Hwaro Hworusununguko: Chikonzero Nei Bumbiro Romutemo Richidzivisa Kunyanyowandirwa

United States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru gadziriro yehurumende(icho nhoo yamaune muudzvinyiriri. Pari nechivako chayo chikuru chinoitirwa kudzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzorwi. Iyi shoo, yakavakirwa panheyo dzemasimba akaparadzana uye kutarisirana, iripo kudzivirira rusununguko rwomugari wemo ari wose. Kunzwisisa kuti muganhu weBumbiro remitemo unodzikamisa sei unokosha nokuda kwokuziva chikonzero nei rusununguko rweAmerica rwakatsungirira kwamazana maviri amakore.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo, vachiva vakagara mukutonga kweBritain uye vakadzidza marepabhuriki akawanda enhau akakundikana, vaiziva kuti simba rakasimba risingadzivisiki rinotungamirira kukubatwa zvisina kufanira. Vakawana kuvafungi vakaita saMontesquieu, uyo akataura kuti “simba rinofanira kuva kuongorora simba,” uye kubva muzvinoitika zvavo vamene zvehurumende nehurumende yaidzora zvakanyanyisa. Muuyo wakanga uri hurumende ine mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rakashongedzerwa nezvombo zvokudzivisa kupindira navamwe. Iyi tsika haisiwo mirangariro mikuru muWashington, kubva kukurukurirano huru yemitemo kusvikira kudare gurusa.

Chiono Chinowana: Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kwakanga Kuchikosha

Apo nhume dzakaungana muPhiladelphia muna 1787, dzakatarisana nemubvunzo unokosha: nzira yokuita nayo hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kuti ibatanidze nyika dzine gumi nenhatu dzisingavi madzimambo matsva. Zvikamu zveConfederation zvakanga zvabvumikisa kuva zvisina simba zvikuru, zvichisiya Congress isina simba kumutero kana kuti kudzora kutengeserana. Bva hurumende yapakati yakamutsa rutyo rwedzvinyiriro yavakanga varwa kuti vatize. Mhinduro yakanga isiri yokuisa chiremera chose muboka rimwe asi kuiparadzanisa pakati pamapazu akasiana, akaganhurirwa.

James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akatsanangura mufungo mu [FT: 0] Munhamba Nha. 51: “Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kukurira chinzvimbo. Fariro yomunhu inofanira kuva yakabatana nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo renzvimbo." Nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe kuda kwaro rimene uye mutoo wokudzivisa nawo, vagadziri vemitemo vanosimbisa kuti hakuna uzivikanwo mumwe ungagona kudzora. Iyi nzwisiso yemunhu inoda dziviriro yehurumende yeAmerica.

Mashoko okuzarura eBumbiro reMitemo (*) “Isu vanhu") tinosimbisa kuti uchangamire hunoyerera huchibva kuvagari vemo, kwete kuhurumende. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba iratidzirwo yetsika iyoyo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinowana maruramiro aro kuvanhu, asi chiremera charo chinoganhurirwa kunzvimbo yaro yakagadzwa. Ichi chivako hachisati chichidzivisa bedzi udzvinyiriri asi chinosimudzirawo kurangarira, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuzvidavirira.

Mapazi Matatu: Kusiya Simba, Kushanda Pamwe Chete

Bhizi rimwe nerimwe neDare rinoisa masimba emitemo, ehurumende, uye okutonga mumasangano akaparadzana: Congress, Purezidhendi, uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa. Nepo bazu rimwe nerimwe rine basa guru, miganhu yacho yakavhiringidzwa namaune kuparira rwisano() inodzivirira rusununguko.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa masimba ose emitemo kuCongress, mutumbi webhijamaral unoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare.Imba, yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose, yakarongedzerwa kuva inogamuchira kuda kwakakurumbira; Dare, rakasarudzwa pakuvamba namatare ehurumende, rakaitirwa kumirira fariro dzehurumende ndokugovera dzikamo. Pamwe chete, ivo vanonyora mitemo yorudzi.

Dare roga rinoshandisa simba rechikwama: hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina mvumo yacho. Inogona kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kugadza matare ehurumende. Aya masimba makuru, asi anonzverwa namamwe mapazu. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kubvisa zvikwereti, uye Dare Gurusa rinogona kuzviparadza kana zvikaputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Uyezve, boka reParces’s mogal (Imba neDare) rinofanira kubvumirana pamutemo wakafanana, uye kudzivirira chiito chokukurumidza.

Bazu Rine Simba: Chiito Nokumanikidzwa

Chikamu II chinopa simba gurusa muMutungamiriri wenyika mumwe, anobatira somukuru wehurumende, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye mutungamiriri mukuru. Basa guru raPrezidhendi nderoku “ngwarira kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka.” Ikoku kunobatanidza kugadza vakuru vakuru veKabhinati, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume, zvibvumirano zvokunyoresa (nebvumirano yeDare), uye kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kumasangano ehurumende.

Chirefu inzvimbo yesimba guru nokutanga, asi vagadziri vanoidzivirira padzvinyiriro yakakurumbira kupfurikidza nokuita Electoral College mutoo wokusarudza. Purezidhendi haagoni kuita mutemo (Zvekuti Congress) uye chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinogona kuchinjwa nemitemo kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare. Simba rokukanganwira, zvisinei, rinopa cheki yechienzi pabazu redare, richibvumira ngoni muzvinoitika zvomubatanidzwa.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare gurusa ndokubvumira Congress kuvamba matare ehurumende yakaderera. Vatongi veFederal vanobatira kwoupenyu mukati me “mufambiro wakanaka,” vanovadzivirira pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvitonga kunotsoropodza nokuda kwokududzirwa kwokusasarura kweBumbiro remitemo nemitemo yehurumende. Chirongwa chejajicary chine simba zvikurusa (jesinongedzerwa zvakananga)(chinodudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo asi chakatangwa mumhaka yenhau Marbury v. Madison.[FLT]] Kupfurikidza nehwirudzura, matare anogona kuzivisa mabasa eDare kana kuti masangano makuru, achiita judiary inzvero inotyisa pamamwe mapazuro.

Dare rehurumende rinotonga nhau dzinomuka muBumbiro reMitemo, mutemo wehurumende, uye zvibvumirano, pamwe chete nekakavadzano pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pehurumende yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuda “mutumbi kana kuti gakava,” Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro yechisarudzo uye rinovimbisa kuti anongokurukura bedzi nharo dzapamutemo.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Kuri Kuitwa: Kugara Kuine Simba

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba chaiwo okuganhurira mamwe, kunoda kubatira pamwe uye kudzivirira bazu ripi neripi kuti risaite zvinhu pasina kuzombozvifunga kwenguva refu.

Nzvero Yakaitwa neCongress Pamuzinda Wavakuru uye Mufundisi

  • Kutsiva mavhati: Kana Purezidhendi akaramba mutemo, Congress inogona kuudzora nevhoti mbiri ne 3 mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri(a zvakaoma asi zvinobvira kunzvera.
  • Simba rokusimbisa: Dare rinofanira kubvumira kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kumatare ehurumende, matare eCabittenate, uye mauto anomirira. Ikoku kunopa Congress kutaura kwakananga muna vanoshandisa simba revakuru vakuru nerokutonga.
  • Kutonga: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe “Kufunga, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru uye Misdemy.] Dare ipapo rinoita kutonga uye, kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri, inogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru mukuru. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi ave akasadzidziswa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump), uye hapana akabviswa, asi tyisidziro yokusadzidzisa inogona kuita sechidzivisi chakasimba.
  • Simba rechikwama:[[[FLT: 1] Congress rinodzora kupiwa mari nokuda kwemibato yose yehurumende, kubatanidza nhano dzaPurezidhendi. Kunogonawo kuisa migariro pakushandisa mari kupesvedzera mufambiro wavakuru vakuru.
  • [ Kutarisira kwoudzori: Matare eCongress anonzvera masangano anotungamirira, anoshevedza, uye anoraira magwaro. Uku kutarisira kunokosha nokuda kwokubvisa tsvina, unyengeri, uye kushatisa.

Nzvero dzaPurezidhendi PaCongress Nematare

  • Simba reVET: Mutungamiriri anogona kuramba mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kurangarira kana kuti kuunganidza uzivi hukuru.
  • Kugadzwa kwavatongi: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoisa vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare rapamusorosoro, vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu. Ikoku kunoumba nhungamiro youzivi yamagumi amakore.
  • Simba reProfesi rinogona kupa kukanganwirwa nokukanganwirwa kwemhosva dzehurumende, kugovera cheki pamitongo yekutonga kana kuti kunyanyisa. Simba iri rakakwana (kunze kwemhaka dzisina kufanira) uye harigoni kukanganiswa neDare kana kuti matare.
  • Zvibvumirano nemirairo zvinoshanda: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupfuvura chibvumirano nokuita zvibvumirano zvamasangano avakuru vakuru namarudzi okumwe uye anogona kutungamirira masangano ehurumende kupfurikidza nemirayiro yavakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, izvi zviito zvinoramba zviri mudzokororo yedare nezvisarudzo zvemari.

Nzvero Dzamadhekete Aiva Pamamwe Mapazi

  • Kuhwirudzura kwapanguva yapamberi: Matare anogona kubvisa mitemo yehurumende nehurumende pamwe chete nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinotambanukira kumutemo uri wose unouya pamberi pawo.
  • Kududzira: kupfurikidza nokududzira mirau, matare anogona kuganhurira kana kuti kukudza kusvika kwemitemo. Dare rinogona pane dzimwe nguva kudarika kududzira kwemitemo kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mitemo mitsva, asi kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoda gadziriso yebumbiro remitemo kuti itsikwe.
  • Nguva yoUpenyu: [ Vatongi veFederal vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvabvumira kutonga mukurwisana nehurumende apo kunenge kuri madikanwa. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro maduku kuvanyengeri.

Kuongorora uku hakuvimbisi kuenzana kwakakwana; kunoita kuti pave negadziriro umo simba rinoramba richirwiswa uye richikurukurwa.Mugumisiro wacho ihurumende inofamba noune, kazhinji zvishoma nezvishoma, asi ine dziviriro dzakavakwa dzokudzivisa chiito chokukurumidza kana kuti choudzvinyiriri.

Bhuku Ramaruramiro: Kusunungura Kwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Seganhuriro Pasimba

Vagadziri vekodzero pakutanga vaidavira kuti gwaro rekodzero rakanga risingakoshi nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakapiwa simba rangova bedzi risingataurwi, hurumende yaisagona kurishandisa.Mitemo yakawanda, zvisinei, yaida kudzivirirwa kwakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga

“ Konsitari haisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwezvinobudisa nhau; kana kuti maruramiro avanhu okuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwechichemo.” Uyu mutongo mumwe unodzivirira musimboti woupenyu hwedemokrasi: mano okutaura, kunamata, kunyora, uye kuronga pasina kunzvera kwehurumende kana kuti kumanikidza. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira idzi kodzero nenzira yakafara, kudzivirira kunyange kutaura kwakaipa nokuramba kwokufananidzira.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechipiri

“ Militia yakasanodzorwa, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haisati ichizodziviswa.” Dare reChipiri Amendment rave riri mukurukurirano yakakomba, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa muGritu reColumbia v. Heller [2008] [inodzivirira munhu ane kodzero yokuva nepfuti yepfuti yedefense, yakavakirwa pamurairo une mufungo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina

Kudzivirira pa “nzvero isina mufungo nepfari.” Hapana maruramiro achabudisa pasina chisakiso chinobvira, achitsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti chibvumikiso, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Uku kugadziridzwa inheyo yomutemo wazvino uno wechivande, kuchida kuti mapurisa awane magwaro akavakirwa paufakazi pamisha, mapepa, kana kuti miuyo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu

Chipikirwa chikuru chemhosva dzakakomba dzedare rinobetsera vatongi chinovimbisa kupomerwa mhaka dzakakomba, chinodzivirira ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye chinorambidza kuzviparadzanisa. Kunodawo muitiro wakafanira womutemo hurumende isati yagona kutorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, uye mirayiro inongova muripo apo zvinhu zvakavanzika zvinotorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose.

Penjero Yechitanhatu

Chinovimbisa maruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwevoruzhinji kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, maruramiro okuziviswa nezvepomero, kunangana nezvapupu, kumanikidza chipupuriro munyasha dzomunhu, uye kuva nebetsero yezano. Uku kugadziridzwa ikoku kwokuva nomuitiro woutsotsi wakarurama.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere

Chikamu ichi chakashandiswa kudenha mitongo ine hasha, migariro yetorongo, uye mitoo yokuuraya.

Kupfuura Bill of Rights, Idminerment ye 144th (yakatenderwa 1868) yakatambanudzira dziviriro huru kuhurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. Inozivisa kuti hakuna hurumende icha “paradza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi dziviriro yakashandiswa kushandisa inodokuva yose yeBill of Rights kuhurumende, ichivimbisa kuti rusununguko harungodzivirirwi bedzi kubva kuhurumende inodzorwa asi kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo pamwe chete.

Mubatanidzwa: Mugariro Wechipiri Werusununguko

Dzikamo yeBumbiro reMitemo inotambanukira kupfuura mapazu ehurumende kuukama pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende.Federalism inoreva kuti hurumende ine masimba ehurumende ayo bedzi anopiwa kwairi neBumbiro reMitemo, nepo hurumende dzichichengeta chiremera chakafara panhau dzomunzvimbomo. Iyi nzanga inoparira chengeteko yakapetwa kaviri: kana hurumende yehurumende ikava inodzvinyirira, masangano anogona kudzivisa; kana vatsoropodzi vehurumende, matare ehurumende anogona kupindira.

Pedzisimende yegumi inochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa kuUnited States kana kuti kurambidzwa kuhurumende “kuUnited States zvichitevedzana, kana kuti kuvanhu.” Iyi gadziridzo yave iri hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwehurumende mukuedza kwemiitiro sedzidzo, tarisiro dzoutano, uye mutemo woutsotsi. Dare Gurusa, muzviitiko zvakaita se New York v. United States [FLT] [[FLT] [69] printz v. United States [[FLT:] (1997]]), ine mano akaganhurira eGUngano okuraira hurumende, inosimbisa kurongwa kwehurumende.

Ganhuriro inobatirawo rusununguko rwomunhu oga kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagari vemo kusarudza kuti ihurumende ipi yavachagara mairi, kuchiparira “Musika” wehurumende. Munhu anosarudza mitero yakaderera nemirau mishomanene angatamira kumugariro wetsika wakasiana; munhu anokoshesa gadziriro huru dzenzanga angasarudza mugariro werusununguko. Uku kudzvinyirira kufambiswa kwehurumende kuremekedza zvinodikanwa zvavagari vadzo.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Pakudzikamisa Simba

Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi kunokosha kuvagari vemo vanoda kudzivirira rusununguko rwavo.

Kumuka Kwesimba Rinotungamirira

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akakudza chiremera chavakuru vakuru, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, kuronga mitemo, uye kusashanda kwehondo. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kuishandisa muitiro apo Congress inoiswa midzoro inogona kudzivisa muitiro wewirirano. War Powers of General ResolTract ye 1973 yakaedza kuganhurira kugadzira hondo yapurezidhendi, asi purezidhendi aiwanzofuratira gadziriro dzake. Dare rapamusoro redare pane dzimwe nguva rakadzosa, semu vaduku shown & Tube Co. v. Sawter [1952], iro rakavhara Purezidenti yeCer Truman kudzorangetasime matare esimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea. Kunyanguvezvo, pakati pokudzora nokutonga kwechiuto reProginmentation Revicesssss.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare ehurumende akadarika kupfurikidza nokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo kupfuura revo yaro yapakuvamba, kugadzira nenzira inobudirira maruramiro matsva (g., mu Roe v. Wade uye ]Obergefell v. Hodges). Vadziviriri vanopindura kuti mashoko eBumbiro reMitemo anoda kuturikirwa kutsanangura migariro mitsva. Simba redare rinogona kutungamirira kupomero yokuti vatongi vasina kurongwa vari kutsiva zvisarudzo zvavo nokuda kweya Hurumende. .

Kupererwa Nemitemo

Nzvero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinoda batira pamwe, asi kubatira pamwe kukuru kwaita kuti kubatira pamwe ikoko kuve kusingawanzowaniki zvikuru. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti muganhu weSango, nepo dzisati dziri muBumbiro reMitemo, dzakachinja kurayira kuti 60 vavhoti vapfuure mutemo wakawanda, kuchigonesa vashoma kuvhara zvinhu zvikuru. Iyi nhambo inomanikidzira purezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha kudare rejaji. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti dzikamo yesimba yachinja nemhaka yokuti Congress Congressss yakarega mabasa ayo, achisiya mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende nejaidia kuti apedze kupedza tsvina.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuva Woga

Kuongorora kwemadhigirii, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, uye ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinoparira tyisidziro itsva kuSangano reGavhura rechina. Kukwanisa kwehurumende kutarisira vagari vemo kwakura nenzira yemo, bva Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kuchinjira, kutonga mu Carplatent v. United States[FL:1] (2017) inowana mashoko enhau enzvimbo yeteru yesero inoda pamutemo. Dzikanyo pakati pechengeteko yorudzi nechivande yoga inoramba iri mumuganhu mukuru.

mhedziso

Kudzikama kweSimba reBumbiro reMitemo hakusi chisaririra chazvino uno asi chirongwa chipenyu chakagadzirirwa kuchichinjira kutyisidziro kurusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, kunzvera nokudzikamiswa, udzori, uye Bill of Rights, inoparira hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kubatira asi yakakamukana zvikuru kudzvinyirira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudza kuzvipira kwacho kuiyi nheyo kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nzira yachinoshanda nayo uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vadzorerwe nayo. Rusununguko rwedu runofarikanya ndangariro dzedu, kunamata sezvatinosarudza, kuvhotera vamiriri vedu, uye kurarama pasina rutyo rwesimba rinonyengera. Kudzivirira kuti ganhuriro yacho ibasa rinopfuurira rokuva mugari wemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Nhevedzo yeBumbiro reMitemo reNyika , Constitution Constitution yeNyika] Constitution , uye [[FLT]Constitution reGeneral Information Institute yeConstitution ye.