Masangano Ebumbiro Remitemo RechiFederalism Norusununguko

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinoumba uchangamire hwakaoma kunzwisisa, huchiparadzanisa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika dzinoverengeka. Iri chimiro rakagadzirirwa zvose zviri zviviri kudzivirira rusununguko nokushandisa utongi. Asi, kubva pakutanga, mubvunzo mukuru wakaramba usina kupindurwa: kuti dziviriro yehurumende yekodzero dzavanhu sezvaingatambanukira pachiito chehurumende here? Nokuda kwerinodokusvika zana rimwe nerimwe, mhinduro yakanga iri yakapfava: Bill of Rights hurumende yehurumende yakaganhurirwa bedzi. Nyika dzakanga dzakasununguka kuronga nzira dzadzo dzoutsotsi, kurondedzera rusununguko rwadzo dzadzo dzadzo dzokutaura nokudhinda, uye kugadza masangano ezvitendero avo pachazvo sezvadzainoona kuti akakodzera, nemitemo yavo inoganhurirwa bedzi. Dzidziso yemitemo yehurumende inobvumira pamutemo pakati pehurumende inobvumira pamutemo. [FLT.1:]

Gakava pakati pesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende rakanga risiri tarisiro yaVavambi. Yakanga iri kubvumirana kwendangariro. VaAnti-Federalist vaitya kuti hurumende ine simba yaizoputsa rusununguko rwavakanga vachangobva kurwa kuti vachengeteke. Federalists dzakataura kuti hurumende yenyika yemasimba akaganhurirwa, akaverengwa akamutsa tyisidziro duku. Kudzivirira, vaFederali vakavimbisa Bill of Rights, asi masangano iwayo gumi okutanga akagadzirirwa zvakajeka kudzvinyirira Hurumende itsva yehurumende, kwete masangano ehurumende.

Dare reMarkll rakaita iyi ganhuriro yakajeka mu [[FLT:] Barron v. Baltimore [1833]. John Barton, mwene wechiteshi chengarava, akapomera guta reBaltimoretian nokuda kwokuparadza bhizimisi rake nokutsausa hova dzenzira mukati mekuvaka mugwagwa, achiitirana kuti guta rakanga ratora pfuma yake pasina kudzorwa. Chiratidzo chaManeidzo chaMagwehe John Marshall akanyora nokuda kweDare rinovhoseroserosei, kufanana neyasara yeRendero, yakanga iri "seidzo chaiyo seganhuriro pakushandiswa kwesimba nehurumende yeUnited States, uye haishandisi kumutemo wehurumende yeGene.

Mhedziso Yegumi Negumi Negumi Nedenho Kuuchangamire Hwehurumende

Hondo yevagari vemo neReformation Reformations yakatevera kugadziridza kwaidzosa zvikuru muganhu webumbiro remitemo. Thurtment yakabvisa uranda. Fifenteenteth Amendment [[ yakarambidza kusarura dzinza mukuvhota. Asi yakanga iri [[FLT:] Fitenth Amendment[, yakatenderwa muna 1868, kuti inodenha zvakananga simba rehurumende. Gadziro dzayo huru dzakaitirwa mumasangano ehurumende akanga aichinge ashatsa dzinza. Chikamu chimwe chinozivisa:

Hakunoushe ungaita kana kusimbisa murayiro upi noupi, unodzosa maruramiro kana kudzivirira vagari veUnited States; kana Hurumende ipi neipi hainganyimi munhu upi noupi upenyu, kana rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina mutoo wakafanira womurairo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moushe hwayo, dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.

Mutauro uyu wakanga uri denho yakananga panheyo ye Barron v. Baltimore. Wakaganhurira zvakajeka simba re statis kukodzero dzinokosha dzebhuriji. Vagadziri vaida kuita kuti dziviriro yekodzero dzehwaro, zvikurukuru nokuda kwevaranda vakanga vachangobva kusunungurwa vakatarisana nehurumende dzine utsinye muSouth. Mubvunzo wakanga usiri [[FLT:][FLT:]] ] Hurumende yakaganhurira kutaura, asi [[FLT:]] zvikuru kwazvo [[FLT:]] uye kupfurikidza [FLT] [F]

Mitongo Yeimba Yokuuraya Nekuganhurirwa Kwamaropafadzo Kana Kuti Misha

Dare rapamusoro rakatarisana nouyu mubvunzo nenzira yakananga mu Cases-Indlu [1873]. Panhau yakanga iri Louisiana mutemo wakapiwa simba pamabasa okuuraya muNew Orleans. Vatongi vakabvisa pahugaro hwehurumende, vachiramba kuti mutemo wakavhara maruramiro awo "magariro kana kuti nhare" savagari vemo veUnited States. Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare rakabvisa bviro yeMaropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Clauslee. Ruracysm Millerelles yakatsaura pakati pougation nehurumende uye kuva mugari wemo, achitonga kuti kodzero shomanene bedzi idzo dzakafanira kuvapo muhurumende, sezvo kufambirwa kwadzo dzakadzoka kuchigaro chehurumende kana kuti kugarwa kumatare makuru ehurumende. Ruzivo rwenhau yapamutemo rwamakurukuru kupfurikidza nekodzero dzapanguva yemberi, dzakarevererwa namaruramiro echipotevedzo, kupfurikidza nemitemo yeSaupt. [FF]

Gadziriro Yakatarwa Sechikamu Chesimbi Chomubatanidzwa

Dare reChibvumirano raShona Claus rinorambidza kutaura nezvokunyima "munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo". Pachiso charo, chitsama chinoratidzika kuva chinopa mipimo: chinovimbisa muitiro wakanaka. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakudziridza zvishoma nezvishoma dzidziso ye [ inopa muitiro wakafanira [[[FLT], , unoita kuti chichengetedzewo kodzero dzakati kuti dzinodzivirira padzoro huru pakanganisika, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Ikoku kwakazarura suo kupfungwa yokuti "bert" yakadzivirirwa neGamhempliced Reformations. Kana zvichidzivirira mutoodoka maruramiro ekodzero dzehurumende, panguva iyeyo kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu akare.

Kupesana Kwakakwana Nokusarudza: Kukakavadzana Kwokutonga

Kwemakumi emakore pashure peKiremmendment yechi14, Vatongi vakaedza kutsanangura kuti inyaya dzakawanda sei yeBill of Rights yaishanda kunyika dzacho.

Ruramisiro Black Nedzidziso Yose Yokusawirirana

Mutongi Hugo Black akapikisana nokuda kwenzira yakananga. Aidavira kuti vagadziri veKill of Rights ye14th Amendment vaida kuti Bill of Rights yose ishande kunyika. Mukusabvumirana kwake mu Adamson v. California [1947], vatema vakabatanidza ufakazi hwenhau kubva pakurukurirano dzedare kuti vataure kuti Maropafadzo kana kuti Immunion Claus akarongwa zvakananga kuita kuti zvibvumirano zvokutanga zvisabatanidzwa pazvibvumirano zvisere. Nokuda kweBlack Compligion, vapa mutemo wakajeka, unotsamira patsika, rugwaro rwaizodzivisa kuisa mipimo yavo vamene. Iye akataura kuti, kushandiswa kwakakwana kwakakosha kudzivirira nhau yokutonga. Kana iye akarangarira kuti maruramiro anokosha kudzivirira Hurumende.

Mutongi Cardozo ne "Rusununguko"

Mutongi Benjamin Cardozo, achinyorera voruzhinji mu Palko v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1937], akaramba mutoo wetsika wekubatanidza. Akapa mupimo unojekeswa zvikuru: Dare rinofanira bedzi kubatanidza maruramiro iwayo ari "mufungo werusununguko rwakarongwa" uye pasina "kusava norusununguko kana kuti ruramisiro yaizovapo. Mupimo uyu wakasiana pakati pamaruramiro akanga ariwo zvawo zvake "mugadziri" kana kuti "trial" naavo vakanga vari vanokosha kutsika yeruramisiro. Carbozozozo akakarakadza kuti maruramiro outongi muchinoitika chavagari vemo kana kuti maruramiro orusarusarusarusaro angava anokosha nokuda kwegadziriro inoyera. [FFFFFFF:]

Kushanda Kwomuitiro Wokusarudza

Kutanga muma 1920 uye kukurumidza zvikuru muWarren Court muma 1960, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakabatanidza gadziriro imwe pashure peimwe. Muitiro wacho wakanga usingakurumidzi kana kuti usina kufanana, asi pakasvika mugumo wezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, inenge dziviriro iri yose muBill of Rights yakanga yaitwa kuti ishande kunyika.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga

Nhano dzokutanga kubatanidzwa dzakauya munzvimbo yerusununguko rwokutaura. Gitlow v. New York (1925), Benjamin Gitlow akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi weNew York weparation nokuda kwokubudisa musocialist. Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake asi, mumashoko akaoma, akazivisa kuti "Nchuro yekutaura neredhindiro inodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment neCongress iri pakati pekodzero dzomunhu oga ne'ograndments [Foctive] yaisairongedzerwa kuidzo huru uye 'idzo' inodzivirirwa negadziriro yapamutemo yeGenetivelm kubva kukuvadziko renyika.][FLD][5]

Kubatanidzwa kweFirst Amendment kwakapfuurira nokukurumidza. Nearbor v. Minnesota[FL:1] (1931), Dare rakabatanidza rusununguko rwezvinobudisa, kudzika mutemo wehurumende unobvumira kudzorwa kwe "Indaneti". [[FLT:]] Denge v. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [37] [37] yakaita rudyi wegungano rine rugare. Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FL:] [1940] [1]) yakabatanidza kushandiswa kwapachena kworudzidziso. [FLT] Everson. v [FLT] [FF:7] [F]

Dare reWarren Nechinjo Yeutsotsi

Wedzero inoshamisa zvikurusa yokubatanidzwa yakaitika muma 1960 pasi poMutongi Mukuru Earl Warren. Dare reWarren raibatanidza nomutoo wakarongwa dziviriro dzoutsotsi dzegadziriro dzemitemo yeChona, yechishanu, yechitanhatu, uye Sendrey Amendments, inoshandura zvikurukuru gadziriro dzoutsotsi hwehurumende. Dare rakaruramisa izvi pazvikonzero zvokuti matare ehurumende aiwanzoshaiwa pfuma, rovedzo, kana kuti chimiro chokugovera miitiro yakarurama nokuda kwevakwirirwi vane mhaka nevoruvaduku vedzinza.

  • Mapp v.O. (1961): Apper [ Wolf v. Colorado[, Dare raibatanidza mutemo weRemendement yeChina, richiva noufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo uye kubvumwa kwaisagona kushandiswa mudare rehurumende. Dare rakawana kuti maruramiro echivande ai "nomanikidzirwa kurwisana neUnited States kupfurikidza neSangano reChiitiromende Claus Claus.""
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Mune imwe yenhau dzakakurumbira zvikurusa mumutemo weAmerica, Dare rakabatana raidavira kuti Dare reSikisi maruramiro eTreemendment raifanira kuva maruramiro makuru okupa zano kukutonga kwakarurama uye raida kunyoreswa kuhurumende. Clarence Earl Gideon, murume murombo akapomerwa kuputsa horo yedziva, akanga amanikidzwa kuzvimiririra amene. Dare rakatonga kuti "varairi vemitemo mumatare ematsotsi vanofanira, kwete kushairwa."
  • Malloy v. Hogan (64): Dare rakabatanidza ropafadzo yeFindremendment mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa, kunyanyova mhevedzo v. New Jersey. Iyi chisarudzo chakavawo nomuuyo wokushandisa [[FLT:] Maranda [
  • Pointer v. Texas (1965): Dare rakabatanidzwa maruramiro eTSPREMment kutarisana nezvapupu, kuchivimbisa vakwiri vemhosva mano okugura vapomeri vavo mudare rehurumende.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Dare rakabatanidza maruramiro eTS: Endmentment kukutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka yakakomba, kutora kutonga ikoko nedare revatongi mumhaka dzeutsotsi ndokwokuti "kuomerera kugadziriro yedare reAmerica.

Pakazopera nguva yeWarren, inenge gadziriro yose youtsotsi yeBill of Rights yakanga yabatanidzwa, ichigadza mitemo yakafanana inofanira kutevedzerwa nematare ose ehurumende.Iyi yakaratidza kuchinja kukuru kwesimba kubva kunyika kuenda kudare rehurumende uye yakanga yava manyuko egakava rezvamatongerwe enyika neredzidzo.

Kutsigira Kutonga Kwoutongi Humwe: Masangano Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Wedzero yokubatanidza kunosarudza nguva dzose yakatarisana nokutsoropodza kune simba kwakavakirwa muhurumende. Mutongi John Marshall Harlan II, mupanduki asingachinji muDare reWarren Court rinobatanidza mhaka, akataura kuti Dare rakanga richidarika chiremera charo kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yenyika pamasangano emitemo youtsotsi akasiyana - siyana. Iye akarangarira kuti Simplete ye145 haina "kudzosa" Bill of Rights asi panzvimbo pezvo yakadzivirira kodzero idzodzo bedzi pasina kuti "liberty asingagoni kuvapo." Mukusabvumirana kwake mu Dinn v. Louisiana, Harlan akanyevera kuti Dare rakanga risiri "ro rakasimba zvikuru reruwa rwati" uye richiita mano ezvokuedza namasangano aro.

Mutongi Louis Brandeis, mukupesana kwakakurumbira mu New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann (1932), akapemberera basa remitemo se , unyanzvi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu [[. Akataura kuti "mugariro mumwe woushingi, kana vagari vemo vayo vakasarudza, kubatira serabhoratory; uye kuedza kuedza kuedza kwazvinocherwa munzanga nezvemari pasina ngozi kusara kwenyika." Sarudza, vatsoropo, rangarira uyu mupfupi wourongwa. Apo Dare rinobatanidza rudyi, rinoisa mupimo mumwe wakaenzana nouremutengo unodzivisa kukura kwezvinotevedzerwa. Nokuda kwemienza yemienzaniso yemitengo yakasiana namabasa akasiana namabasa awo.

Kukura Neganhuriro Dzokusarudza

Muitiro wokusarudza usati waguma neDare reWarren. Burger, Rehnquist, naRoberts Courts wakapfuuridzira muitiro wacho, kunyange zvazvo panhambo inononoka uye nengwariro pamaruramiro akasiyana. Chisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa munhambo yazvino uno ndi McDonald v. Chicago[[FL] [[FLT]] [1] [2010] [2010]. Muchisarudzo cha 5-4, Dare rakabatanidza maruramiro eChimbichimbichipiri okuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo, kushandisa [[FLT:]] . [FLT] .[FLT]] [FLT3] ] . [FLT3] . Hurumende yemosvurino] inodzorwa zvikuru, nokuda kwechirambidzo, nokuda kwechizhinji chakashandiswa mupimo [Foctive-f.[flectal] [f] [f]

Mu .Timbs v. Indiana (2029), Dare rakabatanidzwa pamwe chete neSeng Standardive Confective Reconfrence Claus, richitonga kuti dziviriro pafaindi yakanyanyisa inoshanda kunyika. Dare rakataura kuti chitsama chacho chakanga chaiswa "ne neGumbidzo reBatts Promment Claus rePramendement ye14th nemhaka yokuti kodzero yokusununguka pafashoni yakanyanyisa ikodzero inokosha kurangariro yedu yokushandisa rusununguko rwakarongwa. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza hurumende yeIndianaia inotora nyika yomunhu inokwana $42 000 000 000 Rever pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka yokutengesa mari shomanene yeheroin, uye Dare rakawana kuti kurasikirwa nemhosva yacho yakakomba zvikuru kuutsotsi. Chisarudzodzodzodzodzodzodzo kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitemo yokudzorwa kwemitemo inodzorwa kuMagaro.

Zvisinei, muitiro wokubatanidza hauna kupedzwa. Gadziriro shomanene dzeBill of Rights dzinoramba dzisina kubatanidzwa. , inorambidza kuiswa kwevarwi mudzimba dzavo munguva yorugare, haina kumboshandiswa kumativi enyika neDare guru, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji ichirangarirwa kuva yakabatanidzwa. [[[FLT:] Fitmenced] Fitment inorambidza kupiwa mhaka huru yedare redare rakakomba remhosva dzakakomba, yave isingaitwi kuti ive yakaiswa pachena mu [FLT:] . [FLT] iyi yakashandiswawo zvikuru. [FLT] [5] [5] [8] [inoshandiswa nenzira dzinotsiva, sepotongedzero, kuzivisa, [F]]

Kutsoropodza Kwechitendero Kwokusarudza

Dzidziso yokusarudza inotsamira pakuraviwa kwakananga kweKireath Amendment yakakwezva kutsoropodza kwakatsiga kubva kuvose vari vaviri vamavambo asingachinji navanonyora magwaro anorerekera. Vanyori vechiGiriki, kufanana noMutongi wokupedzisira Antonin Scalia, vakapikisa kuti kubatanidza kwakasarudzwa hakuna hwaro hwakasimba hwemagwaro. Dare rinonangidzira kuvimbika pa [FLT:] , kwete kodzero dzechinyakare. Scalia akataura nesimba kuti chikamu chemashoko "chingagoni kuva hwaro hwokuisa miganhuro yomutemo pahurumende." Pasinei zvapo neiyi miganhuro youzivi, Scalia akavhotera kuti abata Hurumende yeChipiri mu [[FLT:] [FLD] [FFLD]] , achiratidzira kukweva kune simba kwedzidziso yakare yakatangwa.

Kubva kuruboshwe, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti nzira inosarudzwa yourongwa ingwariro huru neyakazvinyengera. Dzinopikisa kuti Ropafato kana kuti maImmuniti Claus yakanga iri motokari yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwokupa maruramiro orudzi uye kuti chisarudzo cheDare chokuisiya mu [ Casess [Imbar] Yacho [ yakanga iri chikanganiso chine ngwavaira. Vanopikisa kuti maropafadzo akadzorerwa kana kuti maImmony Clausleace aigona kugovera maruramiro akawanda uye hwaro hwakakwana hwokudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha kupondwa kwehurumende, kubatanidza maruramiro asingatsaudzwi zvakajeka muBill Regiontion, sekodzero dzorudyi dzokuvhotera, uye kurudyi. Trencelme anobvumirana neiyi migariro migariro, kana kuti I Klaston, panzvimbo yeChitsumo chayo.[5] Muneoserome] Munerome Nomutongedzo yake inobvumira.[5]

Kutsoropodza kwechitatu kunonanga pamashoko "kurongeka kwakananga" pachawo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mupimo wacho hauna kujeka chose chose, unobvumira vatongi vasina kurongwa kurondedzera kodzero dzinokosha dzakavakirwa pamipimo yavo vamene. Kukakavadzana pamusoro penzira yokurondedzera nayo "rusununguko rwakarongwa" kwachinja munguva. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri okutanga, wakashandiswa kururamisa rusununguko rwemari. Pakati pomuitiro woutsotsi uye kutaura kwakasununguka. Nhasi, inzvimbo yehondo yenharo pamusoro pekodzero dzepfuti, kuva wogaro, uye chirango chorufu. Kuchinjika kwomupimo wacho zvose zviri zviviri isimba rayo gurusa nekuvadziko yarwo.

Dzikamo Yazvino Uno: Mipimo yeNyika, Kutonga Kwomunzvimbomo

Kusarudza kwakatanga uriri hwenyika yerusununguko rwavagari vemo pasi pehusina hurumende inogona kuwira. Hurumende haigoni kutanga rudzidziso, kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunonzvera, kuramba mukwiridziri wetsotsi gweta, kana kuti kuisa zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose, zvose nemhaka yokuti Ireversitement ye145 inoita kuti Bill of Rights isungire pazviri. Iyi nzvimbo inovimbisa kuva yakafanana kwehwaro hukuru munyika. Mugari wemo anofamba kubva kuNew York kusvikira kuTexas anotakura dziviriro imwe cheteyo yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi yakanga iri vavariro huru yeConstantion Congrend Refementation yaindement yaindement yai. Ivo vakanzwisisa kuti uchangamire hwenyika hahugoni kuva hwese chose chose, zvikurukuru apo hwakasvika kumaruramiro makuru avagari vemo.

Bva, dzikamo inoramba ine simba. Nyika dzine chiremera chikuru chokuwedzera maruramiro kupfuura uriri hwehurumende. Kodzero kukutonga kwedare redare ravagari vemo kunosiyana nehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anogovera dziviriro dzakafara nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka, kuva voga, uye kuva akaenzana kupfuura Dare reMitemo renyika serinorondedzerwa neDare guru. Iro rinoparira hurumende yekodzero umo hurumende dzinogona kubatira senzvimbo dzinochengeterwa rusununguko idzo Justice Brandeis inochengetwa. dare gurusa rehurumende rinogona kutsanangura bumbiro remitemo yaromato yemitemo kuti igove dziviriro yakawanda kupfuura pamutemo wehurumende, uye chisarudzo ichocho hachiyemuri kurangarirwa neDare gurusaresa sokusanoputsa mutemo wehurumende. Iyi kurukurirano yakare pakati pematare ehurumende nemubatanidzwa wehurumende inorumbidza kugadzirwa kwomutemo.

Denho yazvino uno ndeyokurondedzera ganhuriro dzokunze dzesimba rehurumende munharaunda itsva. Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment kwakaparira maruramiro makuru pamusoro pemitemo yenyika nepfuti dzomunzvimbomo. Dare rinofanira kupedza zvizere mibvunzo pamusoro pemwero wokunzvera inoshanda kumitemo yepfuti kana kuti ukuru hwekodzero yokutakura pfuti muvoruzhinji. [[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] yakavakirwa parondedzero ye "FLT" inowirirana ne[FLT].[FLT] Conf:[3] uye [FT] kubva kui.[FLT]

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi Yokusarudza

Kubatanidza kunosarudzwa kunomira sechimwe chezviitwa zvedzidziso zvikurusa zveDare Gurusa. Rakachinja Bill of Rights kubva mugadziriro yeganhuriro pasimba rehurumende kuva vimbiso huru yorusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe mukurwisana nemitezo yose yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yorudzi yeruramisiro pamiitiro youtsotsi yehurumende, kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye maruramiro epfuti, Dare rakabvisa zvishoma nezvishoma dzikamo kubva pauchangamire hwehurumende hwakakwana uye kudziviriro yorudzi rumwe rwekodzero dzavanhu. Muitiro wacho wave usingawanzova wakapfavisa, uye kurukurirano pamusoro pekodzero dzawo, uye mutoo wounyanzvi unopfuurira kuparadzanisa vatongi, nyanzvi, uye vagari vemo.

Bva, dzidziso imene yakasimbiswa mumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Nhau haisati ichirizve kana zviri izvo [[FLT]] Bhishopi yekodzero dzinoshanda kuhurumende, asi sei inofanira kushandiswa. Mupimo we "rusununguko" unoramba uripo, uchitungamirira Dare sezvarinotarisana nedenho itsva munzanga. Dziviriro pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu hadzisati dzichizotongova dzakatwa zvechigarire. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuedza miganhu yerusununguko nechiremera, uye chinoshandisa chisarudzi chinogovera chirongwa chemitemo nokuda kwokuedza ikoko. Chitendero chinoumba chinhu chikuru pakati penyika inowirirana. Chitendero chinoreva kuyera mamiriro ezvinhu echinogaro chomunzvimbomo chomunzvimbomo nyika yose. Chitendero chinoramba kuva nechero chenyika yose pakati penyika yose. Chitendero chenyika yose chinoramba kuva nechero chakasimba pakati pechinotevedzodzo. Chino chinova chinokwanisa kutendeka chinoshanda pakati penyika chinoshanda. Chino chiri chose chinoramba chichivimbisa chika