Kutanga: Kuumbwa Kwesimba Kunoitwa Bumbiro Remitemo

Dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende ikokukamuranisa udzori hwedemokrasi. Apo vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vanogadzira gadziriro yeAmerica, vanoparadzira noune chiremera mumativi ose emitemo, vadzori, uye mapazu edare kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chimwe. Uku kuparadzana kwemasimba, pamwe chete negadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikamo, kunoparira kudzikamiswa uko bazu rimwe nerimwe ringashanda uye ringanzi rinozvidavirira. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inosikwa sei, inoshandiswa, uye inodenhwa mudare kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kuita zvine revo nehurumende yavo. Nyaya inonzvera bazu rimwe nerimwe, basa muudza udzame, kunzvera maitiro edenho yapamutemo, uye kurangarira kuti marumbirwo echino anopfuumbidzoro anopfuurira sei kushandiswa kwomutemo.

Bazu Romutemo: Injini Yokuita Mitemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro mukuru wokugadzira mitemo inodzora upenyu hwezuva nezuva. MuUnited States, iri simba rinoiswa muCongress, iyo inoumbwa neDare neImba yavamiririri. Hurumende dzinogadza mitemo dzinoratidza ichi chivako pamwero wehurumende. Muitiro wokushandura pfungwa kuva mutemo ndoweune uye unosimbiswa, uchivimbisa kuti mutemo unowana kunzverwa kwakakwana usati wava unosungirwa.

Upenyu Hwose Hwebhiri

Chibvumirano chinotanga sechikarakadzo, chinowanzobva kumuiti wemitemo ’ hofisi, dare, kana kuti mapoka okusasarura. Vagari vanogonawo kupesvedzera muitiro wacho kupfurikidza nokukumbira vamiririri vavo. Pakangotangwa, rugwaro runodzokororwa, apo nyanzvi dzinopa nhau dzinonzvera revo, dzinobata mirangariro, uye dzinoronga kugadziridza. Kana dare rikasimudzira pamutemo, rinoenda pauriri nokuda kwekurukurirano nevhotera. Maparera ose ari maviri anofanira kupfuudza shanduro dzakafanana, dzinoda kudzorwa nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Pakupedzisira, chiziviso chinopiwa kumukuru mukuru wedare nokuda kwetendero kana kuti kuvhura. Chiteshi ichi chedare chakagadzirwa kuti chigadzirire kurungarunga kubuda nokukurumidza uye kuti chive nechokwadi chokuti zvigadziro zvakasano zvasvika pamabhuku.

Simba Rokutenga Nokutarisira

Kupfuura mitemo yokunyora, mutevedzeri wedare anoshandisa utarisiri hwokutsoropodza simba ramamwe mapazu. Kupfurikidza nesimba rokutonga, Congress inodzora kupiwa mari nehurumende, uko kunopesvedzera zvakananga gadziriro nezvirongwa nezvirongwa zvinogamuchira zvishandiso. Kunzwa kwemitengo inopinzwa kunobvumira vatengi vemitemo kunzvera zviito zvavakuru vakuru uye mufambiro wokutonga. Mabasa aya anotarisira anokosha mukuchengeta kuzvidavirira uye kudzivisa kunyengera.

Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chacho Chokuita Zvinhu: Kubva Pakudzika Mitemo Kuenda Pakushanda

Purezidhendi, magavhuna, nemadhipatimendi avo vanotsigira chinangwa chemitemo kuti chishande.

Kumanikidza Kwegadziriro Nekuvamba Kwadzo

Kudzikamiswa kwegadziriro kunoitwa kupfurikidza nesangano . Department of Justice inotonga mhosva dzehurumende, nepo masangano chaiwo akafanana ne Environal Protection Agency (EPA) uye Sacuties and Exchange Commission [SEC] anodzika mitemo munzvimbo dzavo. Masangano aya anoongorora, anoitisa zvirango, uye anoisa zvirango nokuda kwezvisingashandisi. Kuisa mutemo mutsika kunoreva kuti zvinhu zvinokosha zvokutungamirira zvingagona kuumbwa. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT] PAPUP #8; coul.[FFFF]

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira purezidhendi kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo mutsva. Nepo iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwamasangano anotungamirira, haigoni kutsiva mitemo yemitemo. Madare ane chiremera chokuparadza mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopfuura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, ichienzanisira nzvero nedzinodzikamiswa zviri kushanda. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yehurumende kwakakura mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, kuchiaita nhau yenguva dzose yedenho yapamutemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira uye Kushandisa Mutemo

Dare rinoshanda somugadziri wekakavadzano dzapamutemo uye muchengeti wenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Dare rinodudzira mitemo, rinosarudza kuwirirana kwavo, uye kuhwirudzura kumira kwebumbiro remitemo remitemo rehurumende. Iri basa rinokosha kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose uye zvakarurama.

Dare Rinodzora Nemabasa Aro

Gadziriro yedare yehurumende inobatanidza matare edare anotonga (matare enhau), matare edare rinotonga, uye Dare Gurusa. matare edare anogadza maidi ndokushandisa mutemo kuti asvike rutongeso. matare anoongorora zvisarudzo zvedare zvamatonga nokuda kwemhosho dzomutemo, achinangidzira ngwariro pakududzira pamutemo panzvimbo pezviwanwa zvechokwadi. Dare Rapamusorosoro, sechiremera chikurusa, rinopedza rwisano pakati pematare echiduku nemibvunzo yerevo remitemo. Masangano ematare ehurumende anoshanda nenzira yakafanana, achibata ruzhinjisaro renhau dzevagari vemo nedzemhosva.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Nemipimo Yako

Dzidziso yehwirudzuro yedare, yakatangwa mu Madison (1803), inopa simba matare kuti azivise mutemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina muganhu. Iri simba ibwe renheyo yesimba, nemhaka yokuti rinobvumira vatongi kuputsa mitemo inodzoresa kodzero dzinokosha kana kuti kudarika chiremera chehurumende. Apo dare rinoputsa mutemo, rinotumira shoko rakajeka kuti Dare remitemo kana kuti bazi guru rakadarika miganhuro yaro. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa dare kudzokorora kusha ganhuriro yokutaura, kurovedza kworudzidziso, maruramiro oudzokorodza.

Gadziriro Yemakero Nedzikamo Zviri Mukushandiswa

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvinhu zvinoritadzisa kudzora, zvichiita kuti rikwanise kudzorana.

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pamukuru mukuru: Congress inogona kukurira dare ramapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vane mativi maviri matatu, mari yokudzora, uye kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru. Dare ’ mazano nesimba rinobvumira padare rinopa pesvedzero yakananga padare.
  • Nzvero dzinoshanda padare remitemo: Purezidhendi anogona kukumbira mari yechikwereti ndokudana marusando chaiwo eDare. Mutungamiriri anewo simba rokukanganwira vanhu vane mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, idzo dzinogona kukurira mitongo yorutongeso.
  • Nzvero dzedare pamapazu ose ari maviri: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina tsinhirano. Upenyu hwavatongi vehurumende hunovadzivisa mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvabvumira kutonga nenzira isina muganhu.
  • Kunzvera kwedare redare: Purezidhendi anotonga vatongi vehurumende, uye Department of Justice inosarudza mhakai dzokutonga, ichipesvedzera dare ̱ madhongi.
  • Nzvero dzemitemo padare redare: Congress inogona kubvisa vatongi, kuchinja chiremera chematare omubatanidzwa, uye kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti ipedze zvisarudzo zvedare.

Aya masimba anovhengana anotanga chivako chokudzora apo pasina bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. [[FLT: 0]] chipa chiteshi chengarava chehurumende chinogovera chiono chinosvika chinosvika chokuti tsika ino inoshanda sei.

Mitemo Inodenha muDare: Kumira Nokuronga

Vanhu vamwe navamwe namasangano vanogona kudenha kuva pamutemo kana kuti pamutemo womutemo kupfurikidza nokuisa mhaka mudare. Zvisinei, kusvika kumatare hakungoerekani kuchiitika. Vapomeri vanofanira kuratidzira kumira, kureva kuti vakatambura kana kuti vava kuda kutambura kuvadziko chaiyoiyo inorondwa zvakananga kumutemo uye inogona kudzorerwa nechisarudzo chedare rakanaka. Ichi chinodikanwa chinodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro yechisarudzo uye kuvimbisa kuti mhaka dzinobatanidza magakava chaiwoiwo.

Dzidziso Huru Mudenho Dzebumbiro remitemo

  • Kumira: Mupambi anofanira kuratidza danda rake oga mumuuyo. Zvichemo zvavose pamusoro pomuitiro wehurumende hazvina kukwana.
  • Kudzokororwa:[ A nhau inova yakashata kana nhau yacho yapedzwa kana kuti isati ichatapurazve mapati, kutoti gakava racho richigona kudzokorora bva risingadzokororwi.
  • [ Dare haringanzwi mhaka kusvikira gakava rakura kuva gakava chairo. Zvinetso zvenguva yapamberi penguva zvinorambwa sezvisingadzorwi.
  • dzidziso yenhau: Dzimwe nhau, dzakadai sezvisarudzo zvemiitiro yokumwe, dzinorangarirwa kuva dzisina kururama nemhaka yokuti dzinopedzwa zvakanakisisa namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kupopotedzana Mumutemo Mumatambudziko

Zvinetso zvakawanda zvebumbiro remitemo zvinopa mitongo yakananga yeBill of Rights. Zvikonzero zvinowanzobatanidza kuputswa kwerusununguko rweFirst Amendment, Kudzivirirwa kweGadziriro yeChina pakutsvaka kusina musoro, Kuchinja kwechishanu kwakafanira, uye Kudzivirira kwe144th Amendment kwakaenzana. Vashori vangataurawo kuti mutemo unopfuura kodzero yeCress ’ unotaura masimba pasi peChambery Clauscese kana kuti Tenth Amendment. Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiyana - siyana yokuongorora zvichitsamira parudyi uye kutevedzerwa kunoitwa nomutemo: kuongorora kwakakomba kodzero dzinokosha uye kufungira, kuongorora nguva dzose nokuda kwemiedzo yemashandiro, uye kuongorora miraudzo yetsika dzemari.

Fundo Yemhaka Yepanyika Mudenho Yebumbiro reMitemo

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunoratidza kuti matare anoshandisa sei mibvunzo yakaoma yepamutemo uye kuti zvaanotonga zvinochinja sei nzanga.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Iyi nhau yakadenha mitemo yehurumende kuratidzira paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose. Dare Rapamusorosaidzo rakabvumirana kuti nzvimbo dzakaparadzana hadzina kuenzana nenzira yomuzvarirwo, kuchiputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana. [[FLT: 0]] Brown[ yakatendeutsa mipimo yakagadzwa ne Pyg. Ferguson [19696] uye chisarudzo chakaratidzira sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Chiratidzo chakaratidzira kuti judiary &# 817; simba rokururamisa kodzero nekundika zvavakuru vakuru kudzivirira maruramiro makuru.

Wade (1973)

Mu .Roe v. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva mukadzi ’ kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokugumisa pamuviri, yakavakirwa muIne7th Amendment ’ vimbiso dzezvakavanzika. Chisarudzo chakabudisa kurukurirano yavose neyapamutemo, uye nhau dzinotevera dzakadai se [[FLT:] Plannecbood v. Casey (]] yakagadziridza chigadziko. Chisarudzo chichangobva kupfuura mu [[FLT:]]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Iyi mhaka yakadenha zvirambidzo zvehurumende paroorano yohuhuhuhu. Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti maruramiro okuroora rusununguko rukuru runodzivirirwa neChiteshi chapamutevedzero cheChiteshi naKudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus. Obergefell[ yaida kuti nyika dzose dzizive roorano dzevatano youdiri hwevatano humwe cheteyo, dzichiwedzera rondedzero yeroorano. Chisarudzo chinoratidzira pesvedzero yokuchinja magariro enzanga pamutemo webumbiro remitemo.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Nyaya iyi yakaedza miganhu yeropafadzo yepamusoro apo Purezidhendi Nixon akataura kodzero yokunyima matepi nemagwaro mukati mekunzvera kweWatergate.

Zvinoitwa Nemaonero Evanhu Nemasangano Enzanga

Vatongi vanopindura zvinonetsa vamwe vavo, uye vanosarudza matongerwe enyika anoratidza kuti vanotanga kuisa mitemo yavo pakutanga.

Kupindira Mumutemo Nokungwarira

Masangano enzanga anowanzoshandisa rondedzero senzira yokuwana nayo chinjo. Masangano akadai sechinorwisana naAmerican Civil Libresion Union (ACLU) uye NAACP] Legal Defense and Educational Fund akaunza nhau dzakafanira kudenha mitemo yemitemo yehurumende nokuwedzera rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Actician anogamuchirawo masangano edziroo uye anopinda munhimbe dzedzidzo yavose.

Kutonga Kwezvinobudisa Nhau Nezvokutonga

Kufukidzwa kwenhau dzepamusorosoro kungagona kuumba nzwisiso yavose yedare remitemo ndokupesvedzera mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika umo vatongi vanoshanda. Nepo vatongi vachidzivirirwa noupenyu, havapofuri kumugariro wakafara wenzanga. Chivimbo chavose mumatare chinokosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwemitemo yavo. Apo ruzhinji runorangarira judicary sechidzongoso kana kuti sechisingabatwi, kuwirirana nemirayiro yedare chingaderera.

Kushanda Kwemagariro Evanhu Negadziriro Yokushandisa Zvibvumirano Yematare

Dzikamo yesimba inoomeswa zvikuru negadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States. Hurumende nehurumende dzehurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro dzayo dzimene nenharaunda dzechiremera. Mitemo inogona kudenhwa mugadziriro ipi neipi, kuchitsamira pahwaro hwapamutemo. matare ehurumende anodudzira mabumbiro emitemo, ayo angagovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi tsika inopa ganhuriro nemhatsa inobvumira nokuda kwokunzvera, sezvinoonekwa nokunyoreswa pamutemo kwembanje, miraudzo yemhoteredzo, uye maruramiro okuvhota.

Matare ehurumende anganzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende, kana kuti nhau dzine mativi ebumbiro remitemo. Dzidziso yokusunungurwa inorangarira kuti mutemo wehurumende unotsiva mutemo wehurumende apo rwisano mbiri, asi hurumende dzinochengeta utongi hunokosha munharaunda dzisina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende. Cornell Legal Information Institute[ inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwedzidziso dzehurumende.

Nhau Dzinotevera Nezvinetso Zvenguva Yemberi

Miitiro inoverengeka iri kubuda iri kuedza dzikamo yesimba uye simba retsika dzemitemo kuti dzichinjire.

  • Kuvandika kwapachivande nokunzvera: Nhau pamusoro pokuwana mashoko emichina, kunyorwa kwamashoko, uye zvirongwa zvokunzvera zvinodenha gadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzeGenese Amendment. Matare ari kupesana nokushandisa kwadzinofanira kushandisa nheyo dzekare kukurukurirano dzazvino uno.
  • Ungwaru hwokugadzira uye kuita chisarudzo chearugltimes: Kushandiswa kweAI mukutongera utsotsi, kurovha, uye mapurisa zvinowedzera muitiro wakafanira neitiro hanya dzakafanana. Varimi vari kutanga kudenha gadziriro dzemitemo dzinoparira miuyo yakaganhurirwa.
  • [ Kudzora kwendangariro nechinjo yemamiriro okunze: Mitemo inotsvaka kumanikidza chiito chehurumende pakuchinja mamiriro okunze kuedza miganhu yokumira nedzidziso yenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi mhaka ingasunda matare kurondedzera ukuru hwebasa rehurumende kudzivirira zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.
  • Kuchinja kwepasi pose nomutemo wamarudzi ose: Tsitsi dzemitemo yamarudzi ose pamutemo wemhuri inoparira kusawirirana pakati pouchangamire hwenyika yose nemisengwa yamarudzi ose. ZVIshandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu [ pane dzimwe nguva zvinobatira semapfundo enongedzero enhau dzepaimba, kunyange zvazvo zvisingamanikidzwi zvakananga mumatare eU.S.
  • Kuisa nokugadza kwokutonga: hondo dzokusimbisa dzinowedzera dzakamutsa funganyo dzinorangarirwa kuva dzapamutemo dzedare redare. Kuumbwa kwepfungwa kuchaumba miuyo yapamutemo kwamakumi amakore.

Mugumisiro: Kuchinja Kusingaperi Kwemakero Nedzikamo

Kana rimwe bazi rikanyengera uye richibva kuvagari vemo, rimwe rinofanira kudzongonyedza; kana mitemo ikatadza kuita zvakarurama, matare anofanira kupindira; apo kodzero dzinotyisidzirwa, vanhu vanofanira kuzviisa mudare. Simba regadziriro yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu rinofanira kuva simba raro rokuchinja nokuchengeta kuvimbika kumitemo yepamutemo. Vagari vemapazu avo vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei uye kuti rinoshanda sei kunhanho yokutanga kukuita chimwe chinhu chine revo. Vagari vanozvidzidzisa pamusoro pemiitiro iyi vanofanira kupindira; apo kodzero dzavo dzinotyisidzirwa zviri nani kuti dzichengetedze hurumende yavo uye dzive nemitemo inorevedzerwa zvakanaka nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo inoyera, yokuenzana.