Pesvedzero Isina Chirevo Yedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinobva kuDare reNyika Gurusa reUnited States hazvipi mitemo kana kuti kuishandisa. Kunzwisisa iyi haisi nhau yezvigaro zvepamutemo zvevatatu vematatu, zvinenge zvichinzi zvisarudzo zvezvigaro zvehurumende.

Hwaro: Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

Madison (1803). Muchisarudzo ichocho, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatanga nheyo yokuongorora, achipa Dare Rapamusoro shoko rokupedzisira pamusoro pezvinoreva Mutemo. Iri simba rinova nenhau dzose dzinotevera dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Pasina iro, Dare raigona kuva nezvikoro zvakabviswa, kodzero dzokuvhotera, kana kuti kudzorwa kwavakuru vakuru.

Nokuda kwomugariwo zvake, hwirudzuro yedare inoreva kuti hakuna mutemo(*kunyarara kwakakurumbira sei neBumbiro remitemo.) Ndicho chikonzero nei hurumende isingagoni kurambidza bhuku nemhaka yokuti haribvumirani nepfungwa dziri mukati, kana kuti nei purezidhendi achifanira kuwirirana nemuputi. Nhau yacho imene ingava namazana maviri amakore, asi inoramba iri injini iri seri kwechisarudzo chiri chose chinotevera.

Zvikoro Nokuenzana: Brown v. Board of Education

Zvichida hapana chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chakava netapuro yakananga zvikuru nenooneka paupenyu hwezuva riri rose kupfuura Brown v. Boka reDzidzo (1954). Dare racho rakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakanga kusina kuenzana, kuputsa dzidziso ye Plassy v. Ferguson (1896).

Pamberi paBrown, mamirioni avana vechiBlack akamanikidzirwa kupinda zvikoro zvakaderera, zvakaparadza pamutemo. Chisarudzo chacho chakaputsa chirongwa chaJim Crow ndokuzarura suo kusangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Nepo dzidzo yakazara inoramba iri hondo inopfuurira, Brown akachinja nzvimbo: nhasi, vana vamadzinza ose vanopinda zviri pamutemo zvikoro zvavose zvimwe chete. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisawo kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira kwete chete kuva nohumwe hunhu hwetsika asiwo pesvedzero chaiyoiyo yenyika yerusaruraganda, nheyo inotambanurira kuva nedzimba, basa, uye pokugara vanhu vose.

Muuyo wezuva riri rose hauenzaniswi. Nguva iri yose mudzidzi anogara mukirasi ine dzinza rimwe, ivo vari kuwana nhaka yaBrown. Nhau yacho yakagadzirawo nzira nokuda kwezvimwe zvirevo zvinorwisana norusaruro, kubatanidza Lovang v. Virginia (1967), izvo zvakaparadza mitemo inorambidza roorano yedzinza rakasiyana - siyana. Murudo yakakuita kuti ive yapamutemo nokuda kwavaroorani vamadzinza akasiana kuti varoore munyika iri yose, (chinorudyi chinotapura kwete bedzi varoorani vavo asi vana vavo, mhuri dzavo, uye nzanga dzavo kwavanogara.

Kuva Woga uye Kuzvitonga Kwako: Kubva kuGriswold Kuenda kuRoe Kuenda kuLawrence

Bumbiro reMitemo haridudzi maruramiro okuvanzika. Bva Dare Rapamusorosoro rakawana kuti maruramiro e “penzura” ne“ pamutemo” weBill of Rights. Iyi nhau yakavamba ne Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1965], yakarova mutemo wakarambidza varoorani kushandisa kuvhara pamuviri. Chisarudzo chakadzivirira zvisarudzo zvapedyo zvikurusa vanhu vanogona kuita muvhozhokeri yehurumende.

Roe v. Wade [773]) yakatambanudzira kuvandika ikoko kumaruramiro omukadzi okubvisa pamuviri. Kwaanodokusvika makumi mashanu amakore, Roe wakanga uri mutemo wenyika, achivimbisa maruramiro emitemo okusarudza. Kunyange pashure pokunge Dare rachinja Roe mu [[FLT:] Dobs [v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], hondo dzapamutemo dzakatevera dzinosimbisa zvikuru kuti izvi zvinoitika zvinotapura sei utano hwemhuri yezuva nezuva, kuronga kwezve mari. Kudzosera kwaRoe kunodzorera nhau yacho kumashoko, revo revo revo inotsamira panzvimbo yaanogara.

Ravrence v. Texas [2003] yakaputsa mitemo iyo yakaita kuva pedyo kwohuhuhure. Pamberi paLawrence, ngochani nevatano yavakadzi vaigona kusungwa nemhaka bedzi yokupinda muvatano yevatano yevatano yavanhu vari voga mumisha yavo vamene. Mhaka yacho inoderedza ukama hwavanhu vakuru uye yakavanza fandesheni nokuda kwekuenzana mu Obergefell v. Hodges[FLTQ+] (2020). Nokuda kwamamirioni eLGBQ, Lawrence naObergesafell inoreva kuti mhuri dzavo dzinozivikanwa, ukama hwavo hwakakodzera, uye rudo rwavo harusi utsotsi.

Iyi nhau yakavanzika inoumba nzira iyo vanhu vanorarama nayo upenyu hwavo hwomunhu oga zvikurusa: nzira iyo vanoumba nayo mhuri, vanoita zvisarudzo zvokurapa, uye vanoratidzira uchokwadi hwavo.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nokutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Dare Repamusorosoro rakadudzira dziviriro idzi dzakawanda munhau dzinozivikanwa dzinotapura kutaura kwezuva nezuva.

.Nkaro yacho yaibatanidza vadzidzi vakanga vakapfeka zvibairo zvitema kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Des Moines Independent School Community [1969] [1] yakataura kuti vadzidzi hava “pini yemitemo yavo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi rechikoro.] Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza vadzidzi vakanga vakapfeka mhambwe dzeminwe kuti vatsunge hondo yeVietnam. Dare rakatonga kuti zvikoro zvaigona bedzi kuranga kutaura kunoparira kudzongova. Mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe anopfeka pini yezvamatongerwe enyika, anonyora nyaya inomutsa nharo mupepanhau rechikoro, kana kuti anoronga betsero yokufamba kubva kuTiker. Inodzivirira manzwi avanhu vaduku muzvikoro zvavose, inoumba mugariro wenzanga.

Citizens United v. Federal Enfation Commission (2010) yakatanga kutaura norusununguko munzira yakasiana. Dare rakaramba kuti makambani namasangano ane maruramiro mamwe chetewo eFirst Amendment savanhu okushandisa mari isina kuganhurirwa pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ichi chisarudzo chakazarura masuo efanhirefafa dzepfuma kuti dzidzore sarudzo. Vatsi vanotaura kuti chinodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuvhota. Pasinei zvapo nomurangariro womunhu, vagari vemubatanidzwa vaUnited vakachinja kuti purofiti vashambadzi vanoshandisa sei, kuti mafashamo yeterevhizheni nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, uye kuti vagari vemo vanonzwisisa sei pesvedzero yemari mumatongerwe enyika.

Dare racho ragara richidzivirira kunyange kutaura kusingafarirwi nevakawanda, chero bedzi risingakuchidzi chisimba kana kuti kusasvibisa vamwe.

Kupa Kodzero Nokutora Rutivi

Kodzero yokuvhota inokosha kukusarudzwa navanhu, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabudisa chisarudzo chechiratidzo icho chinogona kuumba uyo anogona kuvhota uye nzira iyo sarudzo dzinoitwa nayo.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) yakaputsa gadziriro huru yeVoting Rights Act ya1965 iyo yaida nyika dzakati nenhau yorusaruro kuti dziwane mvumo yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Kutonga kwakasunungura hurumende idzodzo kuti dziise mitemo mitsva yeID inovhota, kuvhotera nzvimbo, uye zvirongwa zvokudzosa. Chisarudzo chaireva mitsetse mirefu, nzvimbo dzokuvhotera, uye, mune dzimwe zviitiko, mhinganidzo huru zvikuru kuisa. Nhau inotapura zvakananga kusununguka kana kuti chitambudzo chokuvhotera, izvo chiito chezuva riri rapasi nokuda kwamamirioni mukati nhambo dzokuvhotera.

Reynolds v. Sims (1964) yakatanga nheyo ye “munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe,” ichida kuti maruwa emitemo ave akaenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo. Pamberi paReynolds, maruwa omumaruwa kazhinji kazhinji akanga ane simba gurusa rine chokuita nenharaunda dzomuguta. Mutongo wakavimbisa kuti vhoti yoga yoga yoga ive nouremu hwakaenzana, inotapura kuti vamiririri vanosarudzwa sei uye kuti inhauinogamuchira ngwariro mumitemo yenyika.

Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinosarudza kana nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzichiwanika mumitauro yakawanda, uye kana vanhu vakabatira mitsetse yavo vachikwanisa kubatana nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Simba reHurumende Neganhuriro Dzechiremera

Zviitiko zvinoratidzira zvinogona uye zvisingagoni kuitwa nehurumende, zvichidzivirira vagari vemo pakunyengerwa.

United States v. Nixon [19974]) yakabva mumhosho yeWatergate. Dare rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi Nixon aifanira kuvhura tepi inorekodwa ine chokuita nebvunzo, kuramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo yechiremera. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Nokuda kwavagari vemowo zvavo, mhaka inosimbisa nheyo yokuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kupindura nokuda kwezviito zvavo.

Mira v. Arizona (66) yaida mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro awo okuramba akanyarara uye kuva negweta pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa. “Mvumo yeMiranda” zvino rutivi rwenguva dzose rwokusungwa. Mhaka inodzivirira vanhuwo zvavo kuti vasamanikidzwa kuzviita vasingadi. Inotapura munhu upi noupi anoendeswa muusungwa hwemapurisa, achivimbisa kuti vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) akavimbisa maruramiro ezano rapamutemo nokuda kwavapomeri vemhosva avo vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta. Pamberi paGidheoni, murombo aigona kutarisana nokutongwa pasina mufananidzo. Chisarudzo chakasika murwi. Vanhu vakaderera vanopomerwa mhosva, Gidheoni anoreva kuti vane mukana wokurwa mudare. Iko kururamisira mutsika youtsotsi.

Mativi akafanana na Mapp v. Ohio (1961) uye Terry v. Ohio [1968]) anodzora kunzvera nokukwirira nokumisa miitiro yekotsekano yavose nemhiko dzechakavanzika. Iyi mirau inotapura zviitiko nokuchengetwa kwomutemo zuva riri rose: izvo mapurisa anoda kunzvera motokari, nzira yaanogona nayo kumisa nayo mumwe munhu mumugwagwa, uye ufakazi huri pakati pekotsekano yavose nechakavanzika chavanhu vamwe navamwe zvinoedzwa nguva dzose, uye mienzaniso yeDare rinogadza miganhu.

Zvinhu, Kutengeserana, uye Upenyu Hwemari

Dare rapamusoro rinopesvedzerawo zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvemari. Kelo v. Guta reNew London (2005]) (2005) rakabvumira hurumende kutora zvinhu zvayo zvomunhu oga nokuda kwefambiro mberi yemari muhurumende yakakurumbira. Chisarudzo chacho chakamutsa kupesana ndokutungamirira nyika dzakawanda kumitemo inoganhurira kudzivirira varidzi vezvinhu. Kuna vanasaimba namabhizimisi, Kelo akasimudza mativi okushandisa nawo simba rokushurikidza.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) akatsigira chirevo chomunhu oga cheAffordhable Care Act somutero, kuchengeta chinjo dzeinishuwarenzi youtano. Chisarudzo chacho chakabvumira mamirioni eAmerica kuwana bhazi, kuchitapura kusvika kwavo kutarisiro yezvokurapa nechengeteko yemari. Court yakaganhurira simba reChemssion pasi peChomme Clausce, ichiratidzira kuti hamubato wose wezvemari unogona kudzorwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kududzira kunoita Dare reChongedzero yaClaus kunoratidza kana hurumende yehurumende ichigona kudzora kusvibiswa kwemhepo, mibayiro shoma, kana kuti kudyidzana paIndaneti.

Mhuri, Roorano, uye Ugaro

Kupfuura wirirano yeroorano, Dare rakataura pamusoro pekodzero dzavabereki, kodzero dzokuchengeta mwana, uye mutemo wemhuri. Santosky v. Kramer (1982) (1982) raidavira kuti hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yayo kupfurikidza no “ufakazi hwakajeka uye hunopwisa” isati yagumisa kodzero dzavabereki. Iyi mitemo inodzivirira mhuri pakubviswa kusina kururama kwavana. Troxel v.GraNK[FLK[FLY:3] [2000]

Nyaya idzi dzinotaura nezvezvinhu zvinonyatsopindirana muupenyu hwemhuri, dzinosarudza kuti ndiani anogona kurera mwana, ndiani anochengetwa nemwana, uye kuti nyika inopindira sei munhau dzemhuri.

Muuyo Wakaipa Wezango

Mhaka imwe neimwe inoita zvinopfuura kupedza gakava rimwe. Inogadza muenzaniso unotungamirira matare enguva yemberi, vaiti vemitemo, uye vagari vemo. Brown haina kungobvisa bedzi kubvisa zvikoro; yakagovera hwaro hwapamutemo hweChirevo chekodzero dzeChivil Act ye 1964 uye Voting Rights Act ye 1965. ROE[ haina kungodzivirira chete kubvisa pamuviri; yakasimbisa kodzero huru yokuvandika iyo inopfuurira kupesvedzera nhau pamusoro pekudzivisa kubata pamuviri, vatano, uye mashoko okurapa.

Apo Dare Gurusa rinotonga muenzaniso, sezvarakaita mu maDobs kana Brown[ anonyanyovhura [[[[FLT:]] P [FLT]], kuchinja imharadzi. Inodzosa kuvhurumuka kupfurikidza netsika dzepamutemo nenzanga. Upenyu hwezuva riri rose hunochinja: mitemo mitsva, dziviriro yekare, uye vanhu vanofanira kugadziridza. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoitika zvinobetsera vagari vemo kukarira uye kuita chinjo mumaruramiro avo nemabasa.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayo vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo

Kuziva pamusoro pezvinoitika zvechiratidzo chevhu kunosimbisa vanhu kuzvireverera vamene navamwe. Mubereki ane mwana anotarisana nechirango nokuda kwokutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika anogona kududza [ . muvhoti anodenhwa nechinodikanwa chitsva chinogona kunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza Shelby County. Munhu amiswa namapurisa anogona kuyeuka [[[FLT: 4.] MET] uye [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

Kurava mifungo chaiyoiyo yaiwanika panzvimbo dzakadai se Project kana kuti .NUURORO yeDare [ iyi inzira inowanika yokukudza nayo nzwisiso. Kutevera pepanhau rapamutemo rakadai se [[FLT:] SCOUSBOLY[ kunobetsera kunzvera kuti nhau itsva dzingadzosera sei upenyu hwezuva riri rose. Masangano edzidzo akafanana ne Constitution Center yeRefectal [FLT]]

Dare Rapamusoro - soro harisi kure. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinoiswa muzvinhu zvezuva nezuva zveAmerica.Kunyange zviri mukirasi, pachiteshi chokuvhota, muchipatara, kana kuti kungotaurawo zvako pfungwa dzomunhu, Bumbiro reMitemo ibenyu, uye tsananguro dzeDare racho dzinoumba kodzero dzatinowanzorerutsa. Kunzwisisa nhau dzemagweta enzvimbo dzinooneka hakusi kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kwega kuga kwega kwega kunoda kuziva kuti nei rusununguko rwavo rwezuva nezuva ruripo.