Gadziriro yapamutemo inoshanda kupfurikidza neboka ravafundisi rakarongwa ramatare, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa aro amene akasiyana nemitoro. Kunzwisisa iri dare kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinofambira mberi sei mugadziriro yapamutemo, kuti zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvinoruramiswa sei, uye kuti kududzirwa kwepamutemo kunobuda sei. Dare redare harisi migariro yokudzora chete; rinodzivirira kusachinja, ruramisiro, uye mutemo kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti kusawirirana kunopedzwa pamwero wakafanira uye kuti matare makuru anogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaderera zvedare. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwapamhene dare, nhau dzinotora nomutsika dzinotungamirira nomusi wetsika, uye nheyo dzinotungamirira.

Nheyo Dzematongerwe Ezvinhu Zvedare

Huru hwumwe nohumwe (hungava rudzi, nyika, kana kuti ruwa) runogadza dare kuti ripe chiremera chedare ndokurondedzera ukama pakati pematare. Zvikonzero zvikuru zveichi chimiro chetsika chavafundisi zvinosanganisira:

  • juridiction: Matare anogoverwa marudzi chaiwo echiremera, akadai sedzoudzori hwenhau (g., mutemo wemhuri, mutero, mirairo) uye udzori hwenzvimbo (mr., ruwa rweruwa, dunhu). Matare edzo pasi anowanzobata mativi makuru enhau munharaunda yakaganhurirwa yenzvimbo, nepo matare makuru ane ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa, ganhuriro dzakati zvikuru.
  • Kururamisa kwapakarepo: Aquertive anobvumira matare anoruramisa zvikanganiso zvinoitwa nematare anotonga, mungave mukushandisa mutemo kana kuti mumitemo yetsika. Pasina mutoo wehwirudzuro, zvisarudzo zvakashata zvaizomira zvisina kururamiswa.
  • Kuchinja uye Kutonga: matare makurusa, zvikurukuru matare makurusa, akagadza muenzaniso uyo unosunga matare akaderera. Uku kubatana kunovimbisa kuti mhaka dzakafanana dzinobatwa nenzira yakafanana, pasinei zvapo nokuti imhaka ipi kana kuti idare rinobetsera rinobetsera rinonzwa nhau yacho.
  • Chiratidzo:[ Tsika yemabumbiro enhau inopa pfundo rakajeka rekupedzisa. Kana dare rakakwirira zvikurusa ratodzika kana kuti raramba kuhwirudzura, chisarudzo chacho ndechokupedzisira, chinopa kuvharwa kwamapati uye kuvoruzhinji.

Nepo chimiro chavose chevatongi chakafanana munyika dzose dzinozivikanwa navose (zvakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye Australia), kune misiano inokosha munhamba dzemwero, kokorodzano dzinopiwa zita, uye ukuru hwehwirudzuro. Mitemo yevagari vemo (zvikurukuru, France, Germany) inochengetawo varwi, kunyange zvazvo basa remienzaniso risingatsigiriki zvikuru.

Mativi Matatu Anokosha Ematare

Dare rakawanda zvikurusa rinogona kunzwisiswa kupfurikidza nenhanho nhatu dzinokosha: matare okutonga, matare anobetsera, uye matare makurusa.

Dare Rokutonga: Kutanga

Dare rokutonga, rinozivikanwawo sematare echinoitika chokutanga, matare oruwa, kana kuti matare makuru, ndimo umo nhau dzose dzinopiwa, zvapupu, uye madare anosarudza maidi.

Dare rematare rakakamurwa mumapoka maviri:

  • matare anodzora anogara aripo: matare aya anonzwa nhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi. Mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., matare eruwa matare ehurumende anodzora. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, matare makuru eruwa anobatira basa iri.
  • matare ehurumende akaganhurirwa: Aya matare anobata bedzi marudzi akananga enhau, akadai sezvirevo zviduku, kuputswa kwemigwagwa, probate, kana kuti nhau dzemhuri. Mienzaniso inobatanidza matare emejasitiriti, matare eruramisiro, uye matare emisika. Zvisarudzo zvinobva kumatare ehurumende akaganhurirwa zvinogona kukwidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kudare rinotonga hurumende nokuda kwekutonga kutsva ( dzora noovo kuhwirudzura zvakananga kudare redare rehurumende.

Mutoro mukuru wedare rinotonga ndewokusimbisa chinyorwa chechokwadi. Nemhaka yokuti matare anoona nezvenhau anowanzogamuchira zviwanwa zvedare rokutonga zveidi kutoti akanganisa zvakajeka, mwero wokutonga uri apo ufakazi hwakakomba zvikurusa nenharo zvinofanira kupiwa.

Matare Anodenha: Kuhwirudzura Chikanganiso

Dare rinotonga pamusoro pematare uye hariiti nyaya itsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chakagadzirwa pakutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Muitiro wacho wakavakirwa papfupi (pomero dzinonyorwa) uye kazhinji kazhinji nharo dzinotaurwa nagweta. Mapazu anoshandiswa anowanzoumbwa navatongi vatatu (kana kuti zvikuru mukurambidza) vanosarudza mibvunzo yomutemo, kwete idi.

Zvimwe zvinokosha pakuongorora purogiramu yacho ndeizvi:

  • Kurevererwa kwehwirudzuro: nokuda kwemibvunzo yomutemo, dare redare rinodzokorora rinoidzokorora devo novo [, kusapa kutera kumutongi anotonga. Nokuda kwezviwanwa zvechokwadi, mupimo unowanzova “wakaipa zvikuru” kana kuti ufakazi chaihwo, kureva kuti dare reappellate richadzongovhiringidza idi bedzi kana pasina maidi ane mufungo angagona kuva akasvika mhedziso iyoyo.
  • Kudzorwa kwemitemo: Mune dzimwe gadziriro, mapoka ane maruramiro anongoerekana avapo okukwidza rutongeso rwokupedzisira rwedare rinotonga. Mudzimwe (seDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S.), hwirudzuro ichisarudzo chenhau dzinotongwa.
  • Kutsiva: Dare redare ringasimbisa, kushandura, kuchinja, kana kuti kudzosa chisarudzo chedare rapasi. Rinogonawo kudzosa mhaka yacho kudare rinotonga nokuda kwezvimwe zvinoitika zvinowirirana nemurangariro waro.

Dare redare remibatanidzwa yenhau (sezvinei, Dare reApirepo, Dare reEngland reAppeal) rinobata zvikumbiro zvakawanda. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungisa pamatare anotonga ari mudunhu razvo renzvimbo kana kuti nharaunda asi zvingatongwa nedare rapamusorosoro.

Madare Makurusa: Chiremera Chokupedzisira

Chikurusa chedare ravakuru vakuru idare guru (dzimwe nguva rinonzi dare rapamusoro, dare redare rokupedzisira, kana kuti dare rebumbiro remitemo). Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungirwa uye zvinosungirwa mumatare ose akaderera ari mukati mehurumende. matare makurusa anowanzova nechiremera chechisarudzo, kureva kuti anosarudza nhau dzinomutsa mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha, anobatanidza rwisano pakati pematare akaderera, kana kuti anopa nhau dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mumativi akawanda, matare makuru anewo simba rapakuvamba pamusoro peboka rakaganhurirwa renhau, zvakadai sekakavadzano pakati pehurumende kana kuti nhau dzinobatanidza vamiririri vokumwe.

Mienzaniso yematare makurusa inobatanidza Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited Kingdom, uye Dare Rapamusoro reAustralia. Dzimwe nyika dzemitemo yavagari vemo dzine matare akaparadzana ebumbiro remitemo (muchirevo, Dare reHurumende reGermany Rinoongorora pamutemo) rinoita kurukurirano yebumbiro remitemo nepo dare gurusa richiita zvikumbirowo zvaro.

Zvivako Zvemadhibhureti: Mienzaniso inobva kuUnited States neUnited Kingdom

Kuenzanisira kuti zviremera zvedare zvinoshanda sei mukushanda, rangarira gadziriro huru mbiri.

United States: Dual Federal neHurumende Systems

Dare reUnited States rinoita zvirongwa zviviri zvedare zvinowirirana: gadziriro yehurumende negadziriro yehurumende imwe neimwe. matare eFederal anotonga nhau dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo, uye gakava pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana. Guta rehurumende rinoumbwa ne:

  • Dare Roruwa reU.S. (mwero wedare, maruwa 94)
  • U.S. Dare reZvikwiriso (13 matunhu, kubatanidza Federal Frace)
  • [[FT:0] U.S. Dare Rapamusorosoro (dare rapamusoro zvikurusa)

Dare rehurumende rinobata nyaya dzakawanda dzemhosva, kupesana, nyaya dzezvinhu, uye nyaya dzemhuri. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine kutonga kwayo uye matare aitonga, uye dare rehurumende riri pamusoro. Panyaya dzine chokuita nemibvunzo yehurumende, vatongi vangakwirira mhosva kubva kudare repamusorosoro rehurumende kuenda kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States.

Iyi gadziriro yamativi maviri inoreva kuti chinoitika chimwe (sezvinei, tsaona yemotokari) chingaparira zvose zviri zviviri kukwirira mhaka kwedare rehurumende neziviso yehurumende. Kunzwisisa mitemo yedare ravafundisi nemitemo yehurumende kunokosha mukusarudza nhambo yakarurama.

United Kingdom: Unitary System ine nzira dzakawanda

Dare repamusoro reUnited Kingdom idare rokupedzisira rokukwirira nokuda kwemativi ose matatu. Pasi paro, Dare Rokukwirira neDare Rapamusoro rinobata zvikumbiro zvikurusa zvinobva kuDare reHurumende reHurumende, matare evatongi, uye matare eruwa. Dare Rapamusoro reScotland rinobata kukwirira kweutsotsi, uye Dare reDare reDare reDare reProfesta.

Gadziriro yeUK inoratidzirawo matare chaiwoiwo (mutoo, basa, kutama) ayo anodyira mudare ravakuru vedare. Iyi nzira yakasanonamirwa inovimbisa kuti mhaka dzinotongwa navatongi vane unyanzvi hwakafanira, asi chiremera chikurusa chinogarwa neDare Rapamusorosoro.

Rwendo Rwenhau: Nhano Nenhanho

Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzezvemitemo nenhengo dzichisiyana - siyana, nzira yacho inoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Kunyunyuta

Munhau dzehurumende, mutongi anofanira kuisa chinyunyuto kana kuti chikumbiro mudare rokutonga rakafanira, achitaura maidi nezvikonzero zvapamutemo. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, mafaira ehurumende anopomerwa (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nepomero kana kuti mashoko). Dare rinofanira kuva nechiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwiridziridziri uye chiremera chenhau pamusoro pezvinotaurwa.

2. Kufambira Mberi Kupfuura

Pashure pokunyora, mapati anopinda mumibato isati yaitwa matare:

  • Tsvaka: Kuchinja ufakazi, kubatanidza mabudire, kubvunzurudza, uye zvikumbiro zvechinyorwa.
  • Mitambo: Mibato ingaisa miitiro yokudzinga, kutora nzira nokuda kwerutongeso rwokupfupikisa, kana kuti kufambisa kuti imanikidzire kuwana. Kutonga pakufamba kunogona kugumisa nhau yacho kana kuti kupfupikisa nhau dzekutongwa.
  • Misangano yeProfiti: Matare anowanzokurudzira mapati kugadzikisa, pane dzimwe nguva kupfurikidza nokugovera.

3. Kutongwa

Kana nyaya yacho isati yapedzwa, inopfuurira kutongwa. Mitengo ingava kutongwa kwebhenji (kutongwa kwoga) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Mukati mokutonga, mapato anopa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye kuitisana nharo nhau dzavo. Cherofinder (mutongi kana kuti mutongi) inopa chisarudzo. Munhau dzehurumende, mupimo weufakazi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ndi “kupokana noufakazi”; mumhaka dzoutsotsi, i“ hamuna panikiro ine mufungo.""

4. Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure

Pashure pomutongo, varasikirwi vanganyora zviito zvapashure pedare zvakadai sokufamba kwokutonga pasinei zvapo nomutongo (JNOV) kana kuti chiito nokuda kwokutonga kutsva. Uku kumira kunokumbira mutongi anotonga kuputsa kana kuti kudzorera kutonga kwakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvinonzi.

5. Zivisa Kukwirira Nokuchinja

Kana kutora nhau pashure pedare kukarambwa, mubato wakaodzwa mwoyo ungakwirira. Nhano yokutanga kunyora chiziviso chekwidzo nedare rinotonga mukati menhambo yorumano (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30). ipapo dare rinotonga rinogadzirira chinyorwa chacho pakukwirira, kubatanidza marekodhi neratidziro.

6. Kupfupikisa Nenharo Dzemashoko

Mutongi (anofadza) anopa gakava pfupi rakanyorwa pamusoro pechisarudzo nei dare rinotonga rakakanganisa. Mutongi anopindura nechepfupi achidzivirira chisarudzo chedare rinotonga. Dare ringaronga nharo dzokutaura, uko magweta anopindura mibvunzo yavatongi. Dzimwe mhaka dzinosarudzwa bedzi pamusoro pemipfupi.

7. Gadzirira Chisarudzo uye Kudzorwa

Dare redare rinotonga rinobudisa pfungwa, ingava inowirirana kana kuti yakakamukana. Inogona kusimbisa, kuchinja, kugadziridza, kana kuti kudzokororwa. Dare rokutongazve rinorayira dare kuti riite kumwe kutongwa kunowirirana nechisarudzo.

Kudzokororazve: Siya Kukwirira kuDare Repamusorosoro

Mugadziriro zhinjisa, boka rinorasikirwa ringakumbira dare guru nokuda kwehwirudzuro (sezvinei, chikumbiro checerestiorari muDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S.) Dare guru rinopa hwirudzuro muchikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau — izvo zvinobatanidza mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera. Kana hwirudzuro ikarambwa, chisarudzo cheappelete chinova chokupedzisira.

Rwendo rwose rwokubva pakuronga kuenda kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira runogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore, zvichitsamira pakuoma kunzwisisa, kuwanda kwemabhomba, uye kana kukumbira kwakawanda kuchiitwa.

Marudzi Emhosva Nenzira Dzawo Dzakasiyana

Nepo vakuru vakuru vevafundisi vachishanda kuzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, marudzi akati egakava anotevera nzira chaidzo.

  • Nyaya dzorurimi: Kodzero yomukwiridziridziri wokukwidza kupwiswa ikoshi, asi kuchuchidza kazhinji kazhinji hakugoni kukwidza kusunungurwa (ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri). Kukumbira kwokutsiva kwavose. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, mune muitiro wokukumbira wakaparadzana nokuda kweyamuro yepapost-confiction (habheas corpus).
  • [[FLT: 0] Zvikumbiro zveCivil Case: zvinowanika nokuda kwemitongo yokupedzisira pamwe chete nemimwe miraidzo yapakati (mutoo, mirairo). Zviito zvekirasi nezvikamu zvematort kungabatanidza zvitsama zvakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvikumbiro zvakabatanidzwa.
  • Mutemo woutarisiri: Zvisarudzo zvizhinji zvehurumende (mutoo, kutama, chengeteko yenzanga) zvinodzokororwa nedare rehurumende. Zvikwiriso zvinozoenda kudare rinotonga kana kuti dare rinopa ruzivo, uye pakupedzisira kudare gurusa. Mupimo wehwirudzuro unowanzopa kuderera kuidi resangano.
  • Castipanial Cases: Zvinetso kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinowanzokwirira kudare rapamusorosoro kana kuti dare chairo rebumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe nharaunda, kufanana neGermany, hwirudzuro yakaparadzana nebumbiro remitemo nezvikumbirowo zvawo.

Basa Retsono Nenyeredzi Zvinoparadza

Dare ramakurukota rinotsamira zvikuru padzidziso ye stare decis [chiLatin nokuda kwe “kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa”. matare ari pasi anofanira kutevera mienzaniso yakagadzwa nematare akakwirira mukati mechikoro chedare rimwe. Iyi nheyo inoparira kudeya kufanoziviswa netsinhirano.

Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Rekukwirira reUnited States chinosungirwa pamatare ose oruwa mukati medunhu iroro.

Saka kudzikamisa mutemo kwevakuru vakuru kunoratidza kuti mitemo inoitwa nevanhu vose.

Kuongorora Kutonga Nezvakunoita

Munyika dzakawanda, simba iri rinopiwa mudare repamusorosoro (kana kuti dare chairo remitemo). Kuongorora dare rinotonga kunobvumira dare guru kuputsa mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzinokosha kana kuti unopfuura chiremera chehurumende.

Somuenzaniso, simba reDare reChikurusa reU.S. rehwirudzuro redare rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Zvisarudzo zvakadai se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo [1954] rakashandura nzanga kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti ivhosvomhostora. MuUK, Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuputsa mutemo unogoverwa asi harigoni kushatisa basa Mabasa eParamende (mumusiano wouchangamire); panzvimbo pezvo, rinogona kubudisa chiziviso chekusawirirana mukuwirirana muMagariro avanhu.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunovimbisa kuti mapazu ose ehurumende anoshanda mukati meganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Dare redare ndiro musimboti wegadziriro ipi neipi yemitemo inokoshesa kusachinjana, kururama, uye mutemo. Kubva kudare rinotonga apo mhaka dzinovamba, kupfurikidza nematare edare anoruramisa zvikanganiso, kusvikira kudare guru rinopa tsananguro yokupedzisira, mwero mumwe nomumwe unoita basa rakasiyana. Kunzwisisa kuti nyaya dzinofambira mberi sei negadziriro iyi yemitemo inopa simba vanhu rokuita kuti vashandise maruramiro emitemo nenzira inobudirira, uye kuziva kuti ruramisiro inoita sei, uye kuti itsika dzakaiswa mugadziriro dzemitemo. Kana uri mudzidzi womutemo, muridzi webhizimisi, kana kuti mugari wemo, anonzwisisa kufambiswa kweridzo yedariro yenhau kupfurikidza nechikumbiro chokupedzisira.

Kunzverazve, ona tsananguro ye U.S. Dare redare rehurumende , [ Cornell Information Institute [, uye [[FLT] jira redare redare [[FLT:] judiary paruvara rwedare]. Kunyurukira zvikuru mu [ madesisterowo echipo [ anorumbidzwawo nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mutemo wedare redare rinotonga panhambo nenhambo.