Kutanga: Dare Repamusorosoro Sava Guardian of Constitution Rights

Dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinobatira somupikisi wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMitemo, kuumba nzvimbo yapamutemo iyo inorondedzera rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nesimba rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo, Dare rakadudzira nheyo dzehwaro (zvakadai somuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye kutaura kwakasununguka) munzira idzo dzakakura zvikuru kana kuti, padzimwe nguva, rusununguko rwavanhu runomanikidzirwa. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kwokupedzisira kwenhau gumi huru dzeDare Gurusa idzo dzakaumba chose chose chose maruramiro emitemo nerusununguko rwavagari vemo, dzinopa mashoko akapoteredza enhau, kurangarira kwapamutemo, uye muuyo unogarisa.

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803): The Bedock of Judicial Review

Iyi nhau yakabva munyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika yesarudzo ya 1800, apo Purezidhendi akasununguka John Adams akagadza vatongi vanoverengeka vapakati pausiku. Apo ubati ushe hutsva pasi paThomas Jefferson hwakaramba kupa mibato, William Marbury aikwidza nokuda kwokugadzwa kwake. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyorera Dare, akatarisana nomugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wakaoma: kuraira kwaizofuratirwa, nepo kuramba kwaizonetesa chiremera chokutonga.

Maonere aMarshall akatanga nheyo ye yemvumo yedare .

Kana uchida kunzvera zvikuru mavambo okurangarira, ona [[FLT: 0]] peji yeMarbury v. Madison.

2. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Kugumisa Hurumende-Saniction Yakagoverwa

Brown v. Board of Education yakasimbisa nhau shanu dzakasiana dzinodenha kuganhurana kwebumbiro remitemo redzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende. VaFocttiff, vanomirirwa naThur Fall Marshall neNACP Legal Defense Fund, vakataura kuti "zvivako zvinoparadzana asi zvakaenzana" zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi nenzira yapakare. Muchisarudzo chakawiriranwa, Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti Round" inotapura kunzwa kwokuzviduku-duku... uko kungatapura mwoyo yavo nendangariro munzira isingambobviri kutongobviswa.

Dare rakatendeuka zvakajeka [[FLT: 0] Plaby v. Ferguson (1996), iyo yakanga yabvumira kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pedzidziso yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana. Brown[ yakazivisa kuti mitemo yomutemo inogadza zvikoro zvavose zvavose nokuda kwavadzidzi vatema navachena yakaputsa Dare rePrefectal Claus rePremence. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kubvisa nokukurumidza zvikoro zvakaparadzanyanisa uye zvimwe zvigadziko zvakafanana ne [[FLT:] Cooperse v. [5] [8] [inopasesakiso]

Kunzwisisa basa reNAACP muiyi rondedzero, shanyira [[FLT: 0] NAACP Legal Defense Fund papeji Brown[[FLT: 1].

Kugara Wega uye Kubereka Vana

Roe Geoth wade akabva kumutemo weTexas uyo wakapinza muutsotsi kubvisa mimba kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwaamai. Mutengi, "Jane Roe" (Norma McCorvey), akasundira nokuda kwavakadzi vose vari kutsvaka kubvisa pamuviri. Dare, muchisarudzo cha 7-2, rakaziva kuti maruramiro emitemo ekodzero kukuvata pasina munhu kubvisa mimba (81) akadzikaidzwa kubva kuGumbidzo yaNict Claus yeInth Amendment (ee akapfuudzira chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri wake. Mutongi Harry Blackmun akatanga chirongwa chedate-pesesaro: mukati menonge kusagona kuganhurirwa kubvisa mimba; mukati medziviri, vaigona kudzivirira utano; uye mukati mowechitatu, vaigona kudzivirira kubvisa pamuviri kunze kwokuchengeta upenyu.

Nyaya iyi yakava chinhu chikuru chekodzero dzokubereka, kunyandura makumi amakore ehondo dzezvematongerwe enyika nedzemitemo. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti vakadzi vane udzori pamiviri yavo mukati memiganhu yakati, asi yakanyandurawo masangano anorwisana neburo. Muna 2022, Dare raitonga [] Roe mu mu [FLT:] [FLT]] V. Jackson’S Health Organization , inodzorera murairo wokubvisa mimba kumitengo. Kunyange pashure pe [FLT:], kurangarira kwapamutemo mu[FLT:] [FLT] [F:6]

Rava mufungo wakazara pa [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legin Information Institute's mhaka peji.

Miranda kana kuti Arizona (1966): Kudzivirira Kodzero dzeAnopomerwa

Mu Mira v. Arizona, Dare rakarangarira mhaka ina dzakasimbiswa umo vakwirirwi vakanga vaita kutaura kwokupa mhaka pasina kuziviswa nezvekodzero dzavo. Nhau yakanga iri yokuti dziviriro yeFindremendment yeFindreFment yaida mapurisa kunyevera vanonyumwira pamberi pebvunzurudzo youdzori. Mutongi Mukuru Warren, anonyora nokuda kwe 5-4 voruzhinji, aidavira kuti vachuchichi havagoni kushandisa mashoko kubva mukubvunzurudza kodzero dzekodzero kutozotanga anyeverwa kuti arambe akanyarara, kodzero kugwema, uye idiro yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kushandiswa mudare.

Chisarudzo chakaparira zvino-familar "Marda maruramiro" ayo vaAmerica vanonzwa muinenge chinoitika choutsotsi chiri chose. Chakava netapuro huru pamiitiro yokuchengetwa kwomutemo: mapato amapurisa akahwirudzura zvitevedzero zvawo zvebvunzurudzo, uye vazhinji vanonyumwira vakatanga kukwidza kodzero yavo kuti vape zano. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti [[[FLT:] Marda] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [1]] inodzivisa kushanda kwamapurisa, asi vanokuona sodziviriro inokosha mukurwisana nokureurusa uye zvitendero zvenhema. [[FLT:] Manda[FLT] [FLT]] [F:3]] yazova chinhu chikuru chetsoromatsoroma, yakadzikamiswa panzvimbo yavose (se-ose yavose"kusiyana na"Foctalgar][2]][2][2]]

Rudo Virginia (1967): Kusimbisa Kodzero Yokuroora Kana Kuroorwa Kupfuura Rudzi

zvinopesana nerwumwe Virginia yakaputsa mutemo weVirginia wairambidza roorano yemadzinza. Richard Loving, muchena, uye Mildred Jeter, mukadzi mutema, vakaroorwa muWashington, D.C., asi vakawanirwa mhaka muVirginia nemhaka yokuputsa maruramiro eReligial Peaders. Dare rakabvumirana kuti nhevedzano yedzinza mumitemo yeroorano yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Exal Provices of the 145 Remendition. Mukuru weSahlulero Warren Warren akanyora, kuti: "Rusununguko rwokuroora rwagara runozivikanwa seimwe yekodzero dzinokosha dzomunhu oga dzinodikanwa kurongeka dzomufarwa wavanhu vakasununguka."

Iyi nhau yakabatsira mukubvisa gadziriro yapamutemo yorusaruro rwedzinza. Yakashayisa basa mitemo inorwisana netsika dzedzinza mu 16 nyika panguva yacho ndokusimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha isingagoni kurambwa padzinza bedzi. Kubvisa [ yakabatirawo sechiratidzo chikuru nokuda kwezvinoitika zveroorano zvapashure, kubatanidza Obergefell v. Hodges. Chisarudzo chakaratidzira chinjo huru kukuziva kuti hurumende haigoni kuraira vanhu kuti varoonge varonge padzinza rapashure.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Hapana Munhu Ari Kumusoro kwoMutemo

Mukati mechinyadzisira cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akataura ropafadzo yapamusoro yokudzivisa kurekodwa kwetepi nezvinyorwa zvakaiswa naPeopal Jaworski Muchuchisi. Dare rakaramba kutaura kwaNixon, richitaura kuti nepo purezidhendi ane ropafadzo yakakodzera yekurukurirano dzakavanzika, ropafadzo iyoyo haigoni kukunda kudikanwa kweufakazi munhau yeutsotsi. Mukuru weMutongi Warren Burger akanyora kuti "haisati iri dzidziso yokuparadzanisa masimba, kana kudikanwa kwekuvanza murairo wakakwirira, pasina zvakawanda, zvinogona kutsigira ropafadzo yakakwana, yedare rapurezidhendi."

Chirango chakamanikidzira Nixon kubudisa matepi, ayo akazivisa kubatanidzwa kwake mubutiro ndokutungamirira kukurega kwake nokukurumidza pashure paikoko. United States v. Nixon yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Yakagadza ganhuriro paropafadzo yechiremera, zvikurukuru apo yakadzikamiswa mukutarisirwa kwakarurama kweruramisiro. Mhaka yacho yakadudzwa mukuzvidavirira kwapashure, kubatanidza avo vanobatanidza kufunda uye kunzvera mumufambiro webazu roukuru.

○ Kuenzana kwevakaroorana vanodanana sevarume nevakadzi

Obergefell v. Hodges yakasimbisa nhau dzakabva kudzimwe nyika uko vakwanyina vevatano vakadenha ganhuriro paroorano imwe cheteyo yohuhuhuhuhu. Dare, muchisarudzo cha5-4, raidavira kuti Dare reMitemo yePenderero yeMitemo ye 1450 inoda kuti izivise uye kuziva roorano dzevatano imwe cheteyo. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy anosimbisa kuti kodzero yokuroora inokosha, yakadzivirirwa navose vari vaviri Mutezo weSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rePure. Accondation "Idzorometic Revotions kuvose vari mukati maro," uye kuti varooranite vawi vagoverane "mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa wevatano yomuchato.

Roorano youtere inonyoreswa pamutemo munyika yose, kuputsa gadziridzo nemirairo zvebumbiro-mitemo rehurumende izvo zvakarondedzera roorano somurume nomukadzi mumwe. Yakamirira mugumo wamakumi amakore eLGBTQ+ advocacy uye yakatevera rukundo rwapakuvamba rwakadai se Lawnce v. Texas [2003], iyo inoderedza usodoma. OF]berge wave weroble[ inoramba iri mhaka yekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinooneka, kunyange zvazvo yaita kuti pave nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro perusununguko rworudzidziso, kodzero dzokugamuchira, uye ganhuriro dzesimba rokutonga mukuziva kodzero itsva.

8. Shelby County v. Lander (2013): Kuderedza Kodzero

Mu Shelby County v. Hoker, Dare rakarerutsa Chikamu 4 cheVoting Rights Act ya1965, icho chaiva nomurayiro wokusarudza kuti idzoro ripi raida kurongwa kwehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Mutongi mukuru John Roberts, achinyorera 5-4 voruzhinji, akataura kuti muitiro wacho waitsamira pamashoko ekare kubva muna 1964 na19797 uye nokudaro uchiputsa uchangamire hwehurumende. Dare rakasiya Chikamu 2 cheChikamu cheChibvumirano chakaitwa chakakwana, chinobvumira mhaka nenyaya inobvumira kuvhotera kuvhotera.

Chisarudzo chacho chakava nemigumisiro yapakarepo: chinotaura kuti pachifukidzwa pachine nguva mberi nechinodikanwa chapamberi pezvinodikanwa, zvikurukuru muSouth_FLT] nokukurumidza kuisa mitemo yokuvhota inoganhurira, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvemuvhoti weIT, zvinoderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Shelby County [[FLLT:1]]] yakabvisa rimwe ramaturusi anoshanda zvikurusa nokuda kwokurwisa rusaruro muvhota. Vatsigiridzi vanotsigira vanoomerera kuti mutoo wacho wakanga usiri wezvo kutarisirwa nomugariro usiri wechienzi. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa rwisanounoitika pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera nedziro dzesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kukuru kwetapuro yacho, ona [[FLT: 0] mushumo weBrennan Center pamusoro pemiuyo yeShelby County[[FLT: 1].

ZVIHUHUWA United v. Federal Ecommution Commission (2010): Free Special Special and Campaign

Chibicingen [FLT'N] yakarambidza kurukurirano yakadaro nesangano. FEC yakabatanidza purofiti isingachinji iyo yaida kubudisa ganhuriro yaHillary Clinton ndokushandisa kushambadza kuisimudzira mukati momwaka wapakuvamba wa2008. Bipartarisan Champaigment Reformation Act (BRA) Act, kunyange nokuda kwamasangano ezvirongwa zvokuvhotera zvakadaro. Dare Rapamusoro, muchisarudzo cha5-4, rakaputsa ganhuriro, richiita kuti Pendement Yokutanga inodzivirira sangano uye mubatanidzwa pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Justicedy akanyora kuti ndy kuti ndyswo yakasununguka, kunyange nemasangano ezvirongwa zvemipindudziko, haisati isati inoita njodzi huru yokuwana uori.

Chiratidzo chakabudisa mafashamo emari muAmerica. Chakabvumira kugadzirwa kwePACIS hombe, uko kunogona kukwidza zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye mubatanidzwa kuti vatsigire kana kuti vadziviriri, chero bedzi vasingatsinhirani zvakananga nenhimbe. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti Chitamizen [United yakapfavisa pesvedzero yavapi navapfumi vemitengo chavanhu, vachishatisa kumirira hurumende yedemocracy. Vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti inodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasimba uye kuti kunoshandiswa kwokuwedzera kunoparira kurukurirano yakasimba zvikuru. Mhaka inoramba iri imwe yenharo neino zvikurusa munzvimbo yenhimbe dzemari.

10. Utano Hwose Hwomukadzi v. Hellerstedt (2016): Kudzivirira Kubvisa Kubereka

Whomes Woman’s Health v. Hellersstedt yakadenha mitemo miviri yeTexas `H.2.(8) iyo yaida kuti vabvisi vanobvisa mimba vabvume ropafadzo pachipatara chiri pedyo nenzvimbo dzokuvhiya. Izvi zvikada kudai zvakavhara makiriniki akawanda munyika. Dare, muchisarudzo che5-3, rakaparadza gadziriro dzose, richishandisa mupimo we "mutoro mukuru" kubva Plan Parenthood v. Case. Murangariro mukuru waBrey wakawana kuti mitemo yakaisa mhinganidzo huru kuvakadzi vanotsvaka kubvisa mishonga ipi neipi.

Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisazve kuvata [[FLT: 0] Roe v. na[FLT]][FLT]]: izvo zvinotaura kuti hazvigoni kuisa ganhuriro dzinoparira mutwaro usina kufanira pakodzero yomukadzi kusarudza. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti matare anofanira kuyera mitoro inopesana neganhuriro dzinoshumwa. Zvisinei, kugadzwa kwapashure kweruramisiro dzinodzorwa naPurezidhendi Trump kunoputsa uyu. Muna 2021 Dare rinobvumira mutemo wakafanana weTexas (S.B. 8) kuita pesvedzero inoshandisa muitiro mutemo mutsva, uye [FL:] [FF]] [FF]]

Mugumisiro: Kupesvedzera Kusingaperi Kwezvisarudzo Zvinooneka Zvepanyika

Iyi nhau gumi dzinoenzanisira basa guru reDare reDare Gurusa mukurondedzera kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko rwavagari vemo muUnited States. Kubva pakutanga kuhwirudzurwa kwedare mu Marbury [ kudzivirira wirirano yeroorano mu ] Obergefel[, chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chakaumba nzvimbo yapamutemo uye chakaratidzirwa panguva dzinodzorwa /chinjo. Nepo kuumbwa kweDare nouzivi zvinovambwa munguva inopfuura iyi nhau dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera kurukurirano pamusoro porusununguko, chiyero, uye ruramisiro. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinotaura mativi anokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa simba romutemo weAmerica uye kurwisa kuziva zvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo.