London, rimwe ramaguta ane mikurumbira zvikurusa uye anokosha zvikuru mune zvemari, rakarwisana kwenguva refu nenhungamiro dzoutano nemhoteredzo nedzinoshatiswa nemhepo. Munhau, kufamba kukuru kweguta racho, nhaka yenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye nzvimbo yakaisa zvinhu zvinoshatisa, zvichitungamirira kumwero wenitrogen dioxide (NO2) uye mativi anokosha enyika (PM) anonzvera zvikurukuru mirayiridzo yeWorld Health Organization (WHO). Kubvira pakusikwa kweGumondi yeLondon Authority muna 2000, meya akasarudzwa zvakananga akava nesimba pamusoro pezvifambiso, kuronga, uye muitiro wemhoteredzo. Iyi nhau inonzvera kubudirira kwemo yedokeri yeLondon (NHwerth °6) uye mutungamiriri wake Bor Johnsonson (20016) inonzvera kushatsanisa mhepo inodzo, zvinetso zvinodzodzodzodzodzo dzinopfuurira, uye kudzorwa kwemiuyo inodzosera mumaguta.

Simba Ramakwaya Nemabasa Omuviri Wemhepo

Meya weLondon ane mutoro wokugadzira nokushandisa Ron Environment Strategy, inogadza zvipfuro zvinenge zvichidiwa nokuda kwokuderedza kubudiswa kwemhepo uye kuiswa mubato wezvirongwa zvezvifambiso zveguta. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutarisira chikwata chezvifambiso zveguta chichishandisa London (TFL), kutungamirira kurongwa kunotapura kubudisa zvinhu, uye kubatana ne 32 broughts neGuta reLondon Corporation. Crucily, meya ane chiremera chokupinza zvirongwa zvemotokari zvinodzorwa noruwa rwepasi, masimba akashandiswa kuita kuti chivako chaMakongidzo muna 2003 uye gare gare gare kukura Ult Lowracracracces (ULZ) muna 2019.

Nepo meya asingagoni kudzora zvakananga manyuko ose okushatisa − akadai sokubudisa zvinhu muHeathrow Airport (uko kunoitwa nechiremera chakaparadzana) kana kuti kubva mugiramu resimba renyika yekonwo (idzo dzinogona kupesvedzera kufamba kwemotokari, kuiswa kwezvifambiso zvavose, zvivako zvebhasikoro, uye kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo yakasvibira.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pakutongwa Kusvika Pakutongwa

Kutarisirwa kwendege kwazvino uno kweLondon kwakavamba pasi pamaMayor Ken Livingstone (2000-2008), uyo akatanga Congestion Eance muna 2003. Kunyange zvazvo yakaitirwa zvikurukuru kuderedza uwandu hwemotokari, yakaunzawo vandudziko dzine mwero muNo2 nePMS. Zvisinei, pakasvika pakati pama52010, kwakava pachena kuti mutengo wokukwidza wakanga usina kukwana kupedza chinetso chinokura chemotokari dzinobudisa madhiziresi, izvo zvakanga zvakurudzirwa nenzira yokusaziva nemitemo yeEurope inosimudzira mafuta edhiziziro nokuda kwokubudiswa kwakaderera kweCO2.

Pasi paMayor Boris Johnson (2008-2016), Low Eugserve Zone (LEZ) yakasumwa muna 2008, ichinangidzira zvinhu zvakura zvikuru nebhazi. Asi LEZ yakanga isina kuoma zvakakwana kuti iendese London kuwirirana neganhuriro dzepamutemo. May Johnson akatungamirirawo kutanga kwe * Ultra Low Eugra Logist Mocation* mufungo wake, asi wakanga uri mutsiviki wezvitoro, Sadiq Khan, uyo akaita chisarudzo chokushandisa uye ipapo kukudza zvapamutemo chirongwa.

Kutanga Kunokosha Mumhiko Yazvino

Ultra Low Eugract Zone (ULEZ)

Yakatanga muna April 2019, ULEZ yakatanga kufukidza nzvimbo imwe cheteyo seCongesion Counsion Counter center London. Vehicles haisati yasangana neEuro 4 (petrol) kana kuti Euro 6 (disel) mipimo inofanira kubhadhara mari yezuva nezuva ye $$12.50 (yaidzo motokari, vans, uye midhudhudhudhu) uye $100 yemotokari dzinorema zvikuru. Mutengo wacho unoshanda 24/7, 365 mazuva gore rimwe. Muuyo wacho wakanga uri kuderera kukuru munhamba yemotokari dzisiri dzekubhangi dzinopinda munzvimbo yacho. Muna October 20211, ULEZ yakakudzwa kuva nzvimbo yakafukidzwa mukati meNorth neSouth migwagwa. Nharaunda iyi yakaunza kukura kwemitengo inenge 3.8 pagore negore gore. Varwi veLondon vaKhan vakarangarira kuva varwi veboka rekwarotesi renyika.

Nhengo dzinobva kuTfL dzinoratidza kuti mugore rokutanga reULEZ yakawedzerwa, mwero wemotokari dzinowirirana nemipimo yakakwira kubva pa 85% kusvikira ku 95%. Pakati peLondon, NO2 yakaderera neinofungidzirwa kuva 26% pakati pa 2019 na 2022, ichienzaniswa nechinoitika chinopfuurira pasina ULEZ. Chirongwa chacho chakatsigirwa nenyanzvi dzoutano, asi chakamutsawo chishoro chikuru kubva kune vamwe vagari vemo, mabhizimisi maduku, uye mapoka anofambisa motokari anoramba kuti ndyiko dzinoshandiswa kudzokerazve uye kuti zvimwe zvinoshandiswa pakufambisa vanhu vose hazvisi kukwanira muLondon kunze kweLondon.

Kuchengetesa Mumotokari Dzinochenesa

Meya akazvipira kuita kuti ngarava dzebhazi dzeLondon dzishande chose chose pa2034 (kana kuti pakuvamba). Pagore ra2024, mabhazi anopfuura 1 000 anofambisa bhasi (magetsi kana hydrogen) ari kushanda, achimirira inenge 20% yengarava. TfL yakaronzesawo mukudzoresa mabhazi ekare neinjini dzinochenesa uye kuisa zvivako panzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mabhazi. London Underlotte inodzorwa nesimba rinomutsidzira, uye meya anotarisira kutangwa kweElizabeth Line, uko kunogovera basa rekuwedzera, ramagetsi mhiri kwedzimbahwe, kuderedza kuvimba nezvitima zvedhizi.

Iyi mipiro yokutenga mari yakabetsera kuderedza kubudiswa kwePMS, kunyange zvazvo michina yemotokari isiri yapamhembe, yakadai semidziyo yokuvaka, inoramba iri manyuko maduku asi anokosha.

Kuwedzera Kuchovha Nokufamba

Maraya Anoita kuti pave nenzvimbo dzinogara [FLT Street] dzinowedzera kufamba. Mukati medenda, “Streetspace yeLondon” gadziriro yaparidzwa nokukurumidza makiromita 100 enjivara dzenjivara, dzakawanda pamigwagwa mikuru. Korowa yedenderedzwa zvino inopfuura 300 muurefu hwose, uye mwero yebhasikoro pakati peLondon yawedzera zvakapetwa kanopfuura nakaviri kubvira muna 2016. Meya akatangawo chirongwa chemichina chebasa (Sander Movels) uye yakaisa kumira kwebhasikoro kwakachengeteka. Kufambira kunobatanidza kukwidza kwapamhindi kumativi, kugadzira nzvimbo dzinofamba nedzikiswa kuti dzive mumvuri uye miti inopfumbira mumhepo. Kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kukwira motokari yakangowedzera uye kusavandudza kufambidza kwemotokari kufambidza vanhu nomuviri.

Kugadzira Guta racho Nokuderedza Kuvaka

Nyika dzegirini dzinoshanda sedzinonyudza shatiso yomusikirwo. Meya akasima miti inopfuura 500 000 chifo cha2016, ine chipfuro che 1 miriyoni panosvika 2030. Mapaki namakoridho matema ari kukudzwa, uye zvinoitika zvitsva zvinodikanwa kusvitsa mipimo yemhepo inonaya. London Plan inokurudzira Air Seaty Neutral ne Air Seader Sercious markmarks yezvivako zvitsva, uye nzvimbo dzokuvaka dzinofanira kutevera Mutemo weProcractic officium nedhizire.

Kuongorora Kubudirira Kwazvo: Mashoko Neuchapupu

Nzvero dzakawanda dzinozvimirira uye zviteshi zvokutarisira zvehurumende zvinoratidza kuti kunaka kwemhepo muLondon kwakavandudzika zvikuru mumakore gumi apfuura. Maererano ne Chiremera cheLondon cheAir Sety Report yegore negore, avhareji inoreva NOR2 panzvimbo dzinoongorora pamugwagwa pakati peLondon yakaderera kubva pa 98 g/m3 muna 2016 kusvika 44 g/m3 mu 2023. Muguta rose, nhamba yenzvimbo dzinoongorora dzakadzika kubva panhambo yapamutemo ye40 76/m3 kubva pa 90% mu196 2016 kusvika pa30% muna 2023.

PMS2.5 mwero yakadererawo nokuzvininipisa zvikuru: kubva pa 16 g/m3 avhareji (206 avhareji) kusvikira ku 12 31:/m3 muna 2023. Ikoku kunoramba kuri pamusoro penhungamiro yeWHO ye5 93/m3, inoratidzira kuti basa rinokosha rasara. Zvikurukuru, kuderedzwa kwave kusati kuri kufanana: London yave ichiona vandudziko huru, nepo dzimwe dziri kunze kweLondon dzine mahopeti makuru, zvikurukuru pedyo nemigwagwa mikuru nenhandare dzendege, dzichiramba dziri chinetso.

Kutapura Utano Hworuzhinji

Betsero dzoutano dzemiitiro yameya dzinooneka zvikuru. neImperial College London yakafungidzira kuti pakati peLondon ULLEZ yoga yakaderedza nyuchi ne 13% mugore rayo rokutanga, ichidzivisa zvinoitika zvemapapu zvinofungidzirwa kuva 1 900 muvana. Imwe nzvero yakafunga kuti kuwedzera kweULZ kungagona kuguma nezvirwere zveasima 20 000 zvishoma pakati pavana muLondon mumakore gumi anotevera. Zvisinei, vatsoropo vanonongedzera kuti betsero dzoutano dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinowedzera kupfumisa, dziri pakati pevagari vemo, nepo dzinova nenzvimbo dzakaderera dzinotarisana nenzvimbo dzokunze dzakakwirira zvikuru uye kufukidzwa kwemari yemotokari.

Kutsoropodza Kwezvemari Nenzanga

Kutsoropodzwa kunopfuurira kwemitemo yemhepo. Mutemo wezuva nezuva weULLEZ we $$12.50 nokuda kwemotokari dzisina kubatana unowira nenzira inopesana pamabhizimisi maduku anotsamira pamavhani, uye pavatyairi vakaderera vasingagoni kutsiva motokari dzakwegura. Mayan akatanga chirongwa [[FL:] chirongwa chemapuranga [[[FLT:]] chinopa mari ye $62 000 [$2] nokuda kwemotokari dzeLondon dzinoshanda zvakanaka kuti dzibvise motokari dzisina kugadzirwa, asi vazhinji vanokwikwikwidza mari havazani. Muna 2023, kukura kweULZ kuendesa kundose bhomwe mutengo kunobva kumitengo yapamutemo inoverengeka kupfurikidza nebumbiro reUrn, uye kurasikirwa neUnions yeUrrist yakaiswa murault, asi vazhinji vanodzorwa mari yakaitwa kupfuunika mutengo mukuru kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mutengo webasa. Kubva pakupfuunika mari yavose.

Imwe tsoropodzo ndeyokuti ngwariro yameya pazvokufambisa inofuratira mamwe manyuko makuru okushatisa, akadai sokupisa huni (chinoparira PMS2.5) nokuvakwa.

Kuenzanisa Nemamwe Maguta Enyika Yose

Mutoo weLondon unowanzoenzaniswa nouyo wemimwe mitunhu. Paris yashandisa gadziriro yeCrit’ir nenzvimbo dzakaderera dzokuisa mashoko, asi kudzika kusingachinji. Beijang[[FLT]] `Beijank] yakawana kuderera kunoshamisa muPNF2] kupfurikidza nefekitarisi, asi pamutengo wakakwirira wemari. [[FLT: 4.] BRIN [FLT] na[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [F] [FLT]] [FLD] [FLD] [FLD7] ane tsodzo dzakafanana nerwesa rweLondon, kunyange zvazvo jelzi riri mutengo wakakwirira zvikurusa.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Chichiri Kufanira Kuitwa

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inoyevedza, meya weLondon achatarisana nedenho dzakati kuti dzakakomba mumakore ari kuuya:

  • yakadzika zvikuru mipimo yeULEZ: Panguva ino, mipimo yeULEZ inowirirana neEuro 4/Euro 6. Sezvo ngarava dzemotokari dzinochinja, meya angada kurangarira nzvimbo dzinezero dzenzvimbo dzeguta panosvika 2030.
  • Kupa hurukuro kusiri manyuko akasiana okuchinja: PM [2.5] kubva mukupiswa kwehuni, kuvaka, uye maindasitiri kunoda mirau yakasimba zvikuru nenhimbe dzokuziva vanhu.
  • Kuderedza kusaenzana mumugariro wemhepo: Policies inofanira kuva yakagadzirwa kuitira kuti nzanga dzinowana mari shoma dzisaremedzerwa zvikuru. Ikoku kungagona kubatanidza zvirongwa zvokuwedzera zvepabhuroka, zvokufambisa zvavose zvakakudziridzwa, uye shoo yemari yegirini munharaunda dzakashaiwa.
  • Kushambadzira nevavariro dzemamiriro okunze: kunaka kwemhepo nokuderedzwa kwecarbon zvinobatanidzwa. Gadziriro yemeya yokuita kuti London ive zero panosvika 2030 ichada kuderedzwa kukurusa mukushandiswa kwemafuta epeturu, uko kuchavandudzawo kunaka kwemhepo.
  • Kuongorora nokuona: nepo gadziriro yazvino inonzvera yakanaka, metayera chaiwoiwo zvikuru muzvikoro, zvipatara, uye nharaunda dzinogara dzingagona kusimbisa nzanga uye kuzivisa chiito chinoitirwa.

hofisi yemeya ichiri kutanga kupfuudzira kutevera kwe Lodon Environment Strategy, inokarirwa muna 2025, ichagadza zvipfuro zvitsva zvaNo2 nePMS zvinowirirana nenhungamiro 2030 WHO. Kusvitsa idzi nharidzano kuchada kwete bedzi utungamiriri hwemonarchy asiwo tsigiro kubva kuhurumende yenyika, iyo yave ichipesana mumitemo yayo imene yemhoteredzo.

mhedziso

Meya weLondon akabvisa nenzira inoshamisa tsono iri pakushatisa mhepo kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemipimo youdzori youshingi, kuiswa kwemibato yezvokufambisa nokufamba kwavose, uye kuona zvinhu kwenguva refu. Kushambadza muNU2 neP, nepo kusaenzana, ndekwechokwadi uye kwasimbiswa nokunzvera kwokuzvimirira. ULEZ, zvikurukuru, yakabvumikisa kuva imwe yemitemo yemhepo yeguta inoshanda zvakanaka zvikurusa munyika, kunyandura mamwe maguta kuti awane zvirongwa zvakafanana. Bva ndyiro dzenzanga dzemiitiro iyi, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavagari venze kweLondon namabhizimisi maduku, dzinosimbisa kudikanwa kwemiitiro inopfuura yose mukugadzirwa kwebasa. Meya yemocharabhurosa haigoni kupedza chinetso choga; chiito chenyika pamipimo yendege, kubuda kwendege, uye simba rinomufambidzazve muLondon, kunyange zvakadaro, simba remugari wemo wehurumende, apo anosimbiswa noufakazi hwesayenzi zvikuru munyika inova nemhenesa.

Sezvo chiverengero chavagari vemo cheLondon chinowedzera uye miuyo youkuru hwemamiriro okunze, nguva inotevera yemeya ichave inokosha mukusarudza kana guta richigona kusvitsa nharidzano dzaro dzomugariro wemhepo une chinzvimbo. Zvidzidzo zvadzinodzidzwa pano — ukoshi hwemashoko akakwana, kuitwa kwakarongwa kwakarongwa, zvirongwa zvakasimba zvokubvisa mativi ose, uye bvumirano yepamepu inokosha yemugwagwa nokuda kweguta ripi neripi rakakomba pamusoro pokuchenesa mhepo yaro.