Table of Contents
Chiratidzo Chinopa Mhaka Nokuda Kwavagari veAmerica
Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinomira serimwe ramasangano ane simba zvikurusa neanopesvedzera muhurumende yeAmerica.Sakaro rapamusoro zvikurusa mudare rehurumende, rine chiremera chakakwana pamusoro penhau dzose dzedare rehurumende reUnited States, uye pamusoro penhau dzedare dzinochinja mibvunzo yehurumende yeUnited States kana kuti yehurumende.Kunzwisisa kuti iyi gadziriro inokosha sei nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoturikirwa sei, kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei, uye dzikamo yesimba inochengetwa muhurumende yedu inosarudzwa navanhu.
Iyi nhungamiro inoudza zvakawanda ichanzvera chimiro cheDare reSupreme, mitoro, miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, uye tapuro huru paupenyu hweAmerica. Kana uri mudzidzi, mugari wemo anoitira hanya, kana kuti kungoda kuziva pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende yedu inoshanda nayo, nyaya ino ichakupa zivo yaunoda kuti unzwisise iri bazu rinokosha rehurumende.
Kunzwisisa Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Chiremera Chikurusa Chokutonga cheAmerica
Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaumbwa neConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo ra 1787 somusoro wegadziriro yedare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo risina kutangwa nenzira yakarongwa kutozosvikira Congress yaita Chibvumirano chaJudiciary Act cha 1789. Vagadziri veBumbiro Romutemo vakaziva kudikanwa kwebazu rakasimba redare iro raigona kubatira sechereso pamapazu omurayiro neanotungamirira apo vaidzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe.
Somutauriri wokupedzisira womutemo, Dare rinopomerwa mhaka yokuvimbisa vanhu veAmerica chipikirwa cheruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye, nokudaro, rinoshandawo somuchengeti nomuturikiri weBumbiro reMitemo. Iri basa ramativi maviri rinoita kuti Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rive nzvimbo yakangofanana nokuumba mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica.
Ruramisiro Dzipfumbamwe
Dare Gurusa reU.S. rinoumbwa neChiratidzo chikuru neRusarudzo Rwesonganidzo sere, idzo dzakagadzwa naMutungamiriri weHurumende kumashoko oupenyu. Ichi chivako chakaramba chiri chakasiana chifo cha 1869, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hweDare hwakasiana munhau yose. Apo Dare reJudicary ra 1789 rakasika U.S. Court yeChisarudzo chapamusoro, yaiumbwa nemitezo mitanhatu: Mutongi Mukuru neVatongi vashanu vakabatana. Mumakumi amakore anotevera, ukurukudzokoroko rweDare rakachinja kuvamba kwaro paurefu paurefu paurefu razvino uno neChiito chaJudiary ya 1869.
Kugadzwa kweruramisiro kwoupenyu hwose rutivi rwamaune rwakarongedzerwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa chose chose pakududzirwa kwavo kwomutemo neBumbiro remitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinotaura kuti Ruramisiro "ruchabata mahofisi avo mukati moMufambiro wakanaka". Ikoku kunoreva kuti ruramisiro dzinobatira kusvikira vasarudza kurega basa, kupfuura, kana kuti kubviswa mumuitiro usingawanzovi nomutemo.
Nhoroondo uye Kushanduka - shanduka
Dare Gurusa rakava nemuuyo mukuru chifo chorusando rwaro rwokutanga. Sezvakarairwa neMutemo waJudicary wa1789, kwakanga kune Mutongi mumwe Mukuru, John Jay, uye Vatongi vashanu vakabatana: James Wilson, William Blairling, John Rutredge naJames Iredell. Jay, Wilson, naBlair bedzi ndivo vaivapo panzvimbo yokutanga yeDare. Dare rakatamisa nzvimbo kanoverengeka munhau yaro, pakupedzisira rakagara muchivako charo chakazvitsaurira muna 1935.
Mitoro yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo
Pamavambo aro, basa reDare Gurusa nderokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. ndokuvimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inowirirana nayo. Iri basa rinokosha rinoita Dare chiremera chikurusa pamusoro pezvinoreva Bumbiro remitemo uye kuti rinoshanda sei kumigariro yazvino uno iyo VaFrame vaisagona kutongova vakakarira.
Simba rinotsanangura reDare rinotambanukira kumativi ose omutemo webumbiro remitemo, kuvambira pakuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende kusvikira kudziviriro yekodzero dzavanhu dzinovimbiswa neBill of Rights negadziridzo dzinotevera. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinotapura kuti mitemo inoshandiswa sei munyika yose, nhau dzinoumba maruramiro okuvhota, mutongo woutsotsi, uye dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende.
Kuhwirudzura Kutonga: Chishandiso Chine Simba Zvikurusa cheDare
Muna 1803, dare rakataura rimene simba rehwirudzuro yedare, mano okushatisa mutemo wokuputsa gadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo. Inokwanisawo kuputsa nhungamiro dzapurezidhendi dzokuputsa zvimwe Bumbiro reBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wemitemo. Iri simba rechiratidzo, rakatangwa mumhaka yeMarbury v. Madison, rakaumba zvikurukuru basa reDare Rapamusoro muhurumende yeAmerica.
Kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kunobvumira Dare kubatira senzvero pazvose zviri zviviri mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, kuvimbisa kuti hapana mutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru chinogona kuputsa Bumbiro reMitemo.
Kupomerwa
Sezvo dare renyika rokupedzisira, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa idare, rakapiwa chiremera chokuita mumhaka dzinomuka muBumbiro remitemo, mitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano zveUnited States; mumagakava umo United States iri mubato; mugakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pavagari vehurumende dzenyika dzakasiana - siana; uye mumhaka dzekutonga kwechitima nehurumende dzegungwa.
Nyaya shomanene zvikuru dzinosvika Dare kupfurikidza noukuru hwaro hwapakuvamba, zvisinei; panzvimbo pezvo, ruzhinjisa rwebhizimisi reDare nezhinjisa dzezvisarudzo zvaro zvinopesvedzera zvikuru zvinobva muudzori hwaro hwedare. Ikoku kunoreva kuti Dare zvikurukuru rinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nematare akaderera panzvimbo pokutonga mhaka kwenguva yokutanga.
Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomunhu uye Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose
Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rinonzwa nhau dzinodenha bumbiro remitemo, rinotsanangura mutemo, rinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, rinobata negakava pakati pehurumende, uye rinotungamirira panhau dzinobatanidza zvibvumirano. Dziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu inomirira rimwe remabasa anokosha zvikuru eDare, richivimbisa kuti kodzero dzinovimbiswa neBumbiro remitemo dzinotsigirwa kunyange apo dzingasafarirwa nevoruzhinji.
Kubva pazvisarudzo zvenhau pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvechikoro kusvikira pakutonga pamusoro pokutaura kwakasununguka, maruramiro omunhu oga, uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaumba mugariro werusununguko rwevagari vemo veAmerica.
Kuramba Usingachinji Mugadziriro Yokururamisira
Nemhaka yokuti chisarudzo chayo chinoshanda munyika yose, Dare Rapamusoro rinoita basa guru mukuchengeta kusachinjana mukati megadziriro yeruramisiro. Apo matare eruwa akasiyana - siyana anodudzira mutemo mumwe chetewo nenzira yakasiana, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kupindira kuti ripedze rwisano ndokutanga dudziro yakafanana inoshanda munyika yose.Iyi inovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoreva chinhu chimwe chetecho muCalifornia sezvaunoita muNew York kana kuti Texas.
Dare Rehurumende: Kunzwisisa Vatungamiriri Vaduku
Matare Oruwa: Fandesheni
Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogara pamusoro pegadziriro yakafara yedare rehurumende iyo inobatanidza mwero mikuru miviri pasi paro: Matare Oruwa eU.S. uye Dare reZvikwiro reU. matare eruwa matare edare edzimhosva apo mhaka dzomubatanidzwa dzinovamba. Kune matare eruwa 94 munyika yose, umo vatongi vanonzwa nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji namajangangwe aripo.
Dare reruwa rinobata nhau dzokutanga mumhaka dzehurumende, kubatanidza kuroverwa mhaka nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, kutongwa kwemhosva kwehurumende kunobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, uye mhaka pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana uko chitsama chemari mugakava chinopfuura chitsama chakati. Aya matare anotonga, anonzwa chipupuriro, anonzvera ufakazi, uye anopa rutongeso.
Dare Rokukwirira: Chinhambwe Chepakati
Kupfuura matare oruwa pane matare eU.S. anozivikanwawo sematare ezvikwiriso. Aya matare anoongorora zvisarudzo zvedare reruwa kuti aone kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama. matare edare haashandisi matare edare. Panzvimbo pezvo, anoshandisa zvikwata zvavatongi zvinoongorora nharo dzepamutemo uye zvinotonga.
Zvisarudzo zvematare edunhu zvinosungirwa mumatunhu azvo akasiyana - siyana asi hazvishandi kune mamwe matunhu, izvo dzimwe nguva zvingatungamirira kutsananguro dzinopesana dzomutemo wehurumende uyo Dare Repamusorosoro rinofanira kugadzirisa.
Nzira YokuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Pashure pokunge mhaka yapfuura nomumatare echiduku, mumwe mubatanidzwa angakumbira Dare Rapamusorosoro kuihwirudzura kupfurikidza nokunyoresa chikumbiro checertiorari. Ichi chikumbiro chinokumbira Dare kuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rakaderera. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinosarudza zvikuru pamusoro penhau dzarinobvumirana kunzwa.
Gore rimwe nerimwe, Dare Gurusa rinogamuchira zvikumbiro zvinenge 10 000, bva rinongobvumirana bedzi kunzwa nhau dzinenge 70 kusvikira ku 80. Apo Dare rinoramba mhaka, chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinowanzomira, zvichiita Dare Rapamusorosoro shoko rokupedzisira munharo dzakawanda dzapamutemo. Ikoku kusarudzwa kunobvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro panhau idzo dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare edunhu akasiana - siana.
Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Mugariro Wemasero
Chiziviso chedare recerellatari (kushatiswa kwedare repasi) imurairo kana kuti "writ" kuti dare redare redare rapasi, richiraira dare rakaderera kuisa chinyorwa chakazara chenhau yakapiwa nokuda kwehwirudzuro nedare redare rapasi mukana dare rakaderera rakanganisa muchisarudzo mhaka yacho. Boka rinorasikirwa mudare rakaderera rinobatira writ, uye rinodudza chikonzero nei writ ichifanira kupiwa; muwinwi pasi penhau nokuda kwezvikonzero nei writ isingafaniri kubvumirwa uye rutongeso rwakaderera runofanira kubvumirwa kumira.
Kana chikabvumirwa, nyaya yacho inopfuurira kupfupi; kana zvisina kudaro, nyaya yacho inopera.
Mupimo Wokusarudza Mhaka
Dare rinopa chikumbiro nokuda kwezvikonzero zvechibereko bedzi nokuda kwe "kuwirirana,", chakataurwa muMutemo wedare 10. zvikonzero zvakadaro zvinobatanidza: Kupedza rwisano pakati pematare edunhu mukududzirwa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti gadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo romubatanidzwa; kururamisa kubva kunowirirana kubva munzira inogamuchirwa nenguva dzose yekutonga.
Dare rinosarudza zvarinotonga zvine revo huru nokuda kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo, mirau yehurumende, kana kuti kutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Mitongo inopa mibvunzo yenhau inongova yemitemo kana kuti apo matare echiduku akasvika mhedziso dzinorwisana sezvingabvira zvikuru achapiwa hwirudzuro. Vatongi vanorangarirawo kana mhaka yacho ichipa nhau youkoshi hwenyika iyo inoda ngwariro yeDare.
Kuda Kusarudza Musangano
Chikumbiro chechikumbiro chinovhoterwa parusando rwedare runonzi musangano. Musangano musangano wakavanzika woga wevatongi vapfumbamwe vari voga; vamiriri vehurumende navatongi vanobviswa. Uku kukurukurirana kwakavanzika kunobvumira vatongi kutaura pachena pamusoro penhau idzo Dare rinoda ngwariro pasina dzvinyiriro yokunze kana kuti pesvedzero.
Ruramisiro inokurukurawo uye kuvhota pazvikumbiro zvokuhwirudzura. iyi purogiramu yenguva dzose yedare inovimbisa kuti Dare rinogona kupedza nenzira inobudirira zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvarinogamuchira gore rimwe nerimwe richiva nerangariro yakakwana kuchikumbiro chimwe nechimwe.
Chisarudzo Chedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kutaura Kwemashoko
Kutoti kusati kuri kucherekedzwa, Dare rinowanzonzwa nharo mbiri, awa imwe yokutaura, namagweta erutivi rumwe norumwe rwemhaka yakapiwa maminiti 30 okuita mharidzo kuDare ndokupindura mibvunzo inobvunzwa neRumbidzo. Aya marusando akazarukira vanhu.
Mukati menharo dzinotaurwa, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanodzongonyedza magweta kubvunza mibvunzo yakananga, kudenha kurangarira kwavo, kana kuti zviitiko zvokufungidzira. Uku kutaurirana kunowanzozivisa itiro hanya dzevatongi pamusoro penhau uye kunogona kugovera nzwisiso pamusoro penzira yaangavhota nayo pakupedzisira. Vatsigiri veDare Rapamusoro ragara nebasa vanogadzirira zvikuru nokuda kweidzi purogiramu, vachikarira mibvunzo inobvira nemhinduro dzinodavirwa nenhau dzevatongi.
Musangano Nemugove Wepfungwa
Pashure pokunge kupfupikisa kwacho kwachengetwa uye nharo dzokutaura dzanzwiwa, Dare rinosangana mumusangano(*) pachivande (hw) kuti risarudze mativi maviri makuru egadziriro yokuita chisarudzo. Musangano wacho unosarudza kuti iruramisiro ipi ichanyora pfungwa yoruzhinji uye kuti murangariro wacho ungaparadzirwa kwenguva yakareba sei pakati pevatongi nokuda kwokurangarira nokuita.
Chero bedzi ruramisiro huru iri muruzhinji, maruramiro mamwe anofanira kuva munyori wemurangariro woruzhinji. Kana ruramisiro huru ichipesana nemurangariro woruzhinji, ipapo mutezo mukurusa wevoruzhinji une ropafadzo yokunyora murangariro. Iri basa rinopa pesvedzero huru yeSarudzo pamusoro penzira iyo zvisarudzo zveDare zvinorongwa nokutsanangurwa.
Kukura, Kupfuurira, uye Kusabvumirana
Voruzhinji vanorangarira vanopedza mhaka yacho uye vanova mutemo wenyika. Uyu murangariro unotsanangura kurangarira kweDare ndokugadza muenzaniso wapamutemo uyo matare akaderera anofanira kutevera. Murangariro woruzhinji unomirira nzvimbo yedare reDare rapamusorosoro uye unoisa ukoshi hwakazara hwechiremera cheDare.
Zvisinei, kune zvinoitika zvakawanda umo mitezo yeDare isingagoni kubvumirana pamuuyo mumwe. mutongo upi noupi usingabvumirani noruzhinji ungaisa pfungwa inopesana iyo inotsanangura kuti voruzhinji vakaikanganisa sei uye kuti ruramisiro inopesana ingaita sei nenzira yakasiana. Kuramba mirangariro, nepo isingasungi, kunogona kuva kunopesvedzera mukurukurirano dzapamutemo dzomunguva yemberi uye pakupedzisira kungava murangariro woruzhinji sezvo chinjo dzenhau dzeDare.
Ruramisiro inganyora murangariro mukubvumirana nedare, kana kuti vanganyora kusabvumirana, uye uku kubvumirana kana kuti kusabvumirana kungabatanidzwawo navamwe vatongi.
Basa Remberi
Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinowanzotevera nheyo ye stare decis, inoreva kuti "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa. Iyi dzidziso inoreva kuti matare anofanira kukudza muenzaniso uye kwete kuchinja zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba pasina zvikonzero zvinogombedzera. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rine simba rokutonga mipimo yawo rimene apo rinogumisa kuti chisarudzo chapakuvamba chakasakarurama kana kuti hachisati chichibatirazve fariro dzeruramisiro.
Chisarudzo chokutonga kwapashure hachitongorerutsiwi, sezvo chinogona kuparira kusapanikira mumutemo ndokusekesa chivimbo choruzhinji mukudzikamiswa kwenheyo dzapamutemo. Kunyanguvezvo, zvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare zvakabatanidza kuputsa mitemo yapakuvamba iyo yairamba maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kupfuuridzira kusaruramisira.
Kugadzwa Kunoitwa Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kushandiswa Kwokuisa Mashoko
Purezidhendi anotora mumwe munhu nokuda kwokutora nzvimbo paDare uye vhoti dzeDare kuti vasimbise mumirimo, izvo zvinoda voruzhinjiwo zvavo. Nenzira iyi, vose vari vaviri Vamiriri naMakurukota ehurumende yehurumende vane chiremera mukuvakwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro. Ikoku kwakagoverana mutoro wavamiriri wokunzvera nokudzikamisa mukugadzwa kwavatongi vehurumende.
Nokuda kwenzvimbo 14 chifo cha 1975 idzo dzaida bedzi kusarudzwa kumwe kusati kwaitwa, avhareji yenguva pakati pomusi wakwakanga kuchizivikanwa pachena kuti ruramisiro yakanga ichibuda mudare (kana kuti yakanga yafa) uye musi apo purezidhendi akazivisa pachena nzvimbo nokuda kwenzvimbo yakanga iri anenge mazuva 19. Mapurezidhendi anokurumidza kuzivisa vaminen vavo, vachiziva ukoshi hwokuzadza nzvimbo dzeDare Gurusa nokukurumidza.
Zvinodiwa Nebumbiro Remitemo
Bumbiro reMitemo harina zvikwaniriso zviya zvakadai sezera, dzidzo, basa, kana kuti kuva mugari wemo wemo. Ruramisiro haifaniri kuva gweta kana kuti mufundi wechikoro chemitemo, asi ruramisiro yose yakarovedzwa mumutemo. Uku kushaikwa kwezvinodikanwa zvetsika kunopa purezidhendi chisarudzo chikuru mukusarudza vapfumi, kunyange zvazvo mukushanda ruramisiro dzose dzazvino uno dzave dziri magweta ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rukuru rwapamutemo.
Kuongorora Dare Redare reDare reDare reDare reDare reDare reDare
Kunyange zvazvo isingadudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo, basa rinokosha rinoitwa pakati pomuitiro (pashure pokunge Purezidhendi asarudza, asi Dare risati rarangarira) neDare reDare reDare reDare reMufundisi. Nenzira yakananga, Dare raVaJidhia, panzvimbo peDare rose zvaro, rinotora mutoro mukuru wokunzvera mugariro wekare nezvikwaniriso zveDare Guru rimwe nerimwe, uye zvikurukuru dare rinoitisa kunzvera kukuru, kusanonzvera kukuru kwenomukono mumwe nomumwe.
Dare Rokutonga reDare reDare reVatongi ipapo rinotonga mutungamiriri wehurumende, mukati maro zvapupu, zvinotsigira nokushora, zvinopa mirangariro yazvo, uye vasaruri vanopanikira mutarisiri pazvikwaniriso zvavo, rutongeso, uye uzivi. uku kunzwa kwazova zviitiko zvikuru zvavose, kazhinji kazhinji kuchikwezva ngwariro huru yezvinobudisa nhau nefariro yavose.
Nhamba yamaawa akapedza pamberi peDare reDare reVatori nokuda kwouchapupu hwapachena yakasiyana - siyana; vamirine vatanhatu vakaoneka pamberi pedare kubvira muna 2005 vakapedza maawa 17 kusvika ku32 zvichipupurira. Uku kubvunza kukuru kunobvumira vamiririri kuongorora uzivi hwedare, kusvika kududziro yebumbiro remitemo, uye mirangariro panhau dzinokosha dzemitemo.
Kusimbisa Dare
The full Senate votes on the nomination once debate has ended or has been stopped. A simple majority of Senators present and voting is required for a confirmation. If there is a tie, the Vice President casts the deciding vote. This final vote determines whether the nominee will join the Supreme Court.
Chifo cha 1975, avhareji yamazuva kubva pakusarudzirwa kuvhota kwokupedzisira muDare iri iri muanenge mazuva 68,2, mukuwirirana neCongregational Research Service. Nguva ino inobvumira kukwikwidza kwakafanira, kunzvera, kurukurirano, uye kurangarira. Muitiro wokusimbisa wazova unova unokakavadzana zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, uye vamiririri kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nebvunzurudzo yakakomba uye vhoti dzepedyo mumativi ebato.
Kuona Zvakaitika Kare Zvinhu Zvokutanga
Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakatangwa muna 1789, mapurezidhendi akatumira kunyoresa 163 kweDare, kubatanidza uko kwerutongeso rukuru. Paichi hwerengedzo, 126 yakasimbiswa (7 vakaramba kubatira). Nhau iyi inoratidzira kuti nepo vazhinjisa vevamirine vachisimbiswa, Dare rakashandisa basa raro remitemo kuramba vamirineri varo rinoirangarira kuva risina kukodzera.
Chikamu chenhau chakasiyana chingagona kuva chakafanira apo Dare rinorangarira kana richifanira kupa kubvuma kwaro nokuda kwekukwidziridzwa kwedare rapamusorosoro rorudzi, kubatanidza kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uzivi hwokutonga, kukodzera kwebhenji, kutaura kwomunguva yakapfuura panhau dzinowirirana neDare, uye dzikamo yose yesimba pakati pamasekete ezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kurangarira kunoratidzira tapuro huru iyo vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro vane pamutemo nenzanga yeAmerica.
Kutapura Upenyu hweAmerica KweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kukanganisa Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo
Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakaumba zvikurukuru kodzero idzo vaAmerica vanofarikanya nhasi. Kubva pakugadza kodzero yokupa zano mumhaka dzoutsotsi kusvika pakuziva kodzero dzakavanzika, kubva pakudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura kusvika pakuvimbisa kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, zvisarudzo zveDare zvakarondedzera ukuru nerevo yevimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo.
Zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chenyika zvakadai seBrown v. Board of Education, iyo yakazivisa kuganhurana kwechikoro kusingachinjiki, uye Miranda v. Arizona, iyo yakatanga chinodikanwa chokuti mapurisa azivise maruramiro avo anonyumwirwa, yazova rutivi rwechisimbwa chomutemo netsika dzeAmerica. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira simba reDare rokuita chinjo huru yenzanga kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.
Kudzikamisa Nyika Nesimba reHurumende
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinobatira sedare rokupedzisira rokukwirira nomutsinhiri wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMitemo, rinoratidzira miganhu yechiremera pakati pehurumende nerudzi, hurumende nehurumende, uye hurumende nomugari wemo. iri basa rinokosha zvikurukuru mugadziriro yehurumende umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende.
Zvisarudzo zveDare panhau dzehurumende zvinosarudza kuti mweroi wehurumende une chiremera panharaunda dzemiitiro yakasiana - siana, kubvira kumirairo yemhoteredzo kusvikira kutarisiro youtano kusvikira kururamisiro youtsotsi. Iyi mirau inogona kuva netapuro dzinosvika kure nokuda kwemaitirwe omutemo ndokumanikidzirwa munyika.
Kuongorora Vane Simba Nesimba Romutemo
Nenzira iyi, Dare Gurusa rinoita secherekedzo pamasimba amapazu emitemo neanotungamirira.Iro rinovimbisawo kuti zviremera muchiverengero chedu chavagari vemo hazvigoni kuisa mitemo inoputsa maruramiro ezvishoma. Iri basa rinopesana namashoko makuru rinokosha kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo angava asingafarirwi.
Simba reDare rokumisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress kana kuti zviito zvinotorwa naPurezidhendi rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rehurumende rinogona kupfuura chiremera charo chebumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru uye rinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana netsoropodzo.
Matambudziko Enguva Ino uye Sipo
Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Gurusa rakatarisana nokunzverwa kwokushandiswa kwaro kwe "shootret"" --mirayiro yemipimo yemipimo yakapiwa pasina kupfupikisa kwakazara kana kuti kutaura. 'shashashafu yedare' inoumbwa ne: (1) mirairo yetsika yeDare Gurusa iyo inogovera kana kuti kuramba nhau dzecertiorari kana kuti kupedza nhau dzezvirevo zvechimurenga; uye (2) mirairo yechidukusarudzo inopa kana kuti kuramba zvikumbiro zvekurumidziro zvinobva kuvapurisa kana kuti vakwidzirirwi mumhaka dzakaderera dzedare.
Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kwechidhinha chemimvuri nokuda kwezvisarudzo zviduku kunosekesa kujeka nokunzwisisa vanhu kwepfungwa dzeDare. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti rusununguko rwekurumidziro pane dzimwe nguva runodikanwa kudzivisa kuvadziko isingagadzirisiki apo zviitiko zvinopfuurira nomuitiro wenguva dzose. Kukurukurirana uku kunoratidzira mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pebasa reDare uye ukama hwaro nemamwe mapazu ehurumende.
Masimba Anokosha eDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rinoshandisa masimba anoverengeka okutsoropodza anoriita bazu rakaenzana rehurumende yomubatanidzwa:
- Judicial Review of Laws and Acts: Simba rokusarudza kana mitemo inopiwa neCongress kana kuti zviito zvinotorwa naPuerces. Simba iri, rakatangwa muMarbury v. Madison, rinobvumira Dare kupedza zviito zvehurumende zvisina muganhu.
- Consitugational Prevention: Chiremera kusarudza icho Bumbiro remitemo rinoreva uye kuti rinoshanda sei kunhau dzakati. Tsananguro dzeDare dzinova muenzaniso unowirirana uyo unotungamirira mamwe matare ose navakuru vakuru vehurumende.
- Setpitates Betwes Betwes: udzori hwemavambo pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende, kuvimbisa kugadzikiswa kune rugare kwerwisano idzo kana kuti zvimwe dzingaparira kusawirirana kwakakomba mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.
- Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzimwe Nomwe: Mutoro wokudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo pakuputswa nehurumende pamwero upi noupi, kuvimbisa kuti rusununguko rwomunhu oga runodzivirirwa kunyange muruzhinji ruchada.
- Kuzivisa Nhevedzo Yemitemo: Kugadzira nheyo dzinosunga dzapamutemo idzo matare maduku anofanira kutevera, kuva nechokwadi chokusachinjana nokudeya kutaurwa mukushandiswa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa murudzi rwose.
- Kubatanidza Kuparadzana Kwedunhu: migariro yokukurukura umo matare edunhu akasiyana - siyana omubatanidzwa akasvika tsananguro dzinorwisana dzomutemo womubatanidzwa, kugadza mutemo mumwe unoshanda munyika yose.
Mutemo Wedare Repamusorosoro Nepurogiramu
Mashoko Egore Negore
Dare Repamusorosoro rinoita pashoko regore negore iro nenzira yegamuchidzanwa rinovamba paMuvhuro wokutanga muna October uye rinopfuurira kutozosvikira mukupera kwaJune kana kuti pakuvamba kwegore rinotevera.
Dare rinotanga nechiziviso chemifungo yenhau dzinotevedzana - zvichiteverwa nokupika kwemitezo mitsva kuBar yeDare Rapamusorosoro. Marusando aya, ayo anowanzopfuura maminiti 15 kusvikira ku30, akavhurwa kuruzhinji. Uku kuwanikwa kwavose kunoratidza kuzvipira kweDare kuoneka pachena mumabasa aro.
Gadziriro Yenharo Nechisarudzo
Dare rinonzwa chaizvoizvo nharo dzokutaura mukati menhambo dzevhiki mbiri dzinoteverwa nenhambo dzemifungo yevhiki mbiri nokuda kwokunyora nokurangarirwa kwezvikumbiro. Iyi purogiramu inobvumira ruramisiro kunangidzira ngwariro huru panhau dzokunzwa mukati menhambo dzakati apo inotsaurira dzimwe nguva kukuronga nokuhwirudzura nokuhwirudzura mirangariro kwokungwarira.
Zvisarudzo zvinoziviswa zvikurukuru mushoko racho rose, nenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa uye dzinomutsa nharo dzinowanzobudiswa muna June sezvo shoko racho rinoguma.iyi nguva inoratidzira kuoma kweizvi zvinoitika uye kurangarira kukuru kunodikanwa kusvika zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira.
Kunzwisisa Mifungo Yedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Kuverenga uye Kududzira Zvisarudzo
Mirangariro yeDare gurusa inotevera chimiro chakagadzirwa icho chinobatanidza zvikamu zvikuru zvinoverengeka. sylabusis anogovera pfupiso yenhau yacho uye kuchengetwa neDare, kunyange zvazvo isiri rutivi rwomufungo wapamutemo. Mufungo woruzhinji unotsanangura kurangarira kweDare ndokugadza mutemo wapamutemo uchadzora nhau dzakafanana munguva yemberi.
Kunzwisisa pfungwa dzeDare Repamusorosoro kunoda kuti tifunge nezvezvinenge zvasarudzwa neDare uye kuti zvinosvika sei pachisarudzo ichocho. Kufunga kwakaitwa nevakawanda kunogona kuva kunokosha sezvakunoita, sezvo kuchisimbisa nheyo dzichatungamirira nyaya dzomunguva yemberi.
Kukosha Kwokusabvumirana
Nepo kupesana kwemirangariro kusina simba romutemo, zvinobatira mabasa anokosha mugadziriro yapamutemo. Kusabvumirana kunogona kusimbisa utera mukurangarira kworuzhinji, kuchengeta dudziro dzinotsiva nokuda kwerangariro yomunguva yemberi, uye pane dzimwe nguva pakupedzisira kuva murangariro woruzhinji somugadzirirwo weDare kana kuti kunzwisisa.
Kusabvumirana kwakakurumbira, kwakadai sokusabvumirana kwaMutongi Harlan muPlessy v. Ferguson achiitirana nharo mudzidziso ye "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana", kwakabvumikisa kuva kwechinjo nepesvedzero kunyange apo ivo pakuvamba vaimirira murangariro muduku. Uku kusabvumirana kunotiyeuchidza kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo ikurukurirano inopfuurira panzvimbo pegadziriro yakatsiga yemhinduro.
Dare Repamusorosoro Nepfungwa Dzavose
Vakagadzirirwa Kuva Vanozvimirira
Chiremera chayo chinotsamira pakuvimbwa navanhu uye chinoitirwa kuva pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika. chakarongedzerwa kururamisa vanhu apo tinotsauka ndokudzivisa chaunga chedu kuputsa mitemo yedu neBumbiro remitemo.
Kushanda kwemitongo yenduramo uye kushaikwa kwesimba reDare kunoreva kuti chiremera charo chinotsamira pakupedzisira pakugamuchirwa kwavose kwoururami hwaro. Ikoku kunoparira dzikamo yakakomba: Dare rinofanira kuramba rakazvimirira zvakakwana kuita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi apo Bumbiro remitemo rinoiraira, bva rinochengeta chivimbo chakakwana chavanhu kuva nechokwadi chemitemo yaro inoremekedzwa nokuteverwa.
Kutonga Kwedare
Chivimbo choruzhinji muDare Gurusa chakasiyana munhau yose, chichipesvedzerwa nezvisarudzo zvenharo, kurangarirwa kuva kwechibvumirano chomuitiro wokusimbisa, uye kupesana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuva pamutemo kweDare kunotsamira pamurangariro wokuti rinosarudza nhau dzakavakirwa panheyo dzapamutemo panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.
Kuchengeta uku kuva pamutemo kunoda ngwariro yokungwarira kukurangarira kwapamutemo, ruremekedzo nokuda kwemienzaniso, uye kujeka mukuita chisarudzo. Apo ruzhinji runorasikirwa nokutenda mukusasarura kweDare, mano arwo okubatira senzvero inobudirira pamamwe mapazu nedziviriro yamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo anoderedzwa.
Mitemo Yedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Yemisi Yazvino Uno Nenhau Dzakakomba
Mirayiro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yaibatanidza kodzero dzokuvhota, rusununguko rworudzidziso, simba rokutungamirira, mitemo yemhoteredzo, uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.
Gore rino, somumakore achangobva kupfuura, dare richatonga nhau huru dzinotapura LGBTQ+ kodzero, simba rapurezidhendi, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye dzakawanda.
Chiteshi chedare chinoratidzira denho dzinogadzikisa dzakatarisana nenzanga yeAmerica, kubva pamibvunzo pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chikuru kupesana pamusoro perevo yedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo muzera remitengo. Shoko rimwe nerimwe rinounza nhau itsva dzinoda kuti vatongi vashandise nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzamazana amakore kumigariro yazvino uno.
Kubatanidzwa Kungaita Vagari Vomunyika Nedziri Mudare Repamusorosoro
Kupinda Makakatanwa Ezvinyakare
Chivako cheDare Gurusa muWashington, D.C. chakazarukira vanhu, uye vagari vemo vanogona kupinda nharo dzinotaurwa padanho rokutanga, rakagadzwa. Ikoku kunopa banza rakasiyana rokuona Dare richiita chiito ndokupupurira vatongi vanopanikira magweta pamusoro penhau dzapamutemo dzinokosha. Dare rinopawo mashoko akarekodwa ezvibvumikiso zvokutaura, richiita kuti zviwanike kuvanhu vasingagoni kupinda mumunhu oga.
Pashure Pezvisarudzo Zvedare
Pawebsite yeDare repamusorosoro inogovera mukana wepfungwa, mashoko ezvibvumikiso uye mashoko, uye mashoko pamusoro porudungwe rweDare. Vagari vanogona kurava zvisarudzo sezvazvinobudiswa nokutevera nhau sezvavanofamba mudare. Masangano akawanda enhau nenzvimbo dzemawebsite dzepamutemo zvinopawo kuongororwa nokutsanangurwa kwezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro mumutauro unosvikika.
Kunzwisisa Tapuro Yacho
Vagari vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani tapuro yeDare Gurusa kupfurikidza nokudzidza pamusoro penhau dzechiratidzo uye kuti vakaumba sei mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica. Zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvinobva kumasangano akadai se [[FLT: 0] Féderal Judicial Center[ uye project [] inogovera mashoko anowanika pamusoro penhau yeDare, miitiro, uye zvisarudzo.
Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka Pamusoro Pedare Repamusorosoro
Dare Racho Haripi Mitemo
Chirango chinozivikanwa ndechokuti Dare Rapamusoro rinoisa mitemo.Chokwadi, Dare rinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo. Nepo dudziro dzaro dzine simba romutemo uye dzinogona kuchinja nenzira inobudirira nzira iyo mitemo inoshandiswa nayo, Dare harina simba rokuita mutemo mutsva. Simba iroro ndereCongress bedzi.
Haisi Nhau Dzose Dzinogona Kukwirirwa kuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Vanhu vazhinji vanodavira kuti vanogona kukwidza mhaka ipi neipi kuDare Rapamusorosoro, asi ikoku hakusati kuri kwechokwadi. Dare rine chisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzipi parinotonga ndokugamuchira chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvikumbiro. Mukuwedzera, mhaka dzinofanira kubatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende kana kuti yebumbiro remitemo kuti dzive dzakakodzera nokuda kwehwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusorosoro.
Ruramisiro Haisi Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Chaidzoidzo
Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachigadzwa kuburikidza negadziriro yezvematongerwe enyika uye vangava nouzivi hwokutonga hunowirirana nemaonero akati ezvematongerwe enyika, havangovhoti maererano nezvinodiwa nevatongi vanopesana nevamwe. Vatongi vanowanzoshamisa vacherechedzi nokuvhota nenzira dzisingawirirani nezvinenge zvichitarisirwa nevakuru vakuru vakavagadza. Zvisarudzo zveDare racho zvinoratidza kurangarira kwepamutemo kwakaoma pane kuronga kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri nyore.
Nguva Yemberi yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa
Nharo Dzinopfuurira Pamusoro Pechinjo
Dare Gurusa rinotarisana nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechinjo dzinobvira, kubatanidza zvikarakadzo zveganhuriro dzenhambo, kukura kwenhamba yevatongi, uye chinjo kumuitiro wokusimbisa. idzi kurukurirano dzinoratidzira itiro hanya pamusoro pebasa reDare muhurumende yehurumende yeAmerica uye ukama hwayo namapazu akasarudzwa ehurumende.
Vatsigiri vezvekuchinja vanotaura kuti kuchinja kuri madikanwa kupedza zvinetso zvinofungidzirwa negadziriro iripo zvino, zvakadai sokuwedzera kwekusimbiswa kwemitemo kana kuti kubviswa kwevatongi vamwe navamwe vanoshanda kwemakumi emakore.
Kujairana Nematambudziko Matsva
Dare Repamusorosoro rinofanira kuramba richichinja kuti rigadzirise zvinetso zvitsva zvemitemo zvinovapo nemhaka yokuchinja kwemashandiro anoitwa zvinhu, kugadzirisa magariro evanhu, uye kutanga kutyisidzira kodzero dzemitemo.
Mano eDare okupedza idzi denho nepo kuchengeta maruramiro adzo nokuzvimirira zvichava zvinokosha kubasa raro rinopfuuridzirwa somuchengeti wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo necherekedzo pasimba rehurumende. Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inochinja, Dare Rapamusoro rinofanira kudzikamisa ruremekedzo nokuda kwemienzaniso nechinodikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoramba dzine revo uye dzichibudirira.
Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Tichinzwisisa Nhau dzeDare Repamusorosoro
Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinoumba mitemo inodzora upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, zvinorondedzera miganhu yehurumende, uye zvinodzivirira rusununguko runokosha runoratidza kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vachagara munyika iyoyo.
Kunzwisisa kuti Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinoshanda sei — kubva mumashandire anoita ruramisiro kuidzorwa kwadzo nenhau dzinosarudzwa kuti sei. Simba reDare rokududzira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuhwirudzura zviito zvamamwe mapazu kukuita kunzvera kwakakomba mutsika yedu yamasimba akaparadzana. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinogona kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma paudzvinyiriri hwakawanda, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro-mitemo, uye kuchengeta mutemo.
Kunyange tichibvumirana kana kuti tisingabvumirani nezvisarudzo zvakati, Dare Repamusorosoro rinoramba riri shongwe inokosha yehurumende yeAmerica yepamutemo, richiva nechokwadi chokuti zvipikirwa zveBumbiro remitemo zvinozadzika kuvanhu vose vokuAmerica.
Kupfurikidza nokudzidza pamusoro pomugadzirirwo weDare Gurusa, masimba, uye miitiro, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzivirirwa sei, kuti kakavadzano dzapamutemo dzinopedzwa sei, uye kuti dzikamo yesimba inochengetwa sei mugadziriro yedu yomubatanidzwa. Iyi zivo inotipa simba rokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru muhurukuro yedemokrasi uye kuita kuti hurumende yedu izvidavirire kunheyo dzemitemo.
Basa reDare Gurusa rinotapura muAmerica ari wose, kungava kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo zvinodzongonyedza nzanga kana kuti kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwakatsiga kwenheyo dzemitemo idzo dzinovimbisa ruramisiro neruramisiro. Kunzwisisa izvo Dare Gurusa rinoita uye chikonzero nei kusati kuri bedzi mutoo wedzidzo yedzidzo nedzidzo yevhuro (irwo rutivi rukuru rwokuva mugari wemo anoziva muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.