Ukama pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende hunoumba anenge mativi ose oupenyu muUnited States, kubva kumhepo yaunofema kuenda kurezeranisi raunotyaira nayo. Kunzwisisa uyo anoita mitemo kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inomanikidzirwa sei, uye pane dzimwe nguva inodenhwa mumitezo yakasiana - siana yehurumende. Iyi ganhuriro, inozivikanwa sehurumende, haina kubatana; yakashanduka mumazana amakore edudziro yebumbiro remitemo, rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye miraudzo yedare.

Mavambo Enhau Echiremera Chehurumende Nechinzvimbo

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende yenyika kwakanga kuri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwamaune kwakabva mukundikano yeTheas of Confederation. Muchinyorwa ichocho chokutanga, hurumende yenyika yakanga ine chiremera chiduku (saigona kubhadhara mutero, kudzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kumanikidza mitemo zvakananga pavanhu vamwe navamwe. Muuyo wakanga uri mubatanidzwa usina kusimba uye kazhinji kazhinji wakanyongana.

Chibvumirano cheConstitution muPhiladelphia cha 1787 chakatanga kuumba hurumende yakasimba zvikuru apo yaichengeta uchangamire hwehurumende. Chigadzikiso chaiva gadziriro yehurumende umo Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza masimba chaiwo ehurumende yorudzi ndokuchengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende. Vavambi, vachinyora mu Federalist Papers[, vakataura kuti uchangamire uhwu huviri huchadzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokudzivisa hurumende ipi neipi inova nesimba rakanyanya. James Machidia, muFederalist No. 45, akakurumbira kuti masimba anogoverwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende ndi "whick uye anorondedzerwa," nepo hunosara namasangano ari "wna munhambari napal".

Kushanda Kwesimba Rakakamukana kweBumbiro Romutemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa kuvaka nokuda kwenzira iyo chiremera chehurumende nechehurumende chiri pamwe chete nayo.

Simba Rakagoverwa (Rakagoverwa kuHurumende YeFederal)

Masimba akarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Iwaya anobatanidza:

  • Kutarisira kutengeserana kwepakati penyika nekwekumwe
  • Kuzivisa hondo nokukwidza mauto
  • Kutenga mari uye kuronga kukosha kwayo
  • Kuronga basa repositi uye migwagwa yepapombi
  • Kupa kodzero dzine kodzero uye kodzero dzokuita zvinhu
  • Kuita kuti matare ehurumende ave akaderera kuDare Repamusorosoro

Chikamu chemashoko chezvokutengeserana chanzi “chinopa Congress simba rokudzora zvokutengeserana naMarudzi okumwe, uye pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka, uye neIndian Trational") chave chiri chimwe chemanyuko akanyanyopiwa uye akakura echiremera chehurumende.

Masimba Akashandiswa Nezvakafanira uye Zvakafanira

Masimba anoshandiswa haatsatiswi zvakananga asi anorangarirwa kuva ari madikanwa kuita masimba akaverengwa. Nesarudzo neFanise Claus (Nyanganiswa, Chikamu 8, Claus 18) inopa Dare chiremera kuita kuti "Mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa uye yakafanira kutakura mukuita masimba achangobva kududzwa." Chikamu ichi chinobvumira hurumende yehurumende kukudza kusvika kwayo munharaunda dzakadai sebhangi, chengetedzo youtano, uye murairo wemhoteredzo.

Mutongo wedare gurusa Mcloch v. Maryland (119) wakasimbisa kuva kwebumbiro remitemo ramasimba anorehwa. Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harigoni kududza simba rose reDare ringada, uye kuti Nheyo neSano Calaus akapa Call chisarudzo chakafara kuti asarudze nzira yokuita nayo migumo yaro.

Masimba Akachengetwa: Mutemo we10

Dare re10 Remisi yeMitemo rinobatira sehwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende. Rinorava, kuti: “Masimba asina kupiwa United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa neUnited States, kana kuti navanhu." Iyi bvumirano inoganhurira zvakajeka hurumende yehurumende kumasimba ayo akadudzwa uye inochengeta masimba egamuchidzanwa amapurisa enyika.

Hurumende, naizvozvo, dzine chiremera chikuru:

  • Dzidzo (pashure pechikoro, mari, kurumbidzwa)
  • Kuchengeteka kwevanhu vose nomutemo weutsotsi (mhosva dzakawanda imhosva dzehurumende)
  • Kugadzira mamejasitiriti (vanachiremba, magweta, vagetsi)
  • Kushandiswa kwenyika nokugarwa
  • Roorano nomutemo wemhuri (kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana)
  • Vanotarisira zvirongwa zvezvirongwa (kunyoresa, nzvimbo dzokuvhota)

Chirango Chakashata chaClaus: Apo Mutemo Wehurumende Unobudirira

Chikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo chine kuva mutevedzeri waClaus , icho chinozivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mirau yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano i "Mutemo mukurusa weNyika". Ikoku kunoreva apo mitemo nehurumende inorwisana, uye mutemo wehurumende unofanira kupa. Kusunungurwa kwehurumende kunogona kuratidzwa (Cederal defig anotaura zvakajeka kuti kunoronga kutsiva mutemo wehurumende) kana kuti kurehwa (rangano yehurumende inotonga inoreva kuti inova yakakwana kwazvo zvokuti haisiyi nzvimbo yechiito chehurumende).

Zvisinei, Supremacy Claus haifaniri kukanganisa pamutemo wose wehurumende. Matare anofanira kutanga kusarudza kana hurumende yehurumende yakaita chaizvoizvo mukati memasimba ayo akaverengwa. Kana mutemo wehurumende unopfuura masimba iwayo, haugoni kufanorongera mutemo wehurumende. Iyi nheyo yakanga iri chinhu chikuru kunzvero yeDare Gurusa mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20:2) , apo Dare rakatsigira maruramiro eAffordcable Carect sechirect yomutemo womutemo asi wakakudzosa gadziriro yaizodaidzwa kukudza Midia mutyisidziro yokurasikirwa neripo.

Simba Riripo: Chiremera Chinogoveranwa

Mabasa mazhinji ehurumende anoitwa nedzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. masimba akabatana anobatanidza mano omutero, kukwereta mari, kuvaka migwagwa, mabhangi emitemo yekomupiti, uye kuisa mitemo. Apo mwero yose iri miviri inoita, Supremacy Clausle inovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoita kuti kana usingawirirani.

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara mutero. Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende dzinogona kuisa mitero yemari.

Nharaunda Dzazvino Uno Dzekakavadzano Pakati Pehurumende Nechiremera Chehurumende

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri namashanu rakaona hondo dzakakomba pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira yesimba. Pasi apa pane nharaunda huru umo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende yakabonderana, kazhinji kazhinji ichiita misoro mikuru yenhau uye inosvika Dare Rapamusorosoro.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Panosvika 2025, inopfuura hafu yehurumende dzeU.S. yakanyoresa pamutemo mishonga kana kuti mbanje. Asi pasi pe Controled Substances Act [1970], cannabis inoramba iri dhiragi I (Illegal panhamba yehurumende. Izvozvi zvinoparira kupesana kwapamutemo: kugovera kwapamutemo kunoshanda pachena, bva vashandi navaridzi vanoisa pangozi kupiwa mhosva nomutemo. Department yeSarudzo muvara remitemo inodzosera pamutemo yabudisa nhungamiro (um., Cole Memoterancerand) inodzosa muruwa dzine miganhuro yakasimba, asi kuti nhungamiro inogona kubviswa kana kuti kubviswa. Magakava anomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemitengo yehurumende yomutemo womutemo unopesana nomutemo.

Mitemo Yokudzora Pfuti

Pedzisai Pedzition yeChipiri, sezvinodudzirwa neDare guru mu Dilief of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Breen (2022) , inodzivirira munhu ane kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Zvisinei, masangano anochengeta chiremera chinokosha chokudzora pfuti mukati memiganhu yavo, nhambo dzokumirira, kurambidza zvombo, uye kuisa mitemo yakavigwa. Hurumende yeFrevel, seBrady Hand Handmun Violect Act and Gun Declate Act ya 1968, inodzika ganhurira mitemo. Paka mitemo inopfumba inodzora muganhu inodzo neyamubatanidzwa nokunyorerwa kwehurumende.

Mitemo Yokutarisira Utano

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakanga iri kukura kwechiratidzo kwechiremera chehurumende pamusoro poutano. Yaida nyika kugadza tsinhano dzoutano, kufutunura Medicaid, uye kuwirirana nemipimo mizhinji yehurumende. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakakwikwidza, dzichipokana uchangamire hwehurumende. MuNFIB v. Seberius, Dare rapamusoro rakadzivirira hurumende kupfurikidza nokuita Medicaid wedzero yezvero yezvoutano pasina kuvhomba.

Kupfuura ACA, rwisano dzinomuka pamusoro pokubvisa mimba. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) rakatendeuka Roe v. Wade ndokudzorera nhau yemirairo yokubvisa pamuviri kunyika. Chifocho, basa remitemo yehurumende rabuda: mimwe inodzivirira kusvika, mimwe inoganhurira kana kuti kubvisa mimba chose chose. Hurumende, kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana neFDA (iyo inodzora kubvisa mimba mifitristone), inopfuurira kushandisa simba, kuchitungamirira kurambidza kupfuurira pamusoro perwisano yemishonga yokubvisa mimba kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende pamusoro pekudzivirira zvinodhaka.

Dziviriro Dzemhoteredzo

Nyika dzinowanzobatira semarabhoratori etsika dzemhoteredzo, kugadza mipimo yakakomba zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. California, pasi pevadzivisi vebumbiro remotokari kubva kuCeal Air Act, yakatanga mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari iyo yakagamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri. Vatarisiri veTrump vakaedza kubvisa chikanganiso cheCalifornia, asi vadzoresi veBiden vakaidzosa. Iri simba rekare-raden ringaenzanisira sei chiremera chehurumende chinogona kuwedzera kana kuti kutsamira pamutezo wehurumende.

Nenzira inopesana, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yehurumende inogona kukurira zvisarudzo zvemhoteredzo yehurumende apo inoputsa mipimo yenyika. Dare Rapamusorosa mu West Virginia v. EPA (2022) yakaderedza mano eEPA okudzora kubudisa mhepo inodziya zvikuru pasi peCeac Air Act, ichisimbisa ganhuriro pamasangano ehurumende anoita pasina bvumirano yakajeka.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Kutora kunofanira kuva nzvimbo yehurumende, asi nyika dzazova dzinoshingaira zvikuru. Sa Arizona, dzimwe nyika dzakaparirwa mitemo (somutoo, S.B. 1070) dzinoda hurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati memiganhu yapamutemo. Dare Gurusa, mu Arizona v. United States (202)[FLT] [1], yakaputsa gadziriro dzinoverengeka sedzakabviswa nomutemo wehurumende asi dzakasiya "ndiratidza mapepa ako" akakotsekana. Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza Texas naFlorida, dzakapfuudza mitemo inoedza kuganhurira dare reguta renyika kana kuti batira pamwe chete nezviremera zvehurumende zvokuvatami vehurumende. Iyi mitemo inopfuurira kutarisana nezvinetso zvebumbiro dzapamutemo.

Basa Remhuri Yevafundisi Mukupedza Kurwisa Kwesimba

Dare Repamusorosoro, zvikurukuru, rakapa mitemo yakasimba uye yakaderedza simba rehurumende nenzira yokuchinja.

Mienzaniso inokosha inobatanidza:

  • [[FFLT:0] McCulloch v Maryland (1819): yakagadza ukuru hwomutemo womubatanidzwa nedzidziso yamasimba anorehwa.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Zvikurukuru yakadudzira chitsama chamashoko chokutengeserana, kupa Congress pedyo nechiremera chokufamba kwepakati penyika.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995)[[FL:1]: Kekutanga mumakumi amakore, yakaputsa mutemo wehurumende (Gun-Free School Zones Act) sesimba rebhizimisi rakakwirira reCongress, rinomutsidzira ganhuriro pachiremera chehurumende.
  • Printz v. United States (1997)[FLT:]: Yakarangarira kuti hurumende yehurumende yaisagona kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kutungamirira gadziriro dzehurumende (iyi nheyo yehurumende ye "Anti-commandering").
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health (202)[FLT: Murairo wokubvisa pamuviri unodzorwa kunyika, uchimirira imwe yechinjo dzinokosha zvikurusa muchiremera chehurumende mumakumi amakore.

Dzidziso inorwisana nemirairo inokosha zvikurukuru muhurumende yazvino uno. Inodzivisa kuraira masangano ehurumende kuisa mitemo yehurumende kupfuudza mitemo yakati kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vatsigire mitemo yehurumende. Iyi nheyo yakadzivirira hurumende pakumanikidzirwa kuisa kuchengetwa kwehurumende kana kuti nzvero dzekare.

Nguva Yemberi Yechirongwa Chokurwisa

Miitiro inoverengeka iri kuumba mhindumupindu inopfuurira yeukama hwehurumende dzehurumende. Yokutanga iwedzero inowedzera yehurumende dzenyika. Sezvo magwenya ehurumende yenyika, masangano akava anopesvedzera zvikuru munharaunda dzemiitiro kuvambira pachivande (California’s Consumer Infishing Act) kusvikira kumurairo wenzanga wezvinobudisa nhau (mitemo yeTexas neFlorida pamusoro pokunzvera chikuva).

Chechipiri kukura kwokushandisa mari kwehurumende: Hurumende dzinopa mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakadai semigwagwa mikuru kana kuti Medicaid, asi dzinobatanidza migariro. Nyika dzinofanira kugamuchira migariro iyoyo kana kuti kurega mari. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa muNFIB v. Sebelius rakaganhurira simba iri apo migariro inodarika muganhu wokumanikidzirwa.

Chechitatu, kumuka kwemacompacts enyika dzepakati nepakati nepakati , kunopa nzira yokuti nyika dzibatire panhau dzakadai sebutbon kana kuti chengeteko yechiteshi chengarava pasina kumirira chiito chehurumende. Mabatanidzwa aya anoda kubvumiranwa kwedare asi anogona kugadzira mitemo inosunga yenharaunda inoshanda zvinobudirira sezvibvumirano zvenzvimbo yehurumende.

Pakupedzisira, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nemashoko zviri kubuda senzvimbo itsva dzokurwa. United States yakadai seIllinois (Biomet Information Activity Act) uye Virginia (Consumer Data Protection Act) yakanyandura mitemo yakavanzika inopfuura mipimo yehurumende. Makambani kazhinji kazhinji anonyunyuta kuti kuwirirana nehurumende dzakawanda dzenyika kunorema, asi vatsigiri vanotaura kuti masimba ehurumende okuvandudza achaita chiito.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pechiremera chehurumende nesimba rehurumende rutivi rune simba uye runowanzokakavadzana rwekudzora kweAmerica. Harusi muganhu wakagadzwa asi igadziriro mhenyu inochinjika kupfurikidza negadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo, kutonga kweDare Rapamusorosoro, uye chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagari vanonzwisisa mabasa omwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutora rutivi mukurukurirano pamusoro pomuitiro uye kutsigira nokuda kwamaruramiro avo nenzira inobudirira.

Nyaya yacho ingava mbanje, pfuti, kuchengeteka, kana kuti mhoteredzo, mubvunzo mukuru unoramba uri mumwe chetewo: ndiani anoita mitemo? Mhinduro inotsamira kwete bedzi pane zvinotaurwa neBumbiro remitemo asiwo pamadzikamirwo atinoitwa isu, serudzi, tichidzikamisa nawo tsika dzokubatana kwerudzi uye rusununguko rwomunzvimbomo. Sezvinonzi ne10 Completementation tisungwe, masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States anochengeterwa nyika ne(kana kuti vanhu. Chikamu ichocho ndicho chirevo chemitemo yeAmerica yeAmerica, uye chakakodzera kudzivirira.