Gadziriro yapamutemo yeUnited States inoshanda segadziriro yedare mbiri, ine zvose matare ehurumende nehurumende. Iyi dare, rakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, rinovimbisa kuti gakava rapamutemo rinopikirwa pamwero wakakodzera wehurumende. Kunzwisisa kushanda, simba, uye kubatanidzwa pakati peiyi miitiro miviri kunokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzisi. Iyi nzvero yakawedzerwa inogovera kunzvera kwakaenzana pamatare ehurumende nehurumende, kunzvera nheyo dzayo dzemitemo, miganhuro yemitemo, miganhuro yemitemo, uye mipimo inoshanda nokuda kwokutarisirwa kweruramisiro.

Masangano Ebumbiro Remitemo Redare Rokubatanidza Zvinhu Zviviri

Kuumbwa kwegadziriro dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende kwakabva zvakananga mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakatanga jaji rehurumende sebazu rakaenzana rehurumende parutivi pebazu remitemo nerehurumende. Article III, Chikamu 1 chezvipfeko zvedare rinotonga mu "Dare repamusorosoro, uye muMatare akaderera akadai seCongress angagadzwa nokutangwa nguva nenguva." Iyi gadziriro yakapa Dare chiremera chokuumba matare ehurumende akaderera, kubatanidza matare eruwa nematare eruwa ezvikamu zvedare redunhu zvezvikumbiro, izvo zvakakuita kupfurikidza neChibvumirano cheJudiary Act of 1789.

Mitemo yedare rehurumende, mukupesana, inowana chiremera chayo mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe nemirau. Nyika imwe neimwe ye50 inochengeta matare ayo amene anozvitonga, nezvivako nemiitiro zvinosiyana zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro yakasiyana inoreva kuti nhau dzapamutemo dzakawanda dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva semhiko dzebvumirano, kutaura kwokukuvara kwemunhu oga, nhau dzemitemo yemhuri, uye kutongwa kwemhosva pasi pomutemo wehurumende. / matare ehurumende, nepo anoshandisa simba guru, imatare ekodzero dzakaganhurirwa, anobvumirwa kunzwa nhau idzodzo dzakajeka nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti miraudzo yehurumende.

Muitiro weDare reFederal: Kutonga uye Kupomera

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoshanda seboka revakuru vakuru vane mapoka matatu, pamwero mumwe nomumwe uchiita mabasa akasiyana - siyana. Kunzwisisa mwero iyi kunokosha kuti unzwisise kushanda kunoita matare ehurumende.

Matare Oruwa: Chiyero Chokutonga

Matare eruwa madare edare ehurumende. Kune maruwa 94 anotonga muUnited States yose, kubatanidza ndima dzakadai sePuerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands yeU.S. Virgin Islands, uye Northern Marianary Islands. Ruwa rumwe norumwe rune inenge dare rimwe, uye nyika hurusa seCalifornia, Texas, uye New York ine maruwa akawanda. Matare eruwa anobata mhaka dzose dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Munhau dzevagari vemo, anonzwa nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende yehurumende uko kutaura kwePuganda rePrecioff kwakavakirwa paBumbiro remitemo, miraudzo yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano, nharaunda dzeMitemo, umo masangano eruwa ane maruwa akawanda nemhindu anopfuura $75 000.

Matare Ematunhu Okukwirira: Chiyero Chokukwirira

Matare 13 ehurumende, anozivikanwa sematare enhu ezvikumbiro, anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa mukati mematunhu awo. Zviuru zviviri zveaya matunhu maruwa, anofukidza mapoka akasarudzwa enyika, nepo Federal Treart ine chiremera munyika yose pamusoro penhau dzakati, kubatanidza zvikumbiro zvekodzero uye kutaura zvinopesana nehurumende yehurumende. matare eruwa haaiti kutongwa kana kunzwa ufakazi hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Zvisarudzo zvinoshandurwa zvamarusaitirwo edare reFoctal, kunyange zvazvo mumigariro isingawanzoitiki, dunhu ringanzwazve mhaka [[FLT:]]. matare edunhu haasati achiitisa basa rinodenha mumutemo unoumba mutemo wenyika kupfurikidza nokugadza muenzaniso pakati pezvikamu zvawo.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Pamugumo wedare redare redare reSangano reSangano reHurumende reUnited States, rinoumbwa neVatongi vapfumbamwe vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa neDare. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba mumitemo yakaganhurirwa, yakadai segakava pakati pehurumende, asi basa raro guru nderokuhwirudzura. Dare Gurusa rinoshandisa simba ramanzwire, kureva kuti imhaka ipi inosarudzwa nenzira yokuteerera kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi kupa dare . Gore rimwe nerimwe, zviuru zvemikumbiro zvinodzorwa, asi Dare rinongogamuchira bedzi 70 kusvikira kumatare 80 okuhwirudzura kwakazara. Zvisarudzo zvapadzo ndezvo zvokupedzisira uye zvinobatanidza nhau yose yehurumende uye pamusoro penhau yehurumende yehurumende.

Kupomerwa Nhau kweDare Rehurumende

Matare ehurumende anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinowira mumapoka akati akarongwa muChikamu III nemitemo yomubatanidzwa. aya mapoka anobatanidza:

  • Federal Question Jurisdition: Mhaka dzinomuka pasi peBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano.
  • Kurambana: Nhau pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiyana - siyana kana kuti pakati pomugari wehurumende nomugari wokumwe, kugovera kuti chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000.
  • [[FT:0] Hurumende neMaritime Juristition: Nhau dzinobatanidza kufamba nengarava, kutakura, uye kutengeserana kwengarava pamvura dzinonaya.
  • [[FLT: 0] BAnkruptcy Juriscion:[[FLT: 1] matare eFederal ane simba rakakwana pamusoro penhau dzokubhuroka, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende uchiwanzosarudza kodzero dzezvinhu mukati mezvinoitika izvozvo.
  • Cases Isanganisira United States: apo hurumende yehurumende inenge iri mubato, kubatanidza sutu mukurwisana namasangano ehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Treaties and Foreign Relations: Nhau dzinobatanidza zvibvumirano namamwe marudzi, nhume, uye kakavadzano dzamarudzi ose.

Nemhaka yokuti matare ehurumende matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, vamiririri vanotsvaka kukumbira simba rehurumende vanofanira kuratidzira kuti nhau yacho inowira mukati merimwe raaya mapoka.

Matare Ehurumende Anokosha

Kunze kwegadziriro yose zvayo yenhau nhatu, gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza matare akarovedzeka anoverengeka ane simba panharaunda dzakati dzenhau:

  • Dare reUnited States Rataura: Kunzwa kutaura kwekuvadziko yemari muUnited States, kubatanidza gakava rebvumirano uye kutora zvikumbiro muPentesionment yeChishanu.
  • [ U.S. Dare reMitero: rinobvisa gakava pakati pavateresi neInternational Revenue Service.
  • [ U.S. Dare reMarudzi Okutengeserana: rinobata nhau dzinobatanidza mabasa okushambadza enyika yose netsika.
  • [ Dare reZvikwiriso reUnited States nokuda kwaMatomu Ane nezvombo: Kuhwirudzura dare remitemo nokuda kwemitezo yemauto eU.S.
  • [U.S. U.S. Untren Eversity Surveillance Court (Dare reFISA): Kunzvera kukumbirwa kwezvibvumikiso zvokungwarira munhau dzechengeteko yorudzi.

Aya matare chaiwo anoratidzira kuoma kunzwisisa kwedare remitemo rehurumende nokudikanwa kwounyanzvi mumativi akati omutemo.

Dare reHurumende: Mabhiza Okushanda Eruramisiro yeAmerica

Maererano neNational Center for State Courts, matare ehurumende oga anotonga nyaya itsva dzinopfuura mamiriyoni 80 gore negore, zvichienzaniswa nemhosva dzinotongwa mumatare eruwa dzinopfuura 400 000. matare ehurumende matare ehurumende imatare anodzora vanhu vose, kureva kuti anogona kunzwa nyaya ipi neipi isina kuchengeterwa matare ehurumende.

Dare reHurumende Rakafanana

Nepo zvivako zvedare rehurumende zvichisiana, zvizhinjisa zvinotevera muenzaniso une mavara matatu wakafanana negadziriro yomubatanidzwa:

  • Dare remitemo: Iwaya matare enzvimbo dzinopinda umo nhau dzinovamba. Hurumende zhinji dzinokamura matare edare anotonga kuva matare ehurumende akaganhurirwa (zvakadai sematare emisitiri, matare emotokari, kana kuti matare maduku) uye matare makuru anodzora (anowanzonzi matare makuru, matare edunhu, kana kuti matare oruwa).
  • Dare reApapireta: Hurumende dzinenge 40 dzine matare anopfuurira anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare. Aya matare anobatira somurivi wemari, achideredza basa redare rapamusorosoro rehurumende.
  • State Courts: Dare rakakwirira zvikurusa muhurumende imwe neimwe, rainowanzonzi dare rehurumende rapamusoro zvikurusa (asi pane dzimwe nguva dare rekukwirira kana kuti dare rapamusorosa redare). Iri dare rine chiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo wehurumende, rinodzorwa bedzi neDare Rapamusoro reU.S. pamusoro pemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Kuwedzera Kwematare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende ane simba rakafara panyaya dzakawanda dzemitemo, kusanganisira:

  • Tsamba: Nhau dzoutsotsi zhinjisa imhaka dzehurumende, dzinotongwa mumitemo yechirango chehurumende.
  • [[[FOLT:0] [[FT:1] Mitemo inokodzera kuputsa chibvumirano, kuvadziko yomunhu oga, kuregeredza, uye zvigadzirwa zvinovamba mudare rehurumende.
  • Mutemo Wemhuri:[[[FLT: 1] chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kurera mwana, uye mhaka dzamasimba masimba dzomumba inhau dzoga.
  • [[[FORT:0] probate neKuisa Mapfumo: Kutarisirwa kwezvido, zvitendi, uye nzvimbo kunowira pasi pehurumende.
  • Zvinhu Chaizvo Displaces: Nhau dzinobatanidza kuva nevhu, ukama hwamuridzi wenzvimbo, uye miganhu yezvinhu zvinonzwiwa mudare rehurumende.
  • [[[NHAU]] ZVINETSO ZVECHIDUKU: Nhau dzokusangwarira nedzokutsamira pamunhu dzinobatanidza vaduku dzinotongwa nematare epwere ehurumende.

Matare ehurumende anewo simba rimwe pamusoro pezvirevo zvakawanda zvehurumende.

Kusarudza Kutonga Mumatare Ehurumende

Mumwe wemisiyano mikurusa pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende uri mumarongero anoitwa vatongi vehurumende anogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu naPurezidhendi, anosimbiswa neDare, uye anogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nokuparidzwa. Uyu musi woupenyu unoitirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kwokutonga.

Nzira dzokutonga dzehurumende dzinosiyana - siyana uye dzinosanganisira:

  • Sarudzo: Nyika dzakawanda dzinosarudza vatongi vadzo mukusarudza kwokusarudza kana kuti kusava vatariri. Uyu mutoo unoita kuti vatongi vasarurirwe voruzhinji asi unowedzerawo funganyo pamusoro pepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuronga mari.
  • Chibvumirano:[ Dzimwe nyika dzinogadza vatongi kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwedare, kazhinji kazhinji netendero yomutemo kana kuti dare.
  • Rwizisarudzo (Missouri Plan): Mutoo wakavhengana umo musengwa unozivisa vada kubhapatidzwa, gavhuna anogadza mumwe, uye mutongi gare gare anotarisana nesarudzo yokusarudza. Uyu mutoo unobatanidza kugadzwa nokuzvidavirira kwavanhu kwapanhambo nenhambo.

Nzira yokusarudza inogona kukanganisa kutonga, kukwikwidza nyaya, uye kunzwisisa vanhu vose kuti vakarurama.

Kunzvera Kunoenzaniswa: Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pematare Echitunha Nehurumende

Nepo masangano ose ari maviri achigoverana nharidzano yokupedza nharo dzapamutemo, anosiana munzira huru dzinotapura vatsigiri namazano apamutemo.

Chikamu Chenyu Chokuongorora Chenhau

Musiyano mukuru zvikurusa ndewokudzora. matare eFederal imatare edzose ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, zvinongogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinowira mumapoka akati ebumbiro remitemo nemitemo. matare ehurumende imatare ehurumende ehurumende edzosero neadzosero. Anogona kunzwa nhau ipi neipi kutoti ichipinda muhurumende. Ikoku kunoreva ruzhinji rwekakavadzano dzapamutemo, kubva kumatiketi emotokari kuenda kumibato yezvokutengeserana yakakwirira, kutanga uye kuguma mudare rehurumende. Matare eFrederal anobata mhaka duku, yakananga zvikuru pakududzira kwemitemo yomubatanidzwa wenyika yose, kutaura kwemitemo, uye nhau dzinotapura kutengeserana kwezvokutengeserana kwamarudzi ose.

Mitemo Yetsika Neforoma

Matare eFederal anoshanda mugadziriro yakafanana yemitemo yemitemo, kubatanidza Federal Miganhu yeCivil Procediture, Federal Mitemo yeCriminal Procedure, uye Federal Regal of Evidence. Iyi mitemo inogovera kusachinjana mumaruwa ose ehurumende, kuchiita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwamagweta anoshandisa mumiganhu mizhinji.

Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, ane mitemo yawo amene yetsika, iyo inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika kuenda kunyika. Kunyange mukati mehurumende, mirau yakasiana - siana kana kuti maruwa edare angava nemirau yomunzvimbomo iyo mirau yokuwedzera munyika yose. Uku kudzoreka kunoparira nzvimbo yakaoma nokuda kwavatongi vanofanira kuziva mitemo yehurumende imwe neimwe kwainoshanda. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira mitemo yakasanoratidzirwa pamitemo yehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichichengeta magamuchidzanwa etsika etsika.

Kukwirira Nomugumo

Chivako chenhau mumiitiro yose iri miviri chinotevera mutoo wakafanana wetsika, asi kune misiano inokosha. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa, kukwirira kunobva kukutonga kwedare roruwa kunoenda kudare redunhu rezvikumbiro, uye kubva ipapo kuenda kuDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S., iro rine hwirudzuro. Muhurumende, kukumbira kunowanzoenda kudare repakati (kana munhu aripo) uye ipapo kudare rapamusorosoro rehurumende, iro rine shoko rokupedzisira pamutemo wehurumende.

Pfundo rakakomba renhau rinomuka apo mhaka inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvikuru pamutemo womubatanidzwa zvinogona kudzokororwa neDare Rapamusorosoro reU. asi bedzi panhau yomubatanidzwa. Kududzirwa kwedare rehurumende kwomutemo waro rimene kunosungirwa uye hakugoni kudzorwa nematare ehurumende. Iyi nheyo yehurumende inovimbisa kuti hurumende inochengeta udzori pamiitiro yayo vamene yemitemo.

Miedzo Yenyu Nezvevaeni

Dare rehurumende nerehurumende rinogovera maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzedare redare ravagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, asi pane misiano inoshanda. Vatongi vehurumende vanofanira kuva vanobvumirana nokuda kwokupwiswa mumhaka dzoutsotsi uye kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwechisarudzo mumhaka dzavagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo mativi angapa zvakasiana. mirau yehurumende pamusoro pedare rinobetsera vatongi inosiana; dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira rutongeso rusiri rwehurumende mumhaka dzavagari vemo, kana kuti mumhaka dzoutsotsi (kunyange kuri muDare Rapamusoro reU.S.S. yakamisa muitiro uyu mukutonga kwazvino uno).

Venue, kana kuti nzvimbo apo mhaka inonzwika, inosianawo. Mitemo yenzvimbo yeFederal inogadzwa nomutemo uye inowanzoda kuti mhaka iunzwe muruwa umo mukwirirwi anogara kana kuti umo rutivi rukuru rwezvinoitika zvarwakaita. mirau yehurumende inosiana, asi inowanzobvumira kuisa shekero munzvimbo umo mukwirirwi anogara, uko kupoka kwakatanga, kana kuti nzvimbo iripo.

Kubatsira Kunoita Varidzi Vemikombe Nevatengesi

Vamiririri nemagweta avo vanofanira kufunga nezvezvinhu zvinoverengeka pavanenge vachisarudza kuti vozowanei:

  • Mitemo yeMitemo yaMativi Etsika:[[FLT: 1] ingava inodeya kuzivikanwa zvikuru uye yakarovedzeka kusati iri yapangiro yenyika, asi mitemo yehurumende ingava inoregeredza zvikuru mumativi akati, zvakadai sokukumbira mipimo kana kuti ganhuriro yokuwana.
  • Vatongi veFederal neMasai: kazhinji kazhinji vanoonekwa sevane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikuru uye vane mhosva, dzinogona kutungamirira kuchisarudzo chinokurumidza. Hurumende, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzinodzorwa zvikuru, ingatarisana nedzinononotswa zvikuru.
  • Mitemo yedare reMitemo yedare reMitemo: inotorwa muruwa rwose, kazhinji kazhinji ichiparira boka redare rakasiana---tsaukana. Dare rehurumende rinotorwa kubva kuruwa kana kuti ruwa rwedare, urwo rungava rwakafanana zvikuru. Ikoku kunogona kuva kunokosha zvikuru muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza fungira mano yakaipa yomunzvimbomo kana kuti mipimo yenzanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Appenellate Evolution: Kuwanika kwedare repakati redare rehurumende uye munyika dzakawanda kunogovera rutivi rwokuwedzera rwehwirudzuro, uko kunogona kuva kunokosha nokuda kwokururamisa zvikanganiso.
  • Kuwiriraniswa neDare reFederal: Vadziviriri kazhinji kazhinji vane maruramiro okubvisa mhaka mudare rehurumende kuenda kudare rehurumende kana mhaka yacho ingagona kuva yakachengetwa pakuvamba mudare rehurumende (g., ganhuriro yemhindu kana kuti mamiriro enhau ehurumende). Ichi chishandiso chine simba kupfuura chinogona kuchinja nyika yemubatanidzwa nemuduku yenhau.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yedare mbiri muUnited States, ine zvose matare ehurumende nehurumende, rutivi rwehwaro hwehurumende yeAmerica. Matare eFederal, ane chiremera chawo chakaganhurirwa uye vatongi vanonangidzirwa upenyu, anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pemativi enyika anobva kunyika dzakasiyana- siyana. matare ehurumende, sematare ehurumende, anoronga kugadziridza kuwanda kukuru kwenharo dzemitemo uye kugovera ruramisiro pamwero yomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana, miitiro, uye miganhuro yegadziriro imwe neimwe inokosha mukufambisa pamutemo nzvimbo. Kana munhu ari mudzidzi anodzidza pamusoro pehurumbidzo, kana kuti murayiridzi wemitemo, vatengidzi vanonzwisisa vehurumende nedare vanonzwisisa pamutemo vateshi vehurumende yehurumende inodikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwemiitiro yemitemo yepamutemo yetsika yeU.