoitika), muuyo wadzo pamapati negadziriro yokutonga inokosha.

mhedziso

Vatongi vakaturikwa mukutonga kwevagari vemo inhau yakafa inodzokororwa nguva yedare. Apo vatongi havagoni kusvika voruzhinji kana kuti kusarura, mutongi anozivisa mhaka yacho zvisirizvo, achisiya mhaka yacho pasina chisarudzo. Mutongi anochengeta kodzero yokuronda muedzo mutsva, asi anofanira kuyera ndyiko, ngozi, uye betsero dzokuita kudaro. Varevereri, nepo vasingangoerekani vasingagoni kubvisa, vanogona kubatira dare rakaturikwa kuti vataurire dare rakanaka.

Kunzwisisa simba redare rinobetsera vatongi vapamberi kubetsera dare, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzisi kunzwisisa dzikamo inovavarira pakati porusarudzo neruramisiro mugadziriro yeruramisiro. Bviro yebopoka inosimbisa ukoshi hwoufakazi hwakasimba, hunobudirira, uye kugadziridza chisarudzo. Chingava mhaka yacho inoguma nokutongwazve, nzvimbo, kana kuti kudzingwa, vatongi vakaturikwa vanobatira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti gadziriro yeruramisiro yavagari vemo, nepo isina kukwana, inogovera nzira dzakawanda dzokupedza nadzo magakava nenhau ̬ kunyange apo nhamburiko dzokutanga dzinokundikana.