Chiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika: Chinobva Kupi?

Nhau yokuva pamutemo ndeyenhando. hurumende ingava nesimba asi isina chiremera kana vadzorwi vayo vasingagamuchiri kodzero yayo yetsika kana kuti yapamutemo yokutonga. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inogara muudzori bedzi kupfurikidza neuto ingashandisa simba asi kwete chiremera. Nenzira yakapesana, hurumende yakasarudzwa nehurumende inotevedzerwa inotevera miitiro yebumbiro remitemo inowanzova nechiremera chakapararira. Nokudaro, kufundwa kwechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri kunzvera kurondedzera kuti chiremera chinodudzwa sei uye kunzvera kwomupimo apo chinoruramiswa.

Manyuko Echiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chiremera hachisi chinhu chinongoerekana chavapo, chinobva mumanyuko mamwe chete kana kuti akawanda anopa vatongi kana kuti masangano kodzero inofungidzirwa kuva ine chokuita nokutonga.Aya manyuko anowanzovapowo mukushanda, asi anogona kuva akasiyana. zvinotevera ndiwo manyuko makuru anozivikanwa mumufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutendera Vari Kutongwa

Pfungwa yokuti chiremera chinobva mukubvuma kweavo vanodzorwa ibwe renheyo rerondedzero yedemocracy yazvino uno. Maererano neiyi rondedzero, vanhu vanobvuma nokuzvidira kupa dzimwe dzerusununguko rwavo kudare rinodzora mukutsinhana nokuda kwedziviriro yekodzero dzavo dzakasara uye kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro yavose. Uku kubvumira kungava kwakajeka, semubvumirano yetsika kana kuti chiito chokuvhota, kana kuti kuregeredza, kunoreva kupfurikidza nokupfuurira kugara uye kutora rutivi munzanga. Tsika yenzanga (* yakabatanidzwa nenyanzvi dzakafanana naThoma, John Locke, uye Jean-Jacques Rouseaus Rousseau), uye kubvumira vanhu vose kuti vasarukidzwe. Mubvumirano chazvino uno.

Gamuchidzanwa

Chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa chinowana maruramiro acho mutsika dzakatangwa kwenguva refu, miitiro, uye mienzaniso izvo zvakagamuchirwa muzvizvarwa. Mumiitiro yakadaro, vatongi vane simba nemhaka yokuti vakarigara nhaka kana kuti nemhaka yokuti ivo vane nzira dzinokudzwa dzenguva dzokurongeka nzanga. Masangano ehurumende, mabhinya edzinza, uye mahofisi oubati ushe hwaMwari kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anovimba nechiremera chegamuchidzanwa. Somuenzaniso, umambo hweBritain hunochengeta chiremera chokufananidzira murutivi nemhaka yokuti chakasimba mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa. Chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa chinogovera dzikamo nekupfuurira, asi chinogonawo kudzivisa chinjo dziri madikanwa. Weber akacherekedza kuti chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji itsika yomunhu oga uye yakavakirwa pakuvimbika kumutongi chaiye panzvimbo yemitemo isinganzwisisiki. Kufanira kwahwo kunogona kuderera apo tsika dzinodenhwa mukuwirirana nekano yazvino unovambwa kana kuti apo vatongi vanoputsa kariro dzakadzika.

Coercion

Nepo kumanikidza kuchiwanzosimudzirwa muchimiro chechiremera chapamutemo, kunogona kuva manyuko echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chimene mumigariro yakati. Apo boka rinotonga rinoshandisa simba kana kuti tyisidziro yesimba kutanga udzori, uye kana uku kudzora kukapfuurira kwenguva refu zvakakwana kuti kugamuchirwe semugariro wenguva dzose wenhau, kumanikidza kungachinja kuva chimiro chechiremera chechiremera chechiremera. Zvigaro zvamambo zvinowanzovamba nokudzvinyirira kudarika mwero / kuputsa kwemauto, kudzvinyirira kunoitwa nokusatenderwa kwechisimba kwechisimba, kupfurikidza nokushanda kwemari, mashoko anoparadzirwa, kana kuti kupiwa simba. Coercion oga haawanzobudisa chiremera chisingaperi; vanhu vanoteerera nemhaka yorutyo kwete pfungwa yomusengwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, simba rokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji rinova rutivi rwechiremera, nemhaka yokuti kunyange mapurisa ane chiremera nemauto anotsigirwa mitemo.

Kutungamirira Kwounyengeri

Chiremera chinopa chiremera chinobva mumavara omunhu oga anoshamisa omutungamiriri($hero, utsvene, chiono chokuchinja, kana kuti simba rokusada kurangarira) (zviya zvinonyandura kuzvipira nokuvimbika pakati pavateveri). Kusafanana nechiremera chegamuchidzanwa kana kuti chemitemo, charmasta ndeyechienzi uye kazhinji kazhinji inoputsa miraudzo yakagadzwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza vatangi vorudzidziso saJesu kana kuti Muhamma, vapanduki vezvamatongerwe enyika vakadai seMahatma Ganslandhi kana kuti Nelson Mandela, uye vatungamiriri venguva yehondo sechipo vakafanana naWinston Churchilla. Vatungamiriri vechikanamato vanowanzobuda mukati nhambo nenhambo yenjodzi kana kuti nhambo yemitemo. Chiremera chavo hachishanduki nemhaka yokuti chinotsamira pakubudirira uye chikumbiro chomunhu oga oga. Weber akarondedzera "kuchinja mufambiro wechapupu" somuitiro wesimba rinochinja kuva zvimwe zviito zvokuchinja.)

Chiremera Chomutemo

Chiremera chezvomutemo ndicho chimiro chakapararira zvikurusa munyika dzazvino uno. Chinovakirwa pagadziriro yemitemo yakarongwa, miitiro, uye mitemo inogamuchirwa seyapamutemo nenzanga. Chiremera chinobatanidzwa nehofisi, kwete vanhu, uye chinoshandiswa mumiganhu yakanyorwa. Hurumende, Hurumende dzemitemo, uye masangano edare apamutemo. Vagari vemo vanoteerera mitemo kwete nemhaka yokuvimbika kwomunhu oga kumutongi, asi nemhaka yokuti vanogamuchira gadziriro yepamutemo inoita mitemo iyoyo. Weber akarangarira chimiro ichi chechiremera kuva chakanaka nechakanaka zvikurusa, sezvo chinobvumira nokuda kwokudeya kutemwa uye kudzorwa. Zvisinei, inogonawo kuva isati iri yomuzvarirwo uye isingachinjiki, inotungamirira ku "ircarey" yemasangano emitemo.

Uzivi Hwechiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kupfuura manyuko anozivisa, vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakatanga tsananguro dzakadzama dzechikonzero nei chiremera chichiruramiswa uye kuti chinofanira kuva chakarongeka sei.

Dzidziso Yenzanga

Tsigino yenzanga inoparirwa nerondedzero yerondedzero yokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinomuka kubva pabvumirano pakati pavanhu kuti vaumbe nzanga ndokugadza hurumende. Thomas Hobbes, mu Leviathan[, yakataura kuti mumugariro wechisiko (mamiriro ezvinhu echinofungwa nehurumende) aizova "hondo yavose mukurwisana navose. Kupukunyuka kusachengeteka uku, sungano yokupa kodzero dzavo kumukuru mukuru mukuru anogona kumanikidza rugare. John Locke shanduro yakasununguka: mumugariro wechisiko, vanhu vane maruramiro emuzvarirwo, asi aya haana kuchengetedzwa. [Imbadzo inobvumiranwa kudzorwa kwechipoka]. [[3]

Kodzero Youmwari Yamadzimambo

Kwamazana amakore, vatongi vakataura kuti chiremera chavo chakagadzwa zvakananga naMwari. Iyi dzidziso, inozivikanwa sekodzero youmwari yamadzimambo, yaidavira kuti madzimambo anozvidavirira bedzi kuna Mwari uye kuti kupandukira chivi. Yakapesvedzera zvikuru muEurope yapakuvamba, netsigiro dzakafanana naMambo James I weEngland naBhishopi Jacques-Bénigne Bossue muFrance. Dzidziso yakagovera ruramiso ine simba nokuda kwehurumende yakakwana, yakabatanidza teerero yezvamatongerwe enyika kumubato worudzidziso. Zvisinei, dzidziso youmwari yakadenhwa neNjeko, rondedzero yenzanga, uye kumuka kwechibvumirano chemitemo yapamutemo. Yakaputsika zvikuru muAmerica neFrance, kunyange zvazvo zvisaririra mumitezo yapamutemo umo chigaro chiri musoro wechechi. Nhasi, youmwari idzidziso yenhau inopfuura yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi inogona kuratidzira sei simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. [5]

Dzidziso YamaMarx

Karl Marx naFriedrich Engels vairangarira chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika sechiratidzo chokutonga kweboka. Mukunzvera kwavo, hurumende chishandiso cheboka rinotonga. "Bourgeoisie(arenzi) yaidzorwa kudzvinyirira proletariat ndokuchengeta kushandisa zvisina kufanira kwavanakamaritari. Kudzorwa kwapamutemo, mune iyi mirangariro, inzvimbo inotonga inoratidzira: rondedzero inoshandisa pfungwa, mutemo, uye kumanikidza kuita kuti chiremera chayo chiratidzike sechinhu chiri chomuzvarirwo uye chisingadzivisiki. Nyika, kure nokumirira kurwisana kwakanaka, kufarira vateshina zvinhu. Dzidziso yaMarx nokudaro inoramba kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika munzanga dzezvoukurusaro zvirokwazvo chapamutemo; chinongovawo hacho chifukidzo chesimba reboka. Muteshivi, mukuwirirana naMarxism, kuputsa hurumende yehurumende yeboka reboka renyika, apo rondedzero yehurumende inoshongedzerwa nokuda kwezvimiro zvehurumende zvedzinza renyika, inogona kubatira sei.

Mirangariro Yechikadzi

Nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzavakadzi dzakanzvera kuti mifungo yegamuchidzanwa yechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika yakaitwa sei. Vanopikisa kuti chiremera chakavakwa kare kare sechirume. Nemhaka yekuti, mamiriro ezvinhu echiPutukezi akabatanidzwa nendangariro, simba, uye udzori (apo vakadzi vakabviswa kana kuti vakaisirwa kumabasa echibharo, emhuri). Nyanzvi dzechikadzi dzakadai saCare Pateman naNancy Fraser dzakasimbisa kuti chibvumirano chenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chinobatanidza chimiro chamadzitateguru. Somuenzaniso, chiPitaman chebvumirano chetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzenzanga dzinozivikanwa navakadzi zvinoratidza kuti chibvumirano chekare chakanga chisati chiri chibvumirano chezvamatongerwe enyika bedzi asi chibvumirano chevatano icho vakadzi vakaderera. Mirangariro yenzanga yetsika dzamagariro iyoyo inobatanidza kubatira pamwe chete, uye kubatanidza. Vanosimbisawo kukoshesa kudzodzo dzetsikano dzenhau dzenhau dzenzanga kukuita nokudzosera mamiriro ezvinhu zvenzanga.

Vanyoresi Nedzimwe Dzidziso Dzazvino Uno

Puranst rondedzero, yakabatanidzwa nenyanzvi saRobert Dahl, inoramba kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika mugadziriro dzedemokrasi chinoparadzirwa pakati pamapoka akawanda (8-mapoka anowirirana, mapoka, mabureaucracy (anokwikwikwidzana nokuda kwepesvedzero. Hapana chiremera chimwe chinodzorwa kupfurikidza nokutaurirana nokubvumirana. Uku kunopesana nerondedzero yakakwirira (C. Wrights, Gaetano Mosca), iyo inorangarira kuti boka rokutonga kworumbiso ramato rinoshandisa simba nguva dzose. Dzimwe nzira dzapanguva ino dzinobatanidza uzivi huzhinji (Chouffaise), dzinoona kusawirirana nezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chiito chePüngen Habbermas, izvo zvinorangarira nenzira inonzwika mukuwirirana. Idzidzo dzinoratidzira kuva nokurwisana kwehurumende dzazvinopesana nguva dzose, uye kupesana. Muteveri wehurumende youtsikinyo.

Kunetsa Kwechiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika Kwazvino Uno

Manyuko nerondedzero zvechiremera hazvisati zvichingovawo hazvo pfungwa dzisiri dzendangariro; zvinoumba zvakananga kuti kushanda kwokudzora kunoshanda sei muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Nekusarudza

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, manyuko makuru echiremera ibvumiro yechiremera, inoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nevhota dzenguva dzose, dzapachena, uye dzinoruramisira. Kusarudza kunobatira somutoo wokupa nawo chiremera kwechinguvana, kuchibvumira vagari vemo kuzvidavirira kuva vatungamiriri. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinotonga dzinotarisana nedenho: kuvhota, pesvedzero yemari mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye kumuka kwechiito chehurumende yehurumende kunogona kubvisa maruramiro anofungidzirwa ezvisarudzo. Apo vagari vanodavira kuti sarudzo inoisa kana kuti inofuratira zvisarudzo zvavo, chiremera. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kunjodzi ine maruramiro, apo kunyange hurumende dzakasarudzwa nenzira yapamutemo dzinorwisa kurayira kuteerera. Kuchengeta chiremera chehurumende dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa zvinogona kubvisa kwete bedzi pamutemo asi kudzokorodza kusarura nokubatanidzwa.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Neganhuriro Dzechiremera

Gadziriro dzazvino uno dzekodzero dzavanhu dzinoisa miganhu pachiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasi pomutemo wamarudzi ose, mashoko anosungirwa kuremekedza dzimwe maruramiro makuru(hwunominuko yekutaura, muitiro wakafanira, kurambidzwa kwokutambudza (kusingagoni kushaikwa kunyange kupfurikidza nezviremera zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi denho yetsika yokuti chiremera chakakwana kana kuti kungotorwa kubva kuuchangamire hwakakurumbira. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) uye mabvumirano anotevera anotaura kuti mimwe mipimo inokurira chiremera chomugariro wehurumende. Mukushandisa, ikoku kunoreva kuti vagari vemo vane maruramiro etsika okudzivisa mirairo yehurumende inoputsa maruramiro makuru. Irowo inopa mitumbi yemarudzi ose namasangano asingatendi kuti itendere hurumende ishatise simba ravo rehurumende nekodzero dzavanhu.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose Nokusiyana Kwechiremera

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakavhiringidzawo muenzaniso wetsika wehurumende dzezvamatongerwe enyika weWestphalia, umo nyika ine chiremera chikuru mukati memiganhu yayo. Nhasi, masangano amarudzi ose (United Nations Trade Organization, International Criminal Court), makambani anochinja nyika yose, uye vatambi vehurumende zvisiri zvenyika dzose (NGOs, magandanga) vanoshandisawo chiremera (kana kuti pesvedzero huru). Nyika dzinotonga nokuzvidira mumiganhu yeEurope dzakafanana neEurope Union, achiumba zviremera zvenyika yose zvinogona kukunda mitemo yenyika. Uku kudzorwa kwechiremera kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekuzvidavirira kwedemocracycy: kana zvisarudzo zvinotapura vagari vemo vakaitwa nechekure kana kuti masangano asingagoni kuverengwa. Mamwe masangano ehurumende anopikisa kudzora nyika dzose. [BExpartmentation]

Nhambo Yemadhigirii: Zvirongwa Zvemagariro Evanhu Nezvitsva Zvechiremera

Kukura kwemichina yemakombiyuta nezvinobudisa nhau zvakachinja kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinorangarirwa sei, chinokakavadzana, uye chakavakwa. Pulatforms se Twitter, Facebook, uye TikTok inoita kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe namasangano vagone kudenha zviremera zvegamuchidzanwa(magariro, vachengeti vemitengi venhau, nyanzvi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuparara Kwomutemo Nenguva Yemberi Yechiremera

Kupote nyika yose, manyuko mazhinji etsika dzechiremera ari mudzvinyiriro. Kuvimba muhurumende, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano esayenzi kwaderera munyika dzakawanda. Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanowanzoramba chiremera chakagadzwa chekutora pamutemo, vachifadza panzvimbo pezvo kutungamirira chirevo kana kuti "kuda vanhu. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukudzorwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeserokramende, uko vatungamiriri vanosarudzwa vanogona kusekesa kunzvera nokudzikamisa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, masangano eruramisiro edzinza nevatano anoramba kuti chiremera chive chakava chinobatanidza zvikuru uye chinozvidavirira. Nguva yemberi yechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika sezvingabvira inobatanidza mibatanidzwa yezvimiro zvemiitiro yezvirongwa zvitsva zvehurumende yapamutemo neyapamutemo. Chinetsoro chokuvaka chiremera chokuti zvose zviri zviviri chinoshanda uye kusununguka mumarudzi ose.

mhedziso

Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika hachisi chinhu chakapfava kana kuti chisingachinjiki. Chinowana panzvimbo dzakadzika dzinonzi ``kubvuma, tsika, kumanikidza, shanje, uye mutemo (chimwe nechimwe chine simba neutera). Tsika dzetsika dzinobva parondedzero yenzanga kusvikira kurutsinhano dzakapa tsananguro dzinokwikwidzana dzokuti apo chiremera chinenge charuramisirwa uye kuti chinofanira kuganhurirwa sei. Munhambo yazvino uno, kusarudzoro yavanhu, kodzero dzavanhu, upfumi hwenyika hwenyika, uye ruzivo rwemichina rwemiitiro dzinopfuurira kuvandudza nheyo dzechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa uko chiremera chinobva mukuwirirana nedzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika bedzi asi nokuda kwomugari woga woga wehurumende inoshuva inoshuvira kutarisana nezvinetso zvitsva. Sezvimo inotarisana nemhesano yehurumende itsva kupfurikidza nokunzvera kushatakwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika senguva dzose. Kungogona kusimbisa tariro yayo nokudzivisa kubatwa kwayo.