Denho Dzokushandisa Kutsinhirana Kubumbiro Remitemo Rehurumende

Dzidziso yokubatanidza yakagadziridzazve zvikuru ukama pakati peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuita gadziriro dzakawanda zvikurusa dzeBill of Rights dzinomanikidzirwa mukurwisana nehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nePramende ye 144. Iyi gadziriro yakatanga mumavambo ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, yakawedzera dziviriro dzehurumende dzerusununguko rwomunhu oga muhurumende dzose. Bva kubatanidza mabumbiro emitemo kunoramba kwakabatana nomutemo, kuvakwa, uye denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Misiano yorugwaro pakati pehurumende nezvinyorwa zvehurumende, kutemerwa kwematare enyika, uye kudzorwa kwedare gurusa kuparira zvose zvinoitika. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinetso zvinokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu anotonga mutemo, kodzero yavagari vehurumende, pamutemo, kana kuti zvamatongerwedzo.

Kutanga Kwenhau Kwekutsinhirana

Kuzvinyima hakuna kuitika kamwe. Dare Gurusa rakatanga kuratidzira bviro mu Gitlow v. New York[FLT:] (1925), uko kwakafunga kuti First Amendment yakasununguka inovimbisa kuti inoshanda kuhurumende pasi peKinneth Reformation’s Remote Clausce. Mumakumi amakore anotevera, Court yakabatanidza zvikurusa hwn. [FT]

Bva Dare harina kutongogamuchira “chitsama chenzira yapakati napakati”, uko Bill of Rights yose yaizoshandisa ruzhinji. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakashandisa kuvhozhokera kwakasarudzwa, ichisarudza pahwaro hwenhau nehwaro hupi kana kodzero iri“ yehwaro hwedare reAmerica.” Iyi nzira yapashoma napashoma, yakaparira zvose zviri zviviri kuwirirana kwedzidziso uye kuoma kusingachinjiki pamusoro pegadziriro dzemitemo dzemitemo dzinodzorwa nemipimo yehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvokunyora Nezvemagadzirirwo Emagwaro

Misiyano Pakati Pemasangano Ekodzero Dzehurumende Nehurumende

Gadziriro dzeHurumende dzinotanga Bill of Rights uye kazhinji kazhinji dzine dziviriro dzehurumende dzakasiyana kana kuti dzakakura zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mabumbiro emitemo anoverengeka anovimbisa zvakajeka maruramiro edzidzo, mavara emhoteredzo, kana kuti kuva woga. (Bumbiro reMitemo reTexas rinobatanidza maruramiro okutakura mutauro wezvombo wakasiana neWepiri Amendment.) Apo Dare rapamusoro rinobatanidza maruramiro ehurumende, rinoita uriri hwechikamu chejerecha. Zvikamu zvehurumende zvinowanzodudzira gadziriro dzehurumende dzakafanana dzokupa bartraterport dziviriro kupfuura zviwiriranwa zvazvo zvomubatanidzwa.

Ikoku kunoparira denho: matare ehurumende anofanira kududzira gadziriro dzawo amene dzebumbiro remitemo muLock Step nedzidziso yomubatanidzwa, kana kuti angawedzera nenzira yakasununguka dziviriro? Mitezo mizhinji yakagamuchira “zvikonzero zvakazvimirira zvehurumende” kurangarira, kubvumira matare avo makuru kusvika mhedziso idzo dzinobva mududziro yehurumende. Nepo mativi ehurumende anozvimirira ari rutivi runokosha rwechiteshi chehurumende, anogona kuparira dziviriro yegore nechete [[FLT:] kumativi ose. maruramiro anomanikidzirwa muCalifornia angasagamuchira nzvimbo imwe cheteyo muAlabama, kunyange apo nyika dzose dziri mbiri dzine zvinyorwa zvakafanana.

Kuchinja - chinja Kubumbiro Remitemo Rehurumende: Basa Rekodzero Dzakanaka

Kusiyana neBill of Rights yomutemo inoumbwa nehurumende inobatana. Mabumbiro emitemo anosiana muurefu, rondedzero, uye nhau. Bumbiro reMitemo reAlabama rinobatanidza dzinopfuura 900 dzegadziriso, kukurukura chinhu chiri chose kubva kumitero yomunzvimbomo kusvikira kuzvokuvhima nekodzero dzokuredza. Uku kuoma kuoma kwokushandisa mupimo mumwe wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare guru reSamende reMitemo rakachengetwa mu [FL: 0] [McDonald] v. City yeChicagow[FLT] [[FLT] [20] (20) (20:0) iyo Remendementation inoshanda kumitempoto kupfurikidza nePrefection. Asi mitemo inova ine gadziriro yavo vamene yehondo, mimwe inodzo yakaitwa muChimbikimendero yeChipiri, uye inokwanisa kuisa ganhuridzo mumutemo wakasiana nemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvemumatongo uye Zvemumatongo

Inciroporation v. Izvose

Kusarudza kwakasarudzwa kweDare guru kwakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusava nenheyo dzemitemo. Mutongi Hugo Black akatsigira kuti ive yose, achipikisa kuti Fimende yeMirefu ye14 yakanga ichifanira kushandisa Bill of Rights yose mukurwisana nenyika. Dare rakaramba murangariro iwoyo, panzvimbo pezvo kushandisa kodzero idzodzo bedzi dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinokosha. Asi mipimo ye “kuchengeteka” yakachinja munguva, kuchiparira kusadavira. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo haina kurangarirwa kuva inokosha kutozosvikira muna 2010, pasinei zvapo nokurongwa zvakajeka muBill of Rights. Iyi nguva isingawirirani inoreva kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzomutemo dzakamborangarirwa sedzakafanira ingawanwa pasina kukwana makumi amakore gare gare gare.

Kurwisana Kwokuhwirudzura

Kunyange pashure pokunge kodzero yaiswa, mupimo wehwirudzuro unoshandiswa namatare ehurumende ungapesana nemipimo inoshandiswa nematare ehurumende pasi pemabumbiro awo amene. dare rehurumende rinohwirudzura mutemo wehurumende pasi pegadziriro yemitemo yehurumende yakasununguka rinoshandisa rugwaro rwe stimith[ muedzo (mitemo yehurumende inobvumira vanhu vose ndeyepamutemo), nepo dare rehurumende rinoongorora mutemo mumwe chete pasi pegadziriro yorusununguko rwehurumende yorudzidziso ringashandisa kunzvera zvakasimba. Ikoku kusingawirirani: mutemo ungapukunyuka denho yehurumende asi uchaparadzwa pasi pomutemo. Nepo iyi ichibvumirwa pasi penheyo dzemitemo yomubatanidzwa, inowedzera kuoma nokuda kwemitengo nemutemo yehurumende yehurumende inotonga yose.

Matambudziko Ezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Anoshanda

Uchangamire Hwehurumende Nokupinda Zvikuru

Nyika dzakawanda nenharaunda dzinoramba kubatanidzwa sedzokupindira uchangamire hwadzo. Mukati menhambo yekubviswa kwechikoro, dzimwe nyika dzeMadokero dzakataura kuti matare ehurumende akadarika nokushandisa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kumabasa ehurumende. Mitemo yakadzongonyedzwa kupesana nokubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment, ichiramba kuti mirau yepfuti yomunzvimbomo haifaniri kuongororwa zvikuru nehurumende. Kuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuoneka mukusava kwechibvumirano, kuedza kwemitemo kuganhurira dare, kana kuti “mitemo yekodzero". Iyi itsika iri mutsika yehurumende umo Dare repamusorosoro rinoshanda sechiito chokupedzisira cherevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kutapura Kuparwa Kwemhosva

Kuzvidzora kwakava netapuro hurusa pagadziriro dzoutsotsi hwehurumende. Kodzero dzakadai seFreadtermeter’s remodefication (Mapp v.Ohio], ropafadzo yeFindmersion mukurwisana neIndaneti ([]] [[FLT]]] marda [[FLT]]] [] [[FLT]]]]), uye Six maruramiro eSixPrandmentation kukupa zano ([[[FLT:]]]Gideon[FLT:])) yakashandiswa kumarudzi nemiuyo inoparira miuyo inobatira miuyo inobatira mirego inobatira mberi. Asi matare anochengeta chiremera pamusoro pomuitiro woutsotsi kupfurikidza nokuzvirongwa zvawo.

Nzvero Dzakaitika: Zvisarudzo Zvekufamba Mugungwa

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Mhaka yokutanga inobatanidza, Gitlow v. New York, yakabatanidza musocialiti akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo wenyongano yehurumende. Dare Gurusa rairangarira kuti First Amendment yakasununguka yokutaura inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo weGendment waichi145 Amendment. Zvisinei, Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwaGitrow nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwake kwakaparira “ngozi huru neyavapo.” Iyi chisarudzo chakagadza nheyo yenheyo yokubatanidza asi yakaratidzirawo denho: Dare rakahwirudzura mutemo weNew York pasi pomupimo wehurumende, bva rakabvumira mutemo unoganhurirwa kumira.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Rinenge zana ramakore gare gare, McDonald v. Guta reChicago rakabatanidzwa Dare reChipiri rekodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Mhaka yacho yamuka pashure pedenho kuchirambidzo chepfuti yeChicago, iyo Dare reSevente Transformation rakanga ratsigira pahwaro hwakatangira kuti Reformation yeChicago haina kushanda kumitengo. Muchisarudzo cha5-4, Dare rapamusoro rakashandura, kuwana kuti maruramiro okuzvidzora wogamhinaiwo ndiwo anokosha uye anoshanda kwose kwose. Mutongi Samuel Alito anoramba pfungwa iyo inotaura kuti inofanira kugadza mipimo yavo vamene yokudzora pfuti. Iyi kurukurirano inodzorwa pamusoro pechibvumirano, zvikurukuru sematare akaderera [FFONFFFON]

Timbs v. Indiana (209)

Mu Timbs v. Indiana, Dare Rapamusoro rakabatana raidavira kuti maruramiro akaisvonaka akanyanyisa eSendment anoshanda kunyika. Iyi mhaka yakaratidzira kuti kubatanidza kunopfuurira kuva nhau ipenyu. Dare rakanga raramba kupinza chikamu chemitemo mu Kugara kwapachivande mumitemo yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo matare akawanda ane dziviriro yawo amene mukurwisana nefashoni..[FLT] [1999], asi akachinja nzira yakavakirwa panhau nenzvero. Hurumende yagara ichidikanwa kuhwirudzura mitemo yehurumende mumitengo, kunyange zvazvo akawanda ane dziviriro yawo pamitengo dzayo yomutemo munzanga.

Magakava Azvino Uno Nemibvunzo Isingapedziswi

Kutora pashure [[FLT]

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu . Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202], iyo yakatendeuka [ Roe v. Wade] v. [, yakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pomuitiro wokubatanidza uye kuisa zvinenge zviri pakati. Dare rakarangarira kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba haasati ari anokosha pasi pePrefendi yeINT, kudzorera nhau yacho kunzvimbo. Iyi chisarudzo nenzira inobudirira “kubatanidza" maruramiro akanga ashandiswa munyika yose kwamakore 50. Yakanyanya kushatiswa zvamazvirokwazvo: kuva kwechigarire. Kana Dare gurusaidzwa gare gare gare gare gare, rinogona kudzorazve, pasina kudzokororwa kwechinhu chakafanana nemubatanidzwa.[5]

Penjero Yechitatu Negadziriro Dzehurumende Dzisingashandi

Zvimwe zvirongwa zvekodzero zvakawanzorongwa pamwero wehurumende, zvichiita kuti zvisave zvisina chokwadi. Third Amendment, inorambidza kuiswa kwevaviri kwemasoja mudzimba pasina kubvumirana, haina kumbobatanidzwa nenzira yepamutemo neDare Rapamusoro, kunyange zvazvo matare akaderera achiafunga kuva anoshanda. Nenzira yakafanana, rugwaro rwakawandisa rwebhegi reRendement runoramba rusina kubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo Dare raitaura zvisina kunanga mu United States v. Sallerno [[FLT: 1] [1987]. Hurumende inowanzova negadziriro dzinowirirana, uye matare ehurumende angazvidudzira nenzira yakasiana nomupimo upi noupi womutengo womutezo wehurumende. Uku kushaidzwa kweimba inogovera nzvimbo yedare nokuda kwedare asi kukanganisawo.

Zvidzidzo Zvinoshanda Zvavatengesi Vezvemutemo Nevagadziri Vemitemo

Magweta anozivisa nhau dzekodzero dzevagari vemo, kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzehurumende nenzvimbo dzakazvimirira kunoda kungwarira. Mutevedzeri angapikisa zvose zvinotaurwa nehurumende, achitsvaka mupimo wakanakisisa. Vatongi vanofanira kusarudza kana vachizotonga panzvimbo dzehurumende kana kuti kutsamira pamutemo wehurumende kudzivisa nhau yehurumende. Nokuda kwevaiti vemitemo nehurumende, uriri hwakarongwa nokubatanidza mitoo yokuti mitemo yehurumende haigoni kudzora kodzero dzinokosha sedzinorondedzerwa neDare Gurusa, asi vanogona kupa dziviriro huru zvikuru. Vatongi vanofanira kutarira zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa rehurumende nokuda kwechinjo dzokubatanidza dzidziso, zvikurukuru sezvo Dare rinoumba.

Somuenzaniso, pashure pa McDonald, nyika dzakawanda dzakaisirwa “kutakura miganhu” mitemo inobvumira kusavanzwa kutakura, kubvisa ganhuriro dzomunzvimbomo. Nenzira inopesana, dzinotaura kuti zvaida mitemo yepfuti dzakakomba yaifanira kushanda mukati megadziriro yehurumende, kuganhurira kurambidzwa kwepfuti munzvimbo dzinotapukira. Dzimwe nyika dzakakudza dziviriro dzinopfuura mipimo yehurumende, dzakadai sokuwedzera maruramiro okutakura zvombo zvose, kwete munzvimbo dzavose, kwete mukuvara. Iri basa ndimugumisiro wakananga wezvikamu, kusafanira kubatanidzwa.

Mugumisiro: Denho Yokutsungirira Yokudzikamisa Kubatana uye Kusiyana Kwevanhu

Kushandisa kubatanidzwa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kucharamba kuri rutivi rune simba uye runopikisa mutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Dzidziso yacho inobatira donzo rinokosha: kuva nechokwadi chokuti rusununguko rukuru harupiwi kufungira mano akaipa kwomunzvimbomo kana kuti kukunda kukuru. Bva ibasawo riri mukufambira mberi, Dare Gurusa padzimwe nguva richikura uye pane dzimwe nguva richitora mwero wekodzero. Kusiana kwemitemo yenyika, kuzvimirira kunodudzira kwematare ehurumende, uye kudzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopfuurira kuparira kudenha kwose.

Pakupedzisira, kubatanidzwa kunofanira kudzikamisa mipimo miviri inokwikwidzana: musiyano mukuru wekodzero dzakafanana unovimbiswa kuAmerica yoga yoga, uye rusununguko rwenyika rwokuedza ndokugovera dzimwe dziviriro sezvadzinoona kuti dzakakodzera. Kuwana iyi chiyero kunoda kurangarira kwokungwarira, ruremekedzo nokuda kwehurumende, uye kudisa kudzokororazve fungidziro dzekare. Sezvo mipimo yapamutemo inoshanduka, vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kugara vachiziva pamusoro pezvinoitika zvazvino uno mukubatanidza dzidziso nemativi akasiana ebumbiro remitemo rimwe nerimwe.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute – Incorporation, [[FLT]Oyez project – Infection zvinoitika, uye [[FLT]] SCOUSBOLBOS – Doctbbs [. Zviwiro izvi zvinogovera kunzvera kukuru kwenhau nedzidziso zvakakurukurwa pamusoro apa.